Chen Ziang (661-702) was born in Shehong (now Shehong County, Sichuan Province). Ren Xia was born in a wealthy family and a disciple of an aristocratic family. His personality and political enthusiasm ran through his life. "It started with noble families, and chivalrous people made people angry." Then Dumen thanked the guests and studied classics and history. When I was young, I yearned for the chivalrous spirit of fighting injustice, being able to uphold justice and often treating things with loyalty. Later, I made many friends behind closed doors and studied classics at home. Twenty-four-year-old, a scholar, awarded the platform orthography. At the age of 35, he was right. Chen Ziang is not only a poet, but also a political commentator. He has a lot of political opinions, and he dares to speak out and remonstrate directly in political life. He has written many times, pointing out Chen's shortcomings, and his speech is relatively straightforward; He joined the army twice, but he never showed his talents. At the age of 38, I went on an expedition to Qidan with Wu Youyi. Because the striker was defeated, he was asked to be a pioneer. He was demoted and dismissed because of what he said, and returned to his hometown angrily. Finally, he died in unjust prison at the age of 42. He is the author of Chen Boyu's anthology.
As a budding poet in Wuhou era, he belongs to the newly-born common people with the same social, political and cultural background as Shen and Song. However, when the poets in the pavilion were obsessed with chanting poems and seeking new changes in poetic methods, Chen Ziang's poetry creation showed an obvious tendency of retro, which made his poetry show a completely different mental outlook from the pavilion style popular in North Korea at that time.
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Chen Ziang's poetic theory is embodied in Preface to Zuo's Bamboo Slips in the Eastern Jin Dynasty;
Oriental Gong Zu: The article has been rotten for 500 years! Han Wei's character, Jin Song Mo Chuan, but literature can be collected. The servant tasted leisure and read the poems between Qi and Liang, which were gorgeous and complicated, but never sent them, sighing through the ages. Thinking of the ancients, I am often afraid that I will be shaken, and I will be uneasy if I don't do it. Yesterday, I found three places, and I saw Ode to a Lonely Tung, with a full back and a frustrated tone. It was brilliant and golden. So I washed my heart and made up my eyes, giving full play to my melancholy. I didn't think of a good sound. Watching it again can make Jian 'an writers smile at each other. Xie Junyun: "Zhang Maoxian and He Jingzu were born in the east." Servants also think they know what to say. So he lamented elegance and wrote a poem about bamboo cultivation. When you have a bosom friend, please convey it.
It was the first year of the Holy Calendar (AD 698), and Chen Ziang was forty years old. He has returned home triumphantly from the Jian 'an military curtain, living in the east and guarding the right to collect the remains. At this time, his main life experience and literary creation have been completed, and his thoughts are in a mature stage. This article is of far-reaching significance, representing Chen Ziang's profound understanding of literature from Jian 'an to the early Tang Dynasty, and reflecting his unique literary thoughts. Oppose the "colorful but prosperous and beautiful" style of Qi and Liang poetry, and advocate "Han and Wei style" and "elegant and prosperous".
First of all, Chen Ziang was the first person to put forward the important concept of "Han Wei style". Previously, people used the concepts of "personality", "wind power" and "personality" to evaluate characters and literary works, but it was the first time that the concepts of time "Han Wei" and "personality" were directly used as specific references. "Han Wei style" is very close to the so-called "Jian 'an style" later. Jian 'an is the title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty at the turn of Han and Wei Dynasties, which refers to a specific historical period from the end of the first century to the beginning of the second century, and is famous for its rich talents and literature. Jian 'an literature is the most representative part of Han and Wei literature. "Three Cao" and "Seven Zi" created the glory of Jian 'an literature together. Later, Jishi celebrities Ji Kang and Ruan Ji inherited the Jian 'an style. When Chen Ziang talked about the beauty of Gu Tong Fu, he attributed it to "making Jian 'an writers smile at each other." "Han Wei Style" and "Jian 'an Style" can be basically the same. There are two reasons why Chen Ziang didn't use Jian 'an Style: First, he used to call it "Han Wei" in order to correspond to the following "Jin Song". The "Han Wei" here refers to a time watershed, that is, it ends in Han Wei, which is different from the later Jin Song. Because of the obvious differences between the two styles, even on the contrary, Han Wei is more conducive to expressing literary significance. Secondly, in the era, Jian 'an can not only refer to the year number and that historical era, but also refer to the place name Jian 'an County, and Wang Wuyouyi, Jian 'an County, which Chen Ziang just returned from the Crusade. Because "Jian 'an" is easy to be ambiguous, it is not used.
