Let's discuss in detail the differences between literary works and other works. In China Library Classification (Children's Library and Primary and Secondary School Library Edition), literature books include two kinds of books, books with literature as the research object and various literary works.
Books on literature are scientific works aimed at exploring and studying the laws in the field of literature, including literary theory, literary criticism and literary history. This kind of book belongs to the category of scientific works of logical thinking, and it is generally easy to make judgments. What is even more confusing is the distinction between books such as "literary appreciation" in literary criticism.
The so-called literary appreciation is a unique spiritual activity when readers watch literary works, and it is a process of feeling, experiencing and understanding based on the images provided by literary works. As a category in the classification, "literary appreciation" includes works on the theory and method of literary appreciation, including the cognitive process of literary appreciation activities and literary appreciation phenomena. In the Library Classification of China (Children's Library and Primary and Secondary School Library Edition), "literary appreciation" and "literary criticism" belong to the category of "I06 literary criticism and research". Literary criticism is the work of literary critics to analyze and study writers' works, help readers correctly appreciate and understand various literary phenomena, sum up creative experience and promote creative development. The analysis and evaluation of literary works often includes the impression and direct judgment of works appreciation, so literary appreciation is closely related to literary criticism. Works that guide readers to appreciate and understand literary works correctly should be classified as "I06 Literary Criticism and Research" and its related subcategories. For example, Wei Yushan's Reading and Appreciation of Minifiction focuses on the style and characteristics of Minifiction, and discusses the five characteristics of Minifiction in chapters. Each chapter is accompanied by six examples, and each example is followed by notes and reading tips. Its purpose is to guide readers to appreciate it correctly and should be included in I062.54
In addition, the introduction and evaluation of literary works should also be classified as "literary criticism" For example, Yang li Ping's "100 Analysis and Reading of Chinese and Foreign Famous Works", select 100 Chinese and foreign famous works (works are not accepted) and make an introductory evaluation one by one, including the author's brief introduction and works analysis, which has dual functions of appreciation and information. Enter I06 1. Similarly, the Summary of Chinese and Foreign Literary Masterpieces compiled by Xu Bo also entered I06 1.
However, it should be noted that works edited in the form of literary works (anthology) but titled as works appreciation, appreciation and selection should not be classified as "works appreciation". Although the author's brief introduction, notes, etc. They are all behind works, and their main purpose is to provide reading for works, so they should be classified as works. For example:
Appreciation of Xu's original vernacular Romance of the Gods (Ming Dynasty), entered I422.4
Excellent literary masterpieces: foreign short stories, edited by Ke Yan, entered I4 1.
It can be seen that the difference between literary works and works appreciation lies in whether their purpose is to provide reading or guide appreciation. Literature and history are the closest and most intimate. Since ancient times, there has been a saying in China that "literature and history are one family", which shows that there is already blood relationship. The infiltration of literature and history has produced a series of marginal literary works, such as historical novels, historical dramas, epics, historical stories and historical essays (including memoirs and biographies). Whether these marginal literary works belong to history or literature, the criteria are: loyalty to historical facts or fiction, whether historical records belong to history, and whether artistic fiction belongs to literature.
1. Historical novels:
Historical novel is a marginal style produced by the cross-infiltration of history and novel. It focuses on the shaping of historical figures, and reflects the narrative literature carrier of history and social life extensively and in many ways through complete stories and specific environmental descriptions. Not limited by real people. The author boldly fictionalizes the story and exerts his imagination to make the characters in the novel more vivid, artistic and typical. Historical novels have a strong literary "primary color" and should be classified as literary historical novels.
Example: The Biography of Shu Fei Wen Xiu written by Liu Xi entered I427.53
In addition, the literary "primary colors" of historical dramas and epics are also very heavy, and they should also be included in the relevant categories of literature.
Example: Song of the Big Wind (historical drama) written by Chen entered I323.
2. Biography and biographical literature:
Biography is a book that records the lives of characters. Traditional biographical works emphasize the textual research of characters, such as chronology, annual review, memorabilia and so on. Biography is classified as history in China Library Classification. Biographical literature (or literary biography) belongs to prose in a broad sense and is a literature created for real people with famous surnames. Its characteristics: first, it is loyal to the facts, and the content written is really the people and things that have existed and happened in life; The second is to be loyal to history and show some essential aspects of social life through the description of the life stories of characters. Biographical literature is classified as literature in China Library Classification. It should be said that biography and biographical literature are marginal literary works produced by the mutual infiltration of history and literature, but their "primary colors" are different. Generally speaking, the difference between the two is that historical biographies, which mainly describe historical facts, belong to the category of historical science and history; Literary biographies that vividly describe characters by visual means belong to the category of literature.
