Fire is full in July, and clothes are given in September. The first day is (b √), and the second day is Li Lie. No clothes, no brown, why die! On the third day, I (√), and on the fourth day, I stood on tiptoe. With a daughter-in-law, we will get married. The Guardian said, "Very good".
Fire is full in July, and clothes are given in September. In spring, the sun shines and Amin is in the sky. Holding a basket, the woman obeyed and asked for soft mulberry. Spring has come and Qi Qi has been adopted. The woman was sad and her son came back together.
Fire flows in July and reeds grow in August. Silkworm, moon, mulberry, take the axe fork (qiāng), cut far and wide, and be the mother mulberry. In July, anchovies sang (Jú), and in August, recorded performances. Xuan zai Huang, I, for the childe petticoats.
April beauty (yāo), singing in May. Harvest in August, broken in October (tuò). A day to raccoon, fox, for the child. The next day, they were still the same, carrying (zu m: n) martial arts. Private talk (z not zōng) public offering (jiān).
In May, the tiger (zhōng) moved its shares, and in June, the pheasant vibrated its feathers. I was outdoors in July, at home in August and September, and crickets came under my bed in October. The dome suffocated the mouse, stuffed it into the door, licked my wife and son, and said that I would enter this room in another era.
June food is gloomy and stinging, and July anemone thistle. Peel dates in August and get rice in October. To this end, spring wine, with the help of eyebrows. Eat melons in July, break the pot in August, and uncle in September (jū). Pay for tea picking (chū) and eat my farmers.
Nursery will be built in September and crops will be harvested in October. Millet weight (lù), used for hemp oats. Well, I am a farmer. Because I have the same crops, I went to work in the palace. Day in the grass, night in the rope (táo). I'm in a hurry to take a bus at home, and I'm about to start broadcasting Baigu.
The next day, I cut the ice and rushed, and on the third day, Lingyin was satisfied. On the fourth day, its flea sacrificed the lamb to the leek. First frost in September, washing the floor in October. A friend drinks (xi m m ǐ ng) and says that he killed the lamb. When you go to court, you can call him (the company) "long life without borders"!
July is a poem written by slaves in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty (Xunyi County, Shaanxi Province, xian county). It may be because the poem is long and old, and there are some mistakes, but the basic order is still clear. The poem consists of eight chapters and eleven sentences in each chapter, which basically describes the labor and life of male and female slaves year after year in the order of seasons. This poem is described in chronological order, much like a lunar poem, similar to the four seasons or December songs in folk songs later. However, because the content described in it reflects the miserable situation of slaves who have worked hard all the year round and have no food and clothing, it should be regarded as a poem against exploitation and oppression.
The first chapter summarizes the whole poem, from a year of cold to spring ploughing. In July, Mars will descend, and in August, women will be given the job of cutting out winter clothes to prepare for winter. It's cold in November, and the north wind blows on objects, making a rustling sound. /kloc-The cold wind "Li Lie" in October and February is the coldest time of the year. And we slaves don't have warm clothes, so I really don't know how to spend the winter. Finally, winter passed, and in the first month we began to repair farm tools. In February, I lifted my feet and started farming. Strong men do heavy work in the fields, and women and children are responsible for delivering meals. Seeing us working so hard, the agricultural officials sent by the slave owners were very happy.
The second chapter is about women's mulberry picking. Spring has come and the weather is getting warmer. Huang is singing happily. Women carry deep baskets and pick tender mulberry leaves along the mulberry road to feed silkworms. The days of spring are very long, and the women have worked hard for a long time with fruitful results, picking a lot of mulberry leaves. However, the women suddenly became sad because they saw their noble son coming this way and were afraid of being captured and humiliated. The last sentence reflects the real situation of aristocratic arrogance at that time.