Secondly, the "Han-Wei style" is put forward according to the Qi-Liang style. Chen Ziang believes that Qi Liang literature has two major drawbacks: one is "color"
Beautiful and complex ",competing to pile up gorgeous words, cumbersome and empty, flashy; Second, "decadent style", with narrow themes, is often limited to entertainment of debauchery, court interest in praising peace, gentle and charming decadence and low style. The former refers to form and skill, while the latter refers to content and style. The consequences of the two disadvantages are "prosperity and delivery are absolutely" and "elegance is impossible" "Jixing" emphasizes the truth and falsehood, and is not limited to the technique of "supporting things with things", but also contains deep feelings born of being moved and excited. The essence of writing technique is to require poetry to carry forward the tradition of criticizing reality, with a distinct political tendency, which is consistent with Chen Ziang's political opinions and actions. Elegance is an important part of The Book of Songs. It refers to the style of fifteen countries, reflecting the folk life and customs and feelings of various places. Simple and pure, fresh and smart, it belongs to local folk songs. Elegance is the "positive music" in the jurisdiction of the Zhou Dynasty, with elegant style. "Style" and "elegance" are the essence of The Book of Songs, which requires rich realistic content and gentle and sincere style spirit. The realistic spirit of "elegance" became the orthodoxy of later poetry creation. The lack of "good luck" and "elegance" means that poetry deviates from tradition and loses its essential meaning. It is of great practical significance for Chen Ziang to criticize Qi Liang's writing style based on the spirit of traditional poetry. Although the Sui and Tang Dynasties unified the north and the south and began the cultural integration, the poetry circles in the early Tang Dynasty basically continued the style of Qi and Liang Dynasties. Until the era of Chen Ziang's life, palace-style poetry was still the mainstream, and the poetic world was shrouded in the poetic style of Qi and Liang Dynasties. Chen Ziang was deeply dissatisfied with this, trying to get rid of the disadvantages, bring forth the old and bring forth the new, return to the original, and create a healthy and elegant style corresponding to the spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In order to provide an example for Qi Liang's style of writing, he put forward "Han Wei Style", which was strongly advocated as an excellent representative of poetic tradition and a standard to emulate.
Thirdly, Chen Ziang defined the connotation of "Han Wei style". As far as the Chinese meaning of Preface is concerned, "Han-Wei Character" refers to the outstanding aesthetic characteristics of "Han-Wei Character" in literary works in this historical period. Its extension includes the literary creation in the late Han Dynasty and the historical period of Wei Chu. Its connotation can be understood as the ideal state of recommended literary works: "Strong backbone, frustrated voice, bright practice and gold." In other words, the content of the work is required to be true, full of emotion, accurate in wording and sentences, vigorous and powerful. Why didn't Chen Ziang directly advocate the Book of Songs and imitate the Han and Wei Dynasties? Liu Xie once summed up the characteristics of Jian 'an literature: "When you look at it, it is elegant and generous, good things are scattered in the world, the wind is light and vulgar, and the ambition is deep and the pen is long, so the outline is rich." (Wen Xin Diao Long. Time series) generous and desolate, rich in outline, which is also the characteristics of Jian' an style. The lingering malady of Qi-Liang wind is a manifestation of qi deficiency, which needs to be treated with Jian 'an wind. "Han Wei Style" is Chen Ziang's literary ideal, and it is also the foundation he laid for the reform of Tang poetry.
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Chen Ziang is not only a theorist, but also a practitioner. Chen Ziang's innovative spirit is not only reflected in his poetic thoughts, but also in his creative practice. His creation not only has profound ideological content, but also can completely get rid of the flashy habits of Qi and Liang, and has made contributions to correcting the development direction of Tang poetry.
Chen Ziang's creation practices his own poetic ideas. His representative works include 38 pieces of Experience and Youzhou Tower. These works are basically practices advocated by Chen Ziang literature. Most of these works are filled with feelings about political affairs, some express their ambitions, and some convey their ambitions with things. Understand life from the changes of the universe and history and think about the meaning of life; He felt that the years passed and his life was limited, expressing his sadness that his talents were not satisfied, and expressing his eager pursuit of his ideals and indignation that his ideals could not be realized. His poetic language is simple, his style is vigorous, and he has the legacy of Jian 'an and Zhengshi.
In terms of poetic style, Chen Ziang jumped out of the palace circle and restored the ancient style of Han and Wei Dynasties. His masterpiece "Feeling Encounter" consists of 38 articles, all of which are five ancient words. Do not pay attention to the combination of rhetoric and rhyme, and are not limited by four tones and eight grades. I can express my feelings directly and freely. The ancient style inherits the tradition of The Book of Songs, which is simple, simple and desolate, completely contrary to the palace style. It is just right to oppose the palace body with ancient style. Judging from the poetic style, it is the most direct and effective way to wash away the ups and downs of the Six Dynasties and imitate the ancient style. "Zi Ang's Feelings is all about cutting and confusing, and it was outstanding in the early Tang Dynasty." (Selected Poems of Hu Yinglin, Volume II) Chen Ziang is not only good at five classical poems, but also has many excellent poems. Fairy mountain nostalgia, Du Jingmen looking at Chu, late Lexiang county, etc. , are masterpieces of the Five Laws, and their ornamentation has been removed. Chen Ziang's Five Ancient Poems, with its unique style, not only strongly countered the style of Qi and Liang Dynasties, but also contributed to the revival of Jian 'an style of writing in the early Tang Dynasty, which attracted much attention.