However, it is difficult to draw a clear line between biography and biographical literature (or literary biography). 20 12 some historical biographies adopt vivid forms of literary expression, which impact the traditional "biography" form and blur the boundary between biography and biographical literature. Biographical literature is different from other literary works with fictional characters as the content, which has the dual nature of "biography" and "literature" As a biography, it has the value of trusting history, and as a literature, it has the function of art. In the actual book classification process, some books are called biographical literature, but they are actually historical works. Therefore, the classification of biography and biographical literature should be based on the specific book content. Can be grasped from the following two aspects:
(a) truly reflect historical events or record the life stories of historical figures, and there is no fictional plot. Only under the premise of being faithful to historical facts and making appropriate artistic processing can books be classified as history according to their maximum use; Only those who vividly describe characters by visual methods and conform to the genre characteristics of reportage, stories or novels and essays can be classified into the relevant categories of literature.
Example: Sun Yat-sen, great men, edited by Li Maogao, entered K827.6.
In the first half of my life, I entered I52 1 from Puyi.
Mr Fujino, written by Lu Xun, entered I626.
Heroic deeds and deeds of advanced figures in various subjects are classified into D political related categories. For example, Biography of Contemporary Young Heroes in China compiled by Sichuan Children's Publishing House entered D462.263.
⑵ Long-term recording of the life history of the characters aims to describe the growth and development history of the characters in detail and classify them into historical categories; However, only the fragments of the characters' activities at a certain stage are intercepted, aiming at expressing the theme with certain social significance, which belongs to the category of "reportage" or "story" of literature.
Example: Xu Beihong's life entered K825.7.
The essence of the stories of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign scientists,
Yin, editor. , in I892.7.
The stories of young celebrities written by Luo Qing and Liu Guangchun entered I892.7.
3. Memoirs:
Memoirs are the author's historical memories of his past life experiences and social activities or people he is familiar with, and should belong to the historical category. However, in the Library Classification of China (Children's Library, Primary and Secondary School Library Edition), memoirs are classified as "I5 Reportage" and "K 106, K206 Historical Materials" and "K8 Biography", and the capacity is easily confused. According to some explanations in the user manual of China Library Classification (Children's Library and Primary and Secondary School Library Edition), the classification of memoirs should pay attention to the differences between different types of books.
(1) Memoirs in "reportage" refer to memoirs written by means of reportage with literary characteristics and historical facts as the content. It is characterized by strong literary color, emphasis on image-building, personality description and vivid language.
Example: By Peng Zong's Side was dictated by Jing Xizhen and entered in I52 1.
My home, written by Tao Cheng, entered I52 1.
(2) "Biographical" memoirs refer to memories of someone's life story. Memoirs in "historical materials" refer to memories of historical events.
Example: Years of the White House-memoirs of Kissinger, in K 837+02.
Memoirs of Mao Dun, in K825.6.
(3) The political activities or events of a country are actually described through the memories of the characters and are included in the political categories of various countries.
For example, Memoirs of Haig edited by the Institute of Contemporary International Relations contains the correspondence between Haig and Reagan. The letter mainly discussed the handling of major issues such as US-Soviet relations and US-China relations.
4. Story-based historical reading materials:
Story-based history books are particularly prominent in children's books. It takes the story genre as its expression form, and the descriptive nature of things, the vividness of plots and the colloquialism of language all have the characteristics of story genre. However, it also describes the development and change process of real life on the spot. The people, places and times written have certain objective facts and have the objective and true content characteristics of historical works. The classification of this kind of reading material mainly depends on whether its content is cognitive and practical. If the function of a story-based historical reading is to provide educational cognition, it should be classified as history; However, books that are only used for aesthetic entertainment are classified as stories.
Example: The 25,000-Li Long March written by Duan Wanhan entered K263.
Three major battles, written by Wan Qinghua, entered K266.
Handsome guy, edited by Verlina Mo and Shui Xiu, entered I892.7 news and literature, and the marginal literature works were reportage. Reportage is a new literary style, which has three characteristics: first, it is news, which truly, accurately, quickly and timely reflects real people and stories with typical significance in real life and is the life of reportage. The second is literariness, which reflects objective facts in artistic form and is an artistic representation of real life. Third, it is political, with distinct political tendency and artistic appeal.
In China Library Classification (Children's Library, Primary and Secondary School Library Edition), reportage is classified as follows: reportage is used to report the life stories of characters; Works with real names as typical characters and fictional storylines are classified as novels; Biographies, life stories or memories of narrative characters are recorded in biographies. The use of style aims at introducing the general situation of a subject or the knowledge of related subjects. This provision can be analyzed in this way: the difference between reportage and other works lies in the degree of style. Reportage, as a marginal style that can truly and quickly reflect real life, contains many styles: documentary, summary, research, stories, audio-visual and memoirs. Different styles of reportage, the proportion of "primary colors" between literature and news is different. Storytelling (or novel) reportage, its literary "primary color" is heavier; General and research reportage, its news (or political theory) is more "primary color". Therefore, reportage with strong literariness should be classified as literature, and reportage with strong news and political discussion should be classified as related categories.