The third chapter is about women's sericulture and textile, pointing out that it is used to make clothes for the aristocratic class. The silkworm month is March. In March, you start pruning mulberry branches, pick up an axe, cut off those branches that stretch far away, then climb the branches and pick some tender mulberry leaves. In July, shrike cooed as if to tell people that the second half of the year began, so in August, women began to knit. Textiles are dyed in different colors, including black and red, yellow, and the brightest is vermilion. Unfortunately, these are not for themselves, but for the nobles to make clothes.
The fourth chapter, written after farming, slaves still hunt wild animals for rulers. In April, ambition will bear fruit, and in May, cicadas will sing. Crops begin to harvest in August, and trees lose their leaves in October. 1 1 month, I went hunting. In order to make winter clothes for my son, I went to get fox fur. In1February, the momentum is even stronger, and everyone gets together to continue hunting. When the prey is shot, the small beast becomes a slave, and the big beast has to be presented to the ruler.
The fifth chapter writes that a year will pass, and slaves will clean up their houses for the winter. In May, locusts take off, and in June, the weaver girl flutters her wings. Crickets enter the roof from the wild, the house from the roof, and the bed from the house. The song is getting closer and colder. At this time, all the gaps in the house were plugged, and then the rats were smoked out and driven out of the house; Then block the window facing north and block the door with mud to prevent the cold north wind. Sigh that my wife and children often sleep in the fields during busy farming. Only in winter, when the cold weather has passed, do we officially return home.
The sixth chapter writes that slaves had to engage in various sideline businesses other than agriculture for the rulers to enjoy. At the same time, we have to pick melons in July, gourds in August and sesame seeds in September and give them to the rulers. The serfs didn't have enough to eat, so they had to cook some bitter vegetables with firewood to feed themselves.
Chapter seven, it is written that slaves have finished farm work and have to build houses for rulers. The threshing floor will be built in September, and the grain will be put into storage in 10. Whether it is the first ripe crop, the second ripe crop, grain or marijuana, they must be collected and sent to the aristocratic warehouse. After harvesting the crops, I went to repair the houses for the nobles. Cut the thatch during the day and rub the rope at night. When the houses of the nobles were repaired, it was almost time for the slaves to sow in spring.
In chapter 8, after a year of hard work, we will hold a grand banquet to celebrate the birthday of the ruler. Cut the ice in December and store it in the ice bank in the first month for the ruler to enjoy the cool in the summer of the next year. When the ploughing was finished and the threshing floor was cleaned, the lambs were slaughtered, banquets were held, glasses were raised to the court, and long live the rulers.
The long poem July shows us a picture of class oppression in ancient slave society. Male and female slaves worked endlessly all year round, and as a result, they were deprived of everything by the nobles. Reading this elegy, it seems that an oppressed old slave appeared in front of us, telling people face to face about his living situation and his bloody history. He told his family and neighbors about the hard and miserable life year after year, so considerate and sad. Although he didn't dare to show strong resentment, he was mixed with sighs and sorrows from time to time, exposing the evil and cruelty of slave owners with living facts. Although these slaves were temporarily intimidated by the arrogance of the slave owners and their spirits were numb, one day they would roar like a volcano and vent their resentment.
The language of this poem is unpretentious, and it is completely written in a narrative way. The whole article revolves around the word "bitter", and according to the order of seasons, from the beginning of the year to the end of the year, from farming and sericulture to hunting and ice cutting, it reflects the multi-level working face and high-intensity labor all year round. The words are sad and bitter, as if telling a heavy history. However, what deserves our familiarity and appreciation is that this poem shows a certain sober class consciousness while lamenting and complaining. "The woman was sad and almost left with her son." "I'm Zhu Kongyang, my son's clothes." "I want to exchange foxes for my son's fur." "Dedication to the public" and "meritorious service in the palace" all show the slaves' suspicion and dark hatred for the nobles' free eating and drinking and arrogance. When expressing class oppression, the poem also uses comparative descriptions, such as slaves working hard, and "the field is full of joy", the contrast between bitterness and joy; Slaves have no clothes and no brown, but they are "for their sons" and "for their sons", the contrast between cold and warm; This description, such as the contrast between less and more, is consciously revealing the inequality of class oppression. In addition, the poem is good at grasping the characteristics of various phenology to express the evolution of festivals, which makes the whole poem full of natural scenery and strong local flavor. Especially the fifth chapter: "In May, I moved my stock, and in June, the pheasant revived its feathers. I was in the wild in July, at home in August and September, and crickets came under my bed in 10. " With the chirping of insects and the migration of crickets to avoid the cold, the process of seasonal change is vividly expressed. There is not a word "cold" in these words, but it makes us feel that the weather is getting colder every day, so that it is chilly. This technique is widely used in July, and another example is: "The first day is fat, and the second day is fierce", which shows that the season gets cold with the increase of the wind, and it is also very vivid.
