To appreciate ancient poetry, we must first appreciate the images of ancient poetry. Poetic images include characters and poetic images.
First of all, appreciate the characters:
The characters in poetry include both those described by the poet and the lyric hero, that is, the poet himself. Analyzing the characters in poetry and grasping the poet's feelings for the characters are the basic essentials for reading and appreciating poetry. By analyzing the thoughts, qualities, personalities, moral integrity and emotions of the characters in the poem, we can understand the characteristics of the characters described in the poem and feel the emotional tone of the poet, so as to appreciate and analyze the poem and improve the aesthetic taste.
For example, Shang Mo sung by Han Yuefu created a vivid character for us.
Moshangsang
HanYueFu
Southeast corner of sunrise, shine on me, Qin Lou.
Qin has a good daughter who calls herself Luo Fu.
Luo Fu likes sericulture and picks mulberry in the southeast corner.
Moss is a cage system and cassia twig is a cage hook.
There is a bun on the head and a bright moon in the ear.
Qi is the lower skirt and Qi is the upper skirt.
When Monkey saw Luo Fu, he put it on his shoulder and smoothed his moustache.
When the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and hung his head.
The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe.
In spite of resentment, he sat watching Luo Fu.
You come from the south, and five horses stand upright.
Your majesty sent officials to ask whose family it was.
"Qin has a good daughter who calls herself Luo Fu."
"Luo Fu Year Geometry?"
"Twenty is not enough, fifteen is quite enough."
"Your majesty thanks Luo Fu, willing to back?"
Luo Fu spoke in front of him: "You are such a fool!
The monarch has his wife, and Luo Fu has his husband. "
"One thousand people ride the east, and the husband is at the top.
What's the use of knowing your husband? A pony's white horse;
Hair tied with ponytail, horsehead covered with gold;
Deer sword, the deer in the waist, can be as high as10 million.
A petty official in the fifteenth mansion and a doctor in the twentieth dynasty.
Thirty people serve the middle class and forty people serve the city exclusively.
People are clean and white, and they have many needs.
Ministry of Industry and Service of Ying Ying, Ran Ran and Zhong Chao.
There are thousands of people sitting in the room, all of whom say that their husbands are extraordinary. "
This poem is a famous sentence in Han Yuefu, which successfully created a beautiful, witty, lively, kind and lovely female image-Luo Fu. From the beginning, the poem tries to describe Luo Fu's dress, mainly writing about Luo Fu's moving beauty; Then write to Luo Fu and sternly reject your "shameless" request; Finally, Luo Fu praised her husband, leaving the special envoy at a loss. By analyzing the appearance and language of the character Luo Fu in the poem, we can get Luo Fu's personality and moral sentiment, that is, Luo Fu is a beautiful, hardworking, brave, witty, fearless and courageous peasant woman.
Sometimes, the poet does not specifically describe a character image, but the shadow of the lyric hero, that is, the poet's own shadow, flashes everywhere in the whole poem. Such as Cao Cao's poem "Looking at the Sea":
see the boundless ocean
Cao Cao
On the east coast, climb Jieshi Mountain to see the vast sea.
The sea is so vast that the islands stand high on the sea.
Trees and paraquat are very lush. Autumn wind makes trees make sad sounds, and the sea is surging.
The movement of the sun and the moon seems to come from the vast ocean.
A trip to the sun and the moon, if unexpected;
Han is a talented star, if you take him by surprise.
I am glad to use this poem to express my inner desire.
Watching the sea describes the poet's magnificent view of climbing Jieshi Mountain, facing the sea and overlooking it. He is full of weather, excitement and imagination. Associated with the Milky Way, the sun rises in the west, the moon sets in the west, and the stars shine, just like running and lingering in the rough sea, vividly showing the magnificent scenery of the motherland and the poet's rich imagination, with a heroic momentum. At the same time, it also expressed the poet's heroic feelings and grand political ambitions.
To appreciate the characters described in poetry, we should be good at grasping their portrait description, language description and action description, analyzing their personality characteristics and summarizing their ideological qualities. To appreciate the image of the lyric hero in poetry, we should combine the poet's life experience and writing background, analyze the content of the poem, understand the poet's feelings and thoughts, and feel the poet's image and characteristics.
Second, appreciate the poetic image:
Image is an ancient aesthetic concept, and it is also the most basic and important aesthetic unit to appreciate poetry. It can be said that grasping the image also captures the artistic conception, style and thoughts and feelings contained in the poem. The so-called image is the image of objective things formed on the basis of perception and permeated with the poet's subjective feelings. Ancient poems often express the poet's subjective feelings with the help of objective things. The images of these objective things are not only objective things in real life, but also things with poet's feelings, that is, "scenery" written by the poet and "things" sung by the poet. Poets use these "scenes" to express their feelings; Recite these "things" and express your "ambition". This kind of scenery and things are images, the feelings expressed and the wishes expressed are meanings, and the perfect combination of images and meanings is images. Therefore, image is the objective image of the poet's subjective feelings in poetry, and it is the unity of the poet's inner thoughts and feelings and external objective images. When appreciating poetry, only by capturing, feeling and understanding the images in poetry can we accurately grasp the rich meaning, complex feelings and profound philosophy of poetry. Let's look at the following poem:
Yellow Crane Tower —— Meng Haoran's farewell on his way to Yangzhou
li po
Old friends frequently waved to me, bid farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower, and traveled to Yangzhou in this beautiful spring filled with catkins and flowers.
My friend's sail shadow faded away and disappeared at the end of the blue sky, only seeing the first line of the Yangtze River and heading for the distant horizon.
This poem is a masterpiece of Li Bai's poems praising sincere friendship and expressing feelings of parting, which has been well-known for thousands of years. The first two sentences point out the people, places, seasons and destinations that friends