The first famous song, Qu, Qu is called "Ci" for short, and it is also called Yuefu, Modern Yuefu, Music Movement, Qinqu, Qu and Long and Short Sentences.
The first sentence can be sung with music. Ci originated in Sui and Tang Dynasties, formed in Tang Dynasty and prevailed in Song Dynasty.
There are nearly 20,000 ci poems in the Song Dynasty, many of which have nothing to do with music and become a unique poetic style, which is called "poetic surplus". According to the number of words, there are three categories: Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Middle Tone (within 59 words to 90 words) and Slow Music (above 9 1 word).
Words have epigrams, which are the names of the word spectrum. There are many vocabularies, the total number of which should be more than 1000 in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, such as Bodhisattva Man, Dreaming Like a Dream, Xijiang Moon, Butterfly Lovers, Nian Nujiao, Fairy, Yujiachun, Fisherman's Pride, Linjiang Xianzi, etc.
Each word spectrum specifies the number of words, the number of rhymes, the level of words and their formats. Writing words according to the format specified in the word spectrum is called "filling words" or "relying on sounds" The tone of a word has one or two words, or eight words or even a long sentence with more than one cross, which is rare in general poetry.
There are also words with the same tone. For example, the first and second parts of Raw Tea Son are actually two five-character quatrains, and the first and second parts of Yulouchun are actually two seven-character quatrains. Except for a few minor tunes, most of them are divided into two sections, even three sections and four sections, which are called "double voice", "triple" and "quadruple" respectively.
The academic language of Duan Ci is "piece" or "dry" and "piece" means "all over", which means that the music has been played once.
"Kan" originally meant "happy ending". Two paragraphs of a word are called upper and lower paragraphs or upper and lower paragraphs respectively.
Lyrics pay attention to rhyme and rhyme according to the epigraph. Generally speaking, the flat tone is long, and it is suitable for singing slowly to express endless affection and abundant charm.
Also known as "side", it means uneven. In poetry, intonation includes three tones: up, down and in, all of which are very short.
The upper voice is the upper voice, the falling tone is the falling tone, and the entering tone is particularly short. It rhymes with the short snore on the gas side, which is easy to contain strange and uneven feelings, which is exciting.
Graceful and unconstrained are the two main artistic styles of Song Ci. Zhang Ming? : "Less travel (Qin Guan) is more graceful and restrained, and Zi Zhan (Su Shi) is more unrestrained, so graceful and restrained is the main thing."
In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Zeng Zhong said: "As far as its words are concerned, there are graceful people and bold people. Elegant people want their words to be meaningful, while uninhibited people want their weather to be magnificent. Although the cover is touching because of its quality and expensive words, it is based on Grace.
"(see" stylistic analysis "preface) stone? : "Yi 'an (the name of Li Qingzhao) is the ancestor of servant's grace, and young 'an (the word of Xin Qiji) is the head". (See Flowers Bloom) The famous poets in the Northern Song Dynasty are: poets in the early Northern Song Dynasty: Yan Shu, Yan, Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Zhang Xian and Liu Yong (street poets); Genius poets: Su Shi, Su Men, Qin Guan, He Zhu, Huang Tingjian; Genius poet: Zhou Bangyan; Li Qingzhao, Du Nan; Poets: Chen, Zhang Tingjian. Unique "Jiaxuan Style" School of Xin Ci: You, Lu You, and Yuan School have the stamina: Liu Kezhuang, Wen Tianxiang, Jiang Kui, and the successors of Shi Dazu and Jiang School: You, Wang, Zhang Yan, Jie Jiang, etc.
2. A little knowledge of Song Ci and Yuan Qu
Yuan Qu, or Yuan Zaju, is a popular opera art in Yuan Dynasty, and it is the general name of Sanqu or Zaju. Compared with the legend of Ming Dynasty (Nanqu), Yuanqu was later called Beiqu. Yuanqu has the same literary status as Song Ci and Tang Poetry. Broadly speaking, it refers to all kinds of music that can be enjoyed since Qin and Han Dynasties, such as Han Daqu, Tang and Song Daqu, folk ditty and so on. Usually refers to Nanqu and Beiqu since the Song Dynasty. Often use spoken English. Can be divided into two categories: drama (or drama, including zaju, legend and so on. ) and Sanqu have been popular since Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Therefore, later generations called it Yuanqu. Ci is an art form of poetry, which is also called Song Ci, Qu Zi Ci, poetry words and long and short sentences. It began in Nanliang in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, formed in the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty.