A good narrative is good because there are feelings in it. "In spring, the sun shines, and Amin is ploughing. The woman followed with a basket, begging for soft mulberry. Spring came and Qi Qi was adopted. A woman's heart is sad, just like a son. " Narrating and embedding things in a fresh and beautiful background. Carrying a basket, walking gently and singing gently are rare subtle descriptions in poetry. But the words of the poem and the meaning of the poem are completely equivalent, so although they are portrayed, they don't feel portrayed. "A woman's heart is sad, and her son almost went home together" is the so-called "caring for each other". Wu Tang said, "I feel sorry for my son. Women love their loved ones." Old Yu Man Meishou, this man loves his family. "However, the other side of this" sadness "is originally" Thinking of Women in Spring "(Mao Chuan), or it can be said that" there are women who fall in love with spring "and" there are women who are far from their parents and brothers "are completely two sides of the same story. A conversation between Mr. and Mrs. Hao Yixing while reading a poem happened to say something like this: "Rui Yu asked: What should be the explanation of' women are sad'? Yu Yue: I'm afraid this means falling in love with spring. "Pipe" is also the sorrow of Yun Chun women. Rui Yu said: No, so, sad because women are wired and far away from their parents. Hao said, "Gary is filial, so he said so", but he never realized it. Because July shows the individuals in the family, Mao Gong, who has been talking about his temperament, has changed from a "sad" side to a "sad" side, and obviously has never left his daughter's heart.
"July is in the wild, August is in, September is in the house, and October is under my bed." This is the genius of July, and I really want to say that this is the best sentence in poetry. The narrative of "Picking Apples" is similar, except that the time and place are farther away, and the protagonist hides at the end with a hairspring that goes with the season. Jian Zheng said, "From July in the wild to October under my bed, it is called cricket", and the so-called "ancients used to insert it backwards" (Lu Huaxi). Song Yu's "Nine Debates" is the meaning of this sentence, "Shen Dan is not sleepy alone, mourning the cricket's night sign". Although the poet's original intention is mourning, it is gratifying to read The Cricket's Night Sign. Later, in Jiang Baishi's Qufu of Qi Tianle, words such as "dew wet copper shop, moss invading Shijing" all came from the words of "talking about poetry", but they really seemed to have complaints.
Word interpretation and translation
July
Filariasis in July,
September clothes (2).
On the first day, I will send out 3,
The next day, Li Lie 4.
No clothes and no brown (5),
Why do you die (6)?
The third day is on (7),
On the fourth day (8), I stood on tiptoe.
I asked my wife and children.
Jiebi Nanmu (9),
Tian Tian is very happy (10).
The fire in the seventh month really shines;
We prepare clothes for September.
It is sunny in spring (1 1).
You Ming Cang Geng (12).
Women with baskets (13),
Follow him (14).
Loving mulberries,
The days of spring are getting longer and longer;
Qi Qi (15),
The girls feel sad, alas;
Almost like a son (16).
The fire in the seventh month really shines;
August Reid (17).
Silkworm mulberry (18),
Take an axe (19).
Cut far and wide (20),
Girls sing (2 1).
Singing in July (22),
Achievements in August (23).
