Art schools: refer to the art schools formed by a group of artists with many similar or similar ideological tendencies, art ideas, creative methods and expression styles in a certain historical period of Chinese and foreign art. They are collectively referred to as art schools. . It is gradually formed, developed and changed in various contradictions and struggles in society, in artistic debates and creative practices. Art schools are the product of the development process of art. The emergence of different art schools and their mutual reference and subversion. The following is what I have carefully prepared for you: a brief discussion of the three earliest art schools in world art history. The content is for reference only, welcome to read!
A brief discussion of the three earliest art schools in the history of world art. The full text is as follows:
Abstract: The art schools often mentioned are the ones in the process of art development. product. The emergence of different art schools is the aesthetic opinions and ideological tendencies revealed by artists under the guidance of a certain world view, using their rich emotions and artistic accomplishments to meet people's special spiritual needs through their own creative labor. The competition and struggle between different schools are important conditions for the development and prosperity of art.
Keywords: art genre art aesthetics genre
The emergence of art genre is a phenomenon that only appears when art develops to a mature stage, and requires artworks with different characteristics as a basis. The prerequisite for the formation of an art school is a certain number of artists and relatively rich and diverse means of artistic expression. In fact, artistic creation, as a special spiritual product, contains many complex contents. Art schools focus on distinguishing various art schools with different characteristics from the perspective of art history. Since the 17th century, art schools that have had a major impact have appeared in the history of art, such as classicism, romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism, etc.
1 Classicalism theory
Classical art originated in France in the 17th century, and later spread to Britain, Germany and other countries. It refers to art based on the art of ancient Greece and Rome. , generally characterized by clarity, rigor, image, and harmony, praising idealism and grandeur, and mostly using myths, Bibles, and historical stories as themes. Classical art takes Greek sculpture as its highest model. Greek sculptures express very specific images. Gods are always represented as humans. In the image of the human body, divinity changes from special to universal humanity. However, although gods still maintain their universality in individual forms, It embodies the tranquility, elegance and rationalism spirit of classical art. Sculpture is best suited to express this characteristic because it exists only in a static way.
Raphael had a great influence on classicism. As one of the greatest painters of the Italian Renaissance, Raphael's art was marked by elegance, elegance, harmony, and a high degree of perfection. His works It fully embodies tranquility, harmony, coordination, symmetry, perfect and quiet order. Such as the work of Raphael's "Madonna and Child", this is consistent with the elegance and harmony advocated by classicism. Classicism before the 18th century had a true emphasis on typification that paid attention to details; it had strong political tendencies and ideals, and artistic works were generally relatively rational; it had strict requirements for form, and its artistic language was concise and delicate. In the second half of the 18th century, the contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the feudal aristocracy became increasingly acute, and huge revolutionary storms were brewing in France. They were disgusted with the overly delicate and rouged Rococo art, and looked forward to the emergence of more majestic and noble art. A large number of artists enriched the classical tradition with their exploration of new realism, and set off an upsurge in learning and researching ancient art. , a new retro movement emerged, which was called neoclassicism in art history.
2 Romanticism Theory
In the first half of the 19th century, after the baptism of the Great Revolution, the status of the French bourgeoisie was gradually established. At this time, the political environment was relatively relaxed, and those who pursued personal emotions Expressing and emphasizing oneself has become a new social fashion. The spirit needs freedom, and the images of heroes and gods that classicism tried to express were, after all, limited. They were incompatible with the spirit of the times. This contradiction led to the disintegration of classical art, followed by romantic art.
Romanticism emphasizes subjectivity, personality, emotion and irrationality. It is an art that is diametrically opposed to academic classicism. It yearns to return to nature and express ideals. It abandons the artistic traditions of ancient Greece and Rome and uses strong passion and Imagination radiates artistic personality. Compared with classical art, romantic art expresses the subjective world of people, retreating from the material reality world into the spiritual world of people, pursuing the ideal beauty in each person's heart, highlighting self-subjectivity, thereby stimulating the artist’s creative emotions.
In artistic creation, romanticism no longer uses nature as a prototype, but uses it as a pretext, using a poetic imagination and enthusiasm to express personal emotions through specific artistic images. Romantic artists generally express their pursuit of ideal life in a spirit that transcends reality and pursue that colorful realm. Romanticism is characterized by idealism. The pursuit of ideals enables romantic artists to maintain passion for artistic creation; they are lyrical.
Romantic artists focus on expressing the world of the soul, focusing on the soul's feelings about life; there is some unreality.
In artistic techniques, imagination and exaggeration are often used, and the authenticity of details is not pursued. The mythical story "Journey to the West", in which Sun Wukong's seventy-two transformations are made, uses rich imagination and exaggeration techniques; another example is Blake, one of the pioneers of British romantic art, whose representative work "God Creates Adam" shows God stretching out The wings are flying forward rapidly in the air, and underneath the body is Adam entangled by snakes. Both images are in very exaggerated colors and rhythms of lines. They have made breakthrough processing and imagination of the image of God. In terms of techniques and Bold attempts have also been made in terms of materials, using a combination of oil paintings and watercolors. This unexpected artistic effect brings people into a dreamy and mysterious atmosphere. In France, the romantic movement had a far-reaching influence, and the romantic painting art represented by Géricault, Delacroix, etc. represented a new height.
3 The theory of realism
Realism is an artistic trend that emerged in Western Europe in the 19th century and is opposed to romanticism. It truly and objectively reproduces social reality and can express itself in artistic images. Most fully express the typical characteristics of real life. Because most of the works of realist artists expose and criticize the dark side of the society in which they live, they are also called critical realism.
The French painter Courbet was the first to directly use and explain the word "realism" in the preface to his personal exhibition in 1855: Realism faithfully expresses the conditions of that era as he sees them. Customs, ideas and its look. However, realism, as a creative method and an art genre, has a long history in human history. It is one of the most important artistic creation methods and creative schools in the history of human art. The realism genre generally has three characteristics. The first is to pursue the authenticity of life. Representative works include Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina", which allows the characters in the book to do what they often do and should do in real life, rather than what I want them to do. thing. ?The second is the pursuit of typification. Artists should perform artistic processing and creation of real life and strive to establish typical characters in typical environments.
In "Xiao Erhei's Marriage", Zhao Shuli describes the common phenomenon of free love that was left to the government and free love during the land reform period. As a typical character, the brave characters Xiao Erhei and Xiao Qin pursue happiness represent the social environment and facts at that time. Zhao Shuli grasped the typical characters of typical periods and showed us the reality of life in that period. The third is to pursue the concealment of ideological tendencies. It organically combines the expression of subjective feelings and ideological tendencies with the reproduction of objective social life situations. As Engels said: "We should not forget realism for conceptual things, and Shakespeare for Schiller." Tendencies should naturally emerge from scenes and plots, and should not be pointed out in particular. "At the same time, I don't think writers need to force the historical and future solutions to the social conflicts they describe onto readers?"