3. Song Ci is a kind of
Ci is one of China's ancient poems.
The first famous song, Song, and Song Ci. Abbreviated as "Ci", it is also called Yuefu, Modern Yuefu, Music Movement and Qin Qu, and also called poems, songs and long and short sentences.
To sum up, these names mainly illustrate the close relationship between words and music and their different formal characteristics from traditional poetry. It began in Liang Dynasty, formed in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song Dynasty.
According to Old Tang Book; "Since Kaiyuan (the year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty), singers have mixed the songs of Okoyi Lane." At that time, there were many talented musicians in the city who made a living by singing. According to the need to coordinate the lyrics with the music beat, they created or adapted some long and short sentence lyrics, which are the earliest words.
It can also be seen from Dunhuang Quzi Ci that the words produced by the people are decades earlier than those created by the literati. Folk words in the Tang Dynasty mostly reflect themes such as love and acacia, so they are not elegant in the eyes of literati.
It is considered a poetic path. Only those who pay attention to absorbing the artistic advantages of folk songs, such as Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi, can write some words with simple and natural style and strong flavor of life.
Wen Tingyun and the "Huajian School" in the Five Dynasties, which are famous for their rich ci works, have a certain position in the history of ci. However, Li Houzhu's poems after his capture in the Southern Tang Dynasty opened up a new and profound artistic realm, which strongly infected later poets.
In the Song Dynasty, after a major breakthrough in the creation of Liu Yong and Su Shi, Ci developed greatly in form and content. Although ci is influenced by literati's poems in language, its elegant carving style has not replaced its popular folk style.
The form of long and short sentences of words is more convenient to express feelings, so the saying that "poetry expresses ambition and words express feelings" still has some basis. Generally speaking, Ci can be divided into graceful school and wild school.
Graceful words are elegant and euphemistic in style and full of music; Like Liu Yong's "Where do you wake up tonight?" Yang Liuan, Xiao Feng's waning moon "; Yan Shu's "Helpless Flowers Fall, I have met Yan Gui"; Yan's famous sentence, "Liu Lou's heart dances low, and the peach blossom fan sings at the bottom", is worthy of being a lyrical masterpiece with a blend of scenes and scenes, and has artistic merits. Bold ci began with Su Shi.
He liberated Ci from the world of entertaining guests and himself, and developed it into an independent lyric art. Landscape scenery, farm scenery, traveling in all directions, and the ambition to serve the country all became the themes of his Ci, which made Ci move from flowers to flowers to broad social life.
Judging from the tastes of our readers today, the works of this kind of unconstrained style, The River Never Returning, are more acceptable. Characters can be roughly divided into Xiao Ling (less than 58 words), Middle Tone (59-90 words) and Long Tone (more than 9 1 word, with the longest word reaching 240 words).
Some people argue that it is a small order within 62 words, and the outside is called "slow word", but they have not reached a conclusion. A word, some with only one paragraph, is called monotony; Some are divided into two sections, called double tones; Some are divided into three or four sections, which are called three or four sections.
The academic language of Duan Ci is "piece" or "dry" and "piece" means "all over", which means that the music has been played once.
"Kan" originally meant "happy ending". Two paragraphs of a word are called upper and lower paragraphs or upper and lower paragraphs respectively.
Although the words are fragmented, they still belong to a song. Therefore, the relationship between the upper film and the lower film must be divided and combined, broken and continued, inherited and started, and there are similarities and differences in sentence patterns. The author's ingenuity and skill are particularly evident in the film (or the change of head).
We can see that many poets in Song Dynasty created artistic wonderland of opening and closing, wanting to return, and reflecting before and after, adding layers, depth and ripples to a word. The flat rhyme of ci has the beauty of sound and emotion respectively.
Generally speaking, the flat tone is long, and it is suitable for singing slowly to express endless affection and abundant charm. Also known as "side", it means uneven.
In poetry, intonation includes three tones: up, down and in, all of which are very short. The upper voice is the upper voice, the falling tone is the falling tone, and the entering tone is particularly short.
It rhymes with the short snoring on the side, and it is easy to contain strange and uneven feelings, which is exciting. In many lexical tones, even rhyme and flat tone are repeated, that is, long and short tone, flat tone and rising tone, falling tone or rising tone. Not only is the tone cadence, agitation and harmony, but the feelings it contains are also richer and more tortuous.