Yellow dye or red dye?
I'm Zhu Kongyang (24),
Lord's clothes are ready.
April Xiunan (25),
May Song (26).
In the eighth month, we harvested everything;
October Meteorite (27).
Eleventh, far and wide,
We hunt fur and hides.
The lords got supplies.
The next day, the same (28),
Carrying martial arts (29).
Talk in private (30),
Dedicated to the public (3 1).
In May, the mobile inventory (32),
June sand chicken feathers (33).
Seventh, the crickets under the leaves,
Under my roof,
The ninth moon, entering my door,
Tenth, under my bed, I can't see any more.
The dome suffocates the mouse (34),
Seneca (35 years old).
Oh, dear wife and children,
It is called changing age (36).
Let's endure the cold in winter.
June food stagnation and sting (37),
Heng Kui and Silent July (38).
In the eighth month, we choose a beautiful date;
We harvest rice in October.
Brew spring wine with these,
Life has an intermediary eyebrow (39).
We gut the July melon,
Broken pot in August (40).
In September, Uncle Zhu (4 1),
Tea-picking firewood (42),
We poor farmers can feed.
The threshing floor was completed in September.
Tenth, store grain.
Millet is heavy (43),
Cold, heat, drought, flood and rain,
Alas, who knows our pain?
The harvest is hardly completed;
Enter the palace for exercise (44).
The sky is longer than the grass (45),
Xiao Man (46).
Take the house (47),
Sowing will begin in the wild.
The next day, the ice cutting punch (48),
Lingyin for three days (49).
On the fourth day, its flea (50),
Mutton and leek offerings.
September frost (5 1),
October Washing House (52).
Friend wine (53),
Kill lambs every day.
Go to the court (54),
Call him (55),
May God live forever!
1 flow: decrease. Fire: star name, also known as fire. ② Dressing: Ask women to sew winter clothes. ③ One day: weekly calendar 1 month, summer calendar 1 1 month. The following analogy. Bifa: The cold wind blows. Li Lie: Cold air attacks people. ⑤ Brown (he): coarse clothes. (6) year of death: the last year, the end of the year. (7) Yu: for repair. Division: an ancient farm tool. (8) Tiptoe: Tiptoe means farming in the field. (9) Leaves: Send grain to the fields. Nanmu; The fields in the south. (10) Tian Tuan: (army): agricultural officer. Hi: Please eat something and drink some wine. (1 1) Yang; The weather is getting warmer. (12) Cang Geng: Huang Peng. (13) easy basket: deep basket. (14) compliance: along. Microline: path. (15) midges: mugwort. Qiqi: There are many people. (16) Childe: the daughter of a vassal. Return: get married. (17) Huan Wei: Wei. (18) Silkworm month: the month of raising silkworms, that is, March in the summer calendar. Strip: Trim. (19) Strong: the round hole on the handle is called an axe, and the square hole is called an axe. (20) Protrusion: long upward branches. (2 1) Yi (yT): Climb. Female mulberry: tender mulberry. (22) Anchovies (ju): Shrike, with a loud voice. (23) achievements: weaving linen. (24) Zhu: red. Kong Yang: Very clever. (25) Xiunan (Yao): Xiu is the seed of vegetation, and South is the name of grass. Article 26: Cicada, Cicada. (27) Meteorite: falling. Tuo: The leaves have fallen off. Let's meet (29) continue. Martial arts: refers to hunting. (30) Zong: One-year-old boar. (3 1) tapir (Jane): three-year-old wild boar. (32) Zhong: Grasshopper. Move your legs: Grasshoppers should move their legs when singing. (33) Sand Chicken: Weaver Girl (insect name). (34) Dome: Block the mouse hole. (35) direction: the window facing north. Kindness: daub with mud. (36) Change age: except age. (37) Yu: Y: Wild grapes. H: chef. Kwai: Slippery vegetables. Beans: beans. (39) Introduction: Seeking. Longevity of eyebrows: longevity. (40) pot: the same as "Jun", gourd. (4 1) Uncle: Lift. Home: Autumn hemp seeds are edible. (42) tea (tu): bitter vegetables. Salary: chopping wood. Chu: Ailanthus altissima. (43) Weight: Late-maturing crops. Lu: Early-maturing crops. (44) On: Same as "On". Gonggong; Build a palace. (45) Mao Yu: Cut the thatch. (46) Tao: rub the rope. (47) Urgent: Hurry up. Ride a house: climb on the roof to repair it. (48) Hua La: the sound of knocking on the ice. (49) Lingyin: Icehouse. (50) Flea: In the morning, the ceremony of ancestor worship. (5 1) Frost suppression: Frost is reduced. (52) Cleaning field: Cleaning field. (53) Peng wine: two pots of wine. Item: entertain guests with wine and food. . (54) Ji; Boarding. Court: Temple. (55) said: lift. Sigong: ancient wine vessels.