In content, Chen Ziang expanded the theme of poetry and added lyrical elements. From the Six Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty, the content of poetry was mostly the singing of things in palaces and pavilions, with narrow atmosphere and relatively single theme. He grew up in Shu, but he has been to many places and has rich experiences. Everything he sees and hears is in his poems. Seeing Chu in Jingmen describes the scenery from the Three Gorges to Chu, which is simple and accurate. Chapter 29 of Feeling describes the hardships and dangers of fighting. Chen Ziang expresses his thoughts and feelings in his poems.
Enlightenment, introducing poetry into a complex and vivid spiritual world. One of the important reasons for the lack of vitality in the poetry of the Six Dynasties is the lack of participation of life and the intervention of subjective spirit. Chen Ziang inherited the tradition of expressing ambition in poetry, expressed his views on history and reality in various ways, expressed his joys and sorrows, and fully revealed his soul, thus giving poetry more spiritual feelings and life experiences, and then having tension and vitality. Such as "Bai Dicheng Nostalgia" and "Nostalgia on Fairy Mountain", he expressed his thoughts and feelings by paying tribute to historical sites and remembering the dead, which made his poems more heavy and deep; In "Send David to the Army", he let his sentimental or heroic feelings at that time show freely, which was very lively. In the poem "Feeling", he also showed his concern and criticism of politics, and he had a strong sense of participating in politics and a sense of responsibility to admonish ministers. These works not only broaden the subject area of poetry, but also enhance the expressive force and appeal of poetry.
In terms of techniques, Chen Ziang resumed the tradition of sending and receiving, and his works were more elegant and quaint. Auspicious stars are characterized by being emotional when things happen, and their subjective feelings are pinned on objective things. They are not empty words, but also implicit, gentle and sincere. In the poem Feeling Encounter, Chen Ziang expressed the skills of sending and receiving in two specific ways. First, the front is pure description, and the end is sharp, revealing emotions or opinions and making people think. For example, the second one: Lan Ruosheng is happy in spring and summer! You are alone in the forest, and Zhu has purple stems. It's getting late and the autumn wind is coming. Years old, China is teetering, but what is the significance of Fang? The first two parts write about the growth state and environment of Lan Ruo, and then the phenological changes. The last couplet expresses the sigh of the passage of time and the failure of flowers, implying the loss and sadness of unfulfilled ambition and disillusionment. For example, its twenty-nine, the first twelve sentences are all about the harsh environment and the difficulty of marching, while the last four sentences are full of profound significance, accusing the decision makers of their mistakes and bringing deep suffering to the military and civilians. Second, they don't express their views directly, and the two parts are in sharp contrast, including love and hate, which is self-evident. Fourth, for example, the first four sentences are about Jia's injustice, and the last four sentences are about Zhongshan's goodness, meaning that the former is restrained and the latter is preached. However, there is a deep taste that implicitly implies reality. The use of "Xing Xing" technique makes this poem beautiful in artistic conception, with endless charm and an elegant taste. In style, Chen Ziang adopted the method of Jian 'an style, and his poetic style was vigorous and powerful. His poems are full of strong career ideals and subjective judgment of right and wrong. He is eager to make contributions, "thinking of serving the country and drawing a sword to help each other." Dinglingsai in Xichi, going to Khan Terrace in the north "(sense 35); He was indignant at the unfulfilled hero. "Every time I am angry with Hu Bing, I am often ashamed of Bill Han. I don't know the seventy wars, but the bald head is not sealed "(No.34 of Sense); He was angry at the absurd social phenomenon of corruption, saying that "it would be good to waste Mu Tian's words in the Baiyun period" (Part 26 of Feeling). There is always a noble spirit in the poem, unyielding to the secular, outstanding and self-reliant, and upright. His poetic language is accurate and appropriate, and his artistic conception is broad. "Bashan River is exhausted, and Jingmen is full of smoke. The city is divided and the trees are broken by white clouds. "("Looking at Jingmen and Chu ")" The rock hangs blue and the wall is broken, and the land is dangerous and blue. Ancient trees are born in clouds and sails are out of fog. " ("Bai Di Cheng Huaigu") A few words outline a magnificent scene, crisp and sharp, angular. His poem is meaningful. "Before me, where were those lost times? Behind me, where are the future generations? . In the way of thinking about heaven and earth, Chen Ziang resumed the tradition of sending and