Words have epigrams. Generally speaking, epigraph has the following situations: following the titles of ancient Yuefu poems or music; Such as "Six States Song Tou"; Name the words in several people's poems, such as Xijiangyue; According to a historical figure or allusion, such as Nian Nu Jiao; And the famous homemade epigram.
Ci developed and gradually separated from music, becoming an independent style. .
4. Descriptive poetic expression
The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China, with a total of 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period (there are 6 other poems by Xiaoya, which are not counted), so it is also called "300 poems" with Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Chunqiu.
"There are more than 300 ancient poems, which are related to Confucius, but not important ..." (Historical Records of Confucius Family) is said to have been compiled by Confucius. Formerly known as "Poetry", it was regarded as a classic by Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty, but it was called "The Book of Songs", also known as "Poetry 300".
He initiated the excellent tradition of realism in China's ancient poetry creation. The content in The Book of Songs, in terms of its original nature, is the lyrics of songs.
Mozi Meng Gong said, "There are 300 ode poems, 300 string poems, 300 song poems and 300 dance poems", which means that there are more than 300 poems, all of which can be recited, played with musical instruments and sung and danced. "Historical Records Confucius Family" also said: "Three hundred and fifty poems were written by Confucius, in order to combine Shao, Wu, elegance and praise."
Although these statements are still possible to be discussed, there is no doubt that the Book of Songs was closely related to music and dance in ancient times. The Book of Songs is not only the earliest collection of poems, but also an encyclopedia reflecting the society at that time.
It is the source and representative work of China's "realistic" poetry tradition. The six meanings in the Book of Songs refer to style, elegance, praise, content, fu, comparison and xing, and these three refer to techniques, that is, the six meanings in the Book of Songs.
The division of style, elegance and fu is based on the difference of music. The Wind includes 15 articles, most of which are folk songs in the Yellow River valley, and it is called *** 160 articles.
Elegance can be divided into Xiaoya (3 1) and Daya (74), which are court music songs, *** 105. Ode, including Zhou Song (3 1), Truffle (4) and Ode to Shang Dynasty (5), consists of 40 music songs and dance songs used in ancestral halls.
Yuanqu is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation, which embodies its unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements and has become three important milestones in the history of China literature. Yuanqu originated from the so-called "Fanqu" and "Le Hu" and was first circulated among the people, and was called "Street Tune" or "Village Square Minor".
With the destruction of Song Dynasty in Yuan Dynasty, it spread in the vast areas of north and south, centering on Dadu (now Beijing) and Lin 'an (now Hangzhou). Yuanqu has strict metrical formula, and each qupai has fixed format requirements in sentence pattern, word number, level tone and so on.
Although there is a fixed frame, it is not rigid. It is allowed to insert in the fixed frame, add sentences to some qupai, and allow flat brushwork in rhyme, which is more flexible than rhyming quatrains and Song Ci. Therefore, readers can find that two songs with the same "Qupai" sometimes have different words, which is the reason (the one with the least words in the same Qupai is the standard frame).
Yuanqu combines traditional poetry, folk songs and dialects, forming a humorous and free-and-easy artistic style, which has a very important impact on the innovative development of Ci. Yuanqu is another literary prosperity after Tang poetry and Song poetry, and it has its unique charm: on the one hand, Yuanqu inherits the beauty and gracefulness of poetry; On the one hand, in the Yuan Dynasty, the soldiers and soldiers were placed in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine men and ten beggars", and the political monopoly and social darkness made Song Yuan radiate extremely dazzling fighting brilliance and reveal rebellious feelings; Sharp-edged pointed at the drawbacks of society, denounced the society that "not reading is the highest, illiteracy is the best, and people who are not sensible are bragging", and pointed at the world trend that "everyone is embarrassed to live, and no one can see the money".
The works describing love in Yuan Qu are also more inflammatory and bold than the poems of past dynasties. All these are enough to keep the artistic charm of Yuanqu forever.
Yuanqu can be divided into zaju and Sanqu. Sanqu can be divided into several sets, a poem and a song tape.
In ancient music in China, the mode is called Gongdiao. The Gongdiao of the song originated from Yan Yue in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The four strings of pipa are defined as Gongdiao, Shangshang, Jiaoyu, and each string constitutes seven tones, seven of which are called "Gong" and others are called tones, and * * * has 28 Gongdiao.