Mars sets westward in July,
Women sew cold clothes in September.
1 1 month, the north wind blows hard,
It is freezing in December.
No good clothes, no coarse clothes,
How to spend the end of this year?
In the first month, hoes and plows began to be repaired.
Go to the fields to farm in February.
Take your wife and children,
Send rice to the south,
Tianguan came to eat wine and vegetables.
Mars sets westward in July,
Women sew cold clothes in September.
The sun is warm in spring,
Huang Peng is singing euphemistically.
The girl is carrying a deep bamboo basket.
Go straight along the path.
Reach out and pick tender mulberry leaves,
The days get longer and longer in spring.
People come and go to pick Artemisia,
The girl is very sad,
Marry a foreign country with a noble person.
Mars sets westward in July,
Reed should be cut in August.
Prune mulberry branches in March,
Take a sharp axe.
Cut off the tall and long branches,
Climb the twig to pick the tender mulberry.
In July, Shrike called,
Hemp spinning began in August.
Dyed silk is black and yellow,
My red is brighter,
Specially making clothes for nobles.
In April, polygala planted seeds,
In May, cicadas burst into sounds.
In August, the harvest in the field is busy.
Leaves fall on trees in October.
Hunting raccoons in the mountains in November,
Fox hunting hair is good,
Give it to the nobles to make leather clothes.
Hunters meet in December,
Continue to practice hunting skills.
Beat the pig into himself,
Hunting a big pig for the maharaja.
In May, grasshoppers bounce their legs and scream.
Joan Weaver wings to fly.
Crickets appear in the fields in July,
August comes under the eaves.
Crickets enter the door in September,
October rolled under my bed.
Plug the rat hole, smoke the rat out,
Seal the door of the north window.
Alas, my wife and children are so poor,
The end of the year, the new year is coming.
Move into this house and settle down.
Eat plums and grapes in June,
Boil sunflower beans in July.
Beat the red dates in August,
Harvest rice in the fields in October.
The obtain spring wine is beautiful and fragrant,
Ask the master to live long.
You can eat melons in July.
Come to pick gourds in August.
Pick up pockmarked autumn in September,
Picking bitter vegetables and chopping wood,
Feed the farmer and reassure him.
The threshing floor was built in September,
Crops were put into storage in 10.
Millet, millet, early rice and late rice,
All the millet, beans and wheat are stored.
Sighing that the farmer is really hard,
The crops have just been cleared,
And built a palace for the official.
Trim the thatch during the day,
Scramble to rub the rope at night.
Go to the house and fix it,
You must plant hundreds of kinds of grain in spring.
12 months, the ice flow is turbulent.
Moved into the ice room in the first month.
In early February, before ancestor worship,
Serve leeks and mutton.
When it is cold in September, frost begins to fall.
Clean the threshing floor in October.
Give the guests two vats of wine,
Kill the lamb and everyone will taste it.
Climb the temple of the master,
Raise a glass to the host.
Shout in unison that life is endless.