receiving, and his works were more elegant and quaint. Auspicious stars are characterized by being emotional when things happen, and their subjective feelings are pinned on objective things. They are not empty words, but also implicit, gentle and sincere. In the poem Feeling Encounter, Chen Ziang expressed the skills of sending and receiving in two specific ways. First, the front is pure description, and the end is sharp, revealing emotions or opinions and making people think. For example, the second one: Lan Ruosheng is happy in spring and summer! You are alone in the forest, and Zhu has purple stems. It's getting late and the autumn wind is coming. Years old, China is teetering, but what is the significance of Fang? The first two parts write about the growth state and environment of Lan Ruo, and then the phenological changes. The last couplet expresses the sigh of the passage of time and the failure of flowers, implying the loss and sadness of unfulfilled ambition and disillusionment. For example, its twenty-nine, the first twelve sentences are all about the harsh environment and the difficulty of marching, while the last four sentences are full of profound significance, accusing the decision makers of their mistakes and bringing deep suffering to the military and civilians. Second, they don't express their views directly, and the two parts are in sharp contrast, including love and hate, which is self-evident. Fourth, for example, the first four sentences are about Jia's injustice, and the last four sentences are about Zhongshan's goodness, meaning that the former is restrained and the latter is preached. However, there is a deep taste that implicitly implies reality. The use of "Xing Xing" technique makes this poem beautiful in artistic conception, with endless charm and an elegant taste.
In style, Chen Ziang adopted the method of Jian 'an style, and his poetic style was vigorous and powerful. His poems are full of strong career ideals and subjective judgment of right and wrong. He is eager to make contributions, "thinking about serving the country, drawing his sword and playing Artemisia." Dinglingsai in Xichi, going to Khan Terrace in the north "(sense 35); He was indignant at the unfulfilled hero. "Every time I am angry with Hu Bing, I am often ashamed of Bill Han. I don't know the seventy wars, but the bald head is not sealed "(No.34 of Sense); He was angry at the absurd social phenomenon of corruption, saying that "it would be good to waste Mu Tian's words in the Baiyun period" (Part 26 of Feeling). There is always a noble spirit in the poem, unyielding to the secular, outstanding and self-reliant, and upright. His poetic language is accurate and appropriate, and his artistic conception is broad. "Bashan River is exhausted, and Jingmen is full of smoke. The city is divided and the trees are broken by white clouds. "("Looking at Jingmen and Chu ")" The rock hangs blue and the wall is broken, and the land is dangerous and blue. Ancient trees are born in clouds and sails are out of fog. " ("Bai Di Cheng Huaigu") A few words outline a magnificent scene, crisp and sharp, angular. His poem is meaningful. "Before me, where were those lost times? Behind me, where are the future generations? . Reading heaven and earth
Youyou, I was alone, and my tears fell. The surprise in the wonderful poem "Youzhou Tower" makes people feel infinite, and it can be regarded as a synopsis after repeated singing. This kind of work is the essence of Jian 'an's character. Fan Yao rated it as "the character of the character" (Notes of Fan Yao Helping Quails Hall, Volume 40), and Weng Fanggang also thought that "Chen Boyu stood upright" (Weng Fanggang's Zhou Shi Hua, Volume 1).
In the development history of Tang poetry, Chen Ziang made irreplaceable contributions to the revision of poetic style and the vigorous advocacy of Jian 'an style. "Chen Boyu punishes evil and promotes good, specializing in the restoration of the Han and Wei Dynasties, so it is great." (Song Lian's Complete Works of Song Wenxian, Volume 37) "Zi Ang pursues the symbol of Jian 'an and becomes the glory of Qi Liang, which is different from the world for no reason." ("Shen Deqian Tang Poetry" Volume I) It is Chen Ziang's unremitting efforts that Tang poetry bid farewell to Qi Liang's style of writing and embarked on the road of healthy development, and Jian 'an literature has also been widely recognized and respected.
Chen Ziang's poetry theory and creation influenced the Tang Dynasty. His pursuit of style and ideal of poetic beauty are of great significance to the reform in Tang Dynasty. The advocacy of "style" has injected new vitality into poetry, which is the correct way for poetry to finally get rid of the influence of Qi Liang's poetic style and embark on the North-South literature with "style" as the core. Gao Yun said: "Zi Ang ..... carries forward the past into the future, is the mainstay, suppresses the microwave of Zhenguan on the top, and rejects the decency of Kaiyuan on the bottom." (anthology of Tang poems). Since Chen Ziang, the poetic style has been vigorous, which has opened the curtain of the formation of meteorology in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.