However, there are only twelve kinds of Yuan songs commonly used, namely, Lv Xian Palace, Lu Nan Palace, Huangzhong Palace, Gong Zheng, Dashi Tune, Xiaoshi Tune, Jiangjunguan Tune, Upward Tune, Upper Corner Tune, Double Tune and Yue Tune. Each gong tune has its own musical style, so there is often a certain habit in choosing the tune.
For example, Wang Jide said in Qu Lv: "If you use Gongdiao, you must talk about the joys and sorrows of things. If you are traveling, use Lv Xian and Double Carving. " Mourning music includes Shang and Yue tunes. It's easy to be emotional. "
Every palace tune has a different tune. The number of sets consists of more than two different tunes in Monday Palace.
Wang Guowei, a famous scholar in modern times, juxtaposes Yuan Qu with "Chu Sao, Han Fu, Parallel Prose of Six Dynasties, Tang Poetry and Song Poetry" and calls it "a generation of literature". The Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907) was the heyday of the development of classical poetry in China.
Tang poetry is one of China's outstanding literary heritages and a bright pearl in the world literature treasure house. Although it has been over 1000 years, many poems have been widely circulated by us.
There were many poets in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi are of course world-famous great poets. Besides them, there are countless other poets, like the stars all over the sky.
There are more than 2300 famous poets today. More than 48,900 of their works are preserved in the whole Tang poetry.
Tang poetry has a wide range of themes. Some of them reflected the class status and class contradictions of the society at that time and exposed the darkness of feudal society; Some praise the just war and express patriotic thoughts; Some depict the beauty of the motherland's rivers and mountains; In addition, some people express their personal ambitions and experiences, some express their children's love, some tell the friendship of friends, the joys and sorrows of life and so on.
In short, natural phenomena, political dynamics, working life, social customs and personal feelings can't escape the poet's keen eyes, making their writing the theme. In terms of creative methods, there are both realism and romanticism, and many great works are examples of the combination of these two creative methods, forming an excellent tradition of China's classical poetry.
5. Knowledge of Tang Poetry and Song Poetry
1. Li Bai's "Whispering Flute in the Spring Night in Los Angeles": Whose Yu Di flies silently and scatters into the spring breeze.
Who can't get homesick when they hear that there is another village in the serenade? To understand the meaning of "folding willow" in the title, the key is to understand the image of "willow". There are some common ancient poems in the texts that students have learned, such as "Yang Liuan's Xiao Feng Canyue" (Liu Yong's Yulinling), "I heard the willow in the flute, but I didn't see the spring scenery" (Li Bai's Xia Sai Qu), and "Why should Qiangdi complain about the willow, because the spring breeze is not enough" (Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci). The past is gone, and Liu is reluctant to part.
There is also "Folding Yang Liuzhi" in the Northern Dynasty Yuefu's "Blowing the Drum Horn", and the lyrics are: "Don't catch the whip when you get on the horse, fight with Yang Liuzhi. Dismount and play the flute, worrying about killing guests. "
From this, we can understand that the "willow" in ancient poetry has a special meaning. Gentle and graceful, swaying in the wind, the homophonic sound of "willow" and "stay", and the ancient custom of breaking willow to bid farewell can easily be extended to the level of "willow-stay-farewell-reluctant to part".
Reminiscent of people, parting people will think of parting scenes when they see willows, and they will see farewell scenes to willows, and their hearts are full of sadness. This makes it easier to understand the meaning of "farewell and nostalgia" contained in the word "folding willow" in the poem.
2. Looking for flowers by the river Du Fu Huang Niangzi is full of branches and flowers are low. The butterflies in the flowers are dancing, and the soft yinger in freedom is just singing happily.
[Analysis] Du Fu, a poet in the first year of Shangyuan in Tang Suzong (AD 760), lived in Chengdu, Sichuan, and built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhuaxi in the western suburbs. He has a place to live for the time being and feels more comfortable. In the spring season, he walked alone by the river to enjoy the flowers and wrote a set of seven-line quatrains, the sixth of which.
The first sentence "Huang Siniang's home is full of flowers" points out the place to find flowers. A "path" is a path.
"Flowers are all over the path" means that many flowers cover the path and connect it. The second sentence is "a thousand flowers are low."