However, in the actual classification work, this standard is still difficult to master. The greatest feature of reportage is that it truly and quickly reflects all kinds of struggles and achievements of economic construction in real life, such as technological revolution, technological innovation, experience of invention and creation, experience, scientific research achievements and other new things, which are often reflected through reportage genres. If we judge the ownership of a book only by the degree of style, then no book will return to the achievements, experiences and experiences listed under the categories of politics, law, economy and military affairs. At the same time, ordinary readers often consider searching for books and materials in this field from the content first, and rarely consider searching from a literary style. Therefore, it is not enough to judge the category of books only from the "degree of style", but also consider the content nature of books, the wishes of authors, the needs of readers, the tasks of libraries, the arrangement of classification systems and so on.
According to the above viewpoint, the classification of reportage genre writing can not be generalized. If the content of reportage works reflects the general situation of politics and the achievements of economic construction, it can be classified into the related categories of "politics" and "economy"; If we reflect a research achievement and experience, a process and experience of engineering technology innovation, we should enter various disciplines; If its content is a revolutionary memoir, it should be included in the "memoirs" of reportage.
Example: Hong Kong, 1997, edited by sponge, enter D6 18.
Gunfire at the foot of Helan Mountain: On-the-spot trial of major typical cases in Ningxia, edited by Zou Xianchao, entered D9 12.
Give Everything to the Party, by Wu Yunduo, in I52 1. The "prose" category of literature includes the "travel notes" category, and the "travel notes" category is also set up in the geography category. How to distinguish these two categories?
Tourism prose describes the experiences during the trip, including mountains and rivers, local customs, places of interest, social life and so on, with a brisk style and vivid description. A literary work in which descriptions are often accompanied by arguments or lyricism to express the author's thoughts and feelings.
Geographical travel notes are true records of nature, places of interest, urban and rural areas, products and customs.
The criterion to distinguish the two books is the author's writing purpose. The former is mainly lyrical and expresses the author's thoughts and feelings, which should be classified as literature; The latter is mainly based on real scenes, which is intended to introduce geographical knowledge and should be classified as geography.
Timely Travel Prose was selected as I627.
Luo Maofan's Travel Notes on Hainan Island entered K928.9, and the arts and sciences were completely irrelevant. Due to the rapid development of science and technology and the mutual infiltration and blending of disciplines, the marginal style of "scientific literature and art" has emerged. They have the characteristics of artistic generalization of scientific materials and artistic understanding of science. They learned literariness from literature and gained scientificity from science. It is this scientific and intellectual feature that distinguishes them from general literary works, and they cannot be generally classified into the category of general literary genres.
"Scientific literature and art" works include science fiction, science fiction movies, TV scripts, science stories, science fairy tales and science sketches. Different genres have created their literary characteristics in different degrees.
Science fiction, science fiction movies, TV scripts, science fiction stories and fairy tales are undeniably classified as literature because of their strong fiction. However, scientific stories and scientific sketches are rather vague. The scientific features of some scientific stories and articles are so prominent that they overwhelm their literary features. Although literary style is adopted, its purpose is to introduce the general situation or knowledge of a subject. This kind of works is characterized by the scientific popularization of reading materials and its function lies in cognitive education. So it should be classified according to the category of scientific knowledge.
Example: fast calculation, written by Liu Houyi, input O 12 1.4. (1) reading materials, readers:
Because literature uses language to create images, and many literary masterpieces are often chosen as readers for learning language and literature, the two are easily confused. When classifying, we should pay attention to those who choose some famous literary works with explanations or annotations in terms of vocabulary, grammar and rhetoric. In order to learn language and literature, it should be classified into the category of "reading materials" related to language according to the purpose of publication and the purpose of readers.
Example: Selected works of Chinese and foreign literature: junior middle school three years (middle school extracurricular reading series), edited by Hu Fuxia, entered H 1-482.
Selected works of primary school reading, edited by Wang Yousheng, supplementary reading materials for primary and secondary school Chinese teaching, for sixth grade) in H 1-48.
(2) works in two languages.
Chinese and foreign literary works selected for the purpose of learning Chinese should also be classified into the relevant categories of language.
Example: Ugly Duckling (bilingual reading in English and Chinese), rewritten by Denton, translated by Zhao Haitian, and entered H3 1 -48.
Literary works of hanyu pinyin are chosen for learning Chinese and should also be classified into language-related categories.
Example: The Elephant with its Nose Cut off by Chi Shuchang and Yu Zhi, with Wang Xinmin's phonetic notation, entered H 125-48.
(3) Enlightenment reading materials:
Some forms of literary works are often used as tools for enlightenment education. For example, San Zi Jing is an enlightening reading, and many books suitable for children to recite and meditate are written by using the phonology of words. Although they have some linguistic features of poetry, such as rhyme, rhythm and harmonious intonation, they are catchy and easy to remember. But this kind of reading is not a literary work. Its content is to convey some information, not to express thoughts and feelings, so its rhythm and rhythm do not naturally develop with emotions like poetry. Therefore, such books should be classified according to their contents and functions.