"A hundred flowers blossom" describes a large number. The words "pressure" and "low" in "Pressing branches low" are used very aptly and vividly, vividly depicting the dense, large and numerous flowers in spring, which bend the branches.
This sentence is the embodiment of the word "full" in the previous sentence The third sentence, "There is a butterfly dance".
"Linglian" describes butterflies flying around and reluctant to leave. Write the bright fragrance of spring flowers from the side.
In fact, the poet was also attracted by colorful spring flowers and stayed. The fourth sentence is "Jiao Ying chirps".
"Jiao" is a description of Ying Ge's softness and roundness. "Chen Wenjing Ti" means that when the poet came to enjoy the flowers, the oriole was singing.
Just because the poet was happy, he took it for granted that oriole sang for himself. This is the same as the previous sentence, saying that butterflies are attached to spring flowers, which is empathy.
Because the poet successfully used this technique to integrate things with me and create a scene, this little poem is more intimate and interesting to read. 3. Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Li Bai's Rizhao incense burner gives off purple smoke and looks at the waterfall hanging from thousands of rivers.
On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth. Incense burner refers to the incense burner peak of Lushan Mountain, "in the northwest of Lushan Mountain, its peak is sharp and round, and the smoke clouds gather and disperse, like the shape of Boshan incense burner" (music history "Taiping Universe").
But when it comes to the poet Li Bai's pen, it becomes another scene: an indomitable incense burner, clouds of white smoke rising slowly in Ran Ran, ethereal between the green mountains and the blue sky, and turned into a purple cloud under the irradiation of the red sun. This not only makes the incense burner peak more beautiful, but also romantic, creating an unusual background for the unusual waterfall.
Then the poet turned his eyes to the waterfall on the mountain wall. "Before the waterfall hangs over the river", the first four words are the key points; "Hanging in front of the river" is the first image of "looking", and the waterfall is like a huge white practice hanging high between mountains and rivers.
The word "hanging" is wonderful. It transforms motion into stillness, vividly showing the image of a waterfall pouring from a distance. Who can hang the giant? "Zhuang Zaifu"! Therefore, the word "hang" also contains the poet's praise for the magical power of nature.
The third sentence also describes the dynamics of the waterfall. "Flying three thousands of feet", stroke by stroke, every word is forceful.
The word "fly" vividly depicts the scene of the waterfall spewing out; "Straight down" not only describes the steep slope of the mountain, but also indicates the urgency of the water flow. The sky is falling and unstoppable. However, the poet was not satisfied enough, and wrote another sentence, "It is suspected that the Milky Way has set for nine days". He really wants to fall from the sky and surprise his soul.
"Doubt is" is worth pondering. The poet clearly said it in a trance, and the readers know that it is not, but they all think that only in this way can it be more vivid and true. The secret lies in the image that has been bred in the poet's previous description. Look! The towering incense burner peak is hidden in the clouds. Looking at the waterfall in the distance is like flying down from the clouds and falling in the sky, which naturally associates with a galaxy falling from the sky.
It can be seen that although the metaphor of "doubt is the milky way for nine days" is strange, it does not appear out of thin air in the poem, but naturally emerges from the portrayal of the image. It is exaggerated and natural, novel and true, thus arousing the resonance of the whole article, making the whole image more colorful, magnificent and magnificent, which not only left a deep impression on people, but also gave people room for imagination, showing Li Bai's artistic style of "Wan Li fell, but the trend was still strong at the end".
Ewong? was disabled in spring, and so was he in spring. How can he be a woman in green? Falling Flowers Independent, Swift Qi Fei.
The soul of the eye will be broken, but the dream of the year will not be broken. That is comparable to the sadness of the evening, Xiao Sa dusk cicada glow.
Poems about pregnant women in late spring. The first sentence points to the theme and is written in an eclectic way.
In a sentence, the word "you" begins with the word "ye" and ends with an adverb and a modal particle, which is rare in poetry. However, the author uses it naturally, which makes the sentence abrupt, strengthens the tone and strengthens the sadness of the heroine in the poem. It has the function of covering the whole article and is a new writing method.
The word "you" also corresponds to the following "year", suggesting that this woman left her lover at this time last year, so she is particularly sensitive to phenological changes. The second sentence "how to get out of the garden" and "how" means unbearable.
The first sentence is that this woman suffered the pain of separation here and now last year. After a year, I still remember it here and now. How dare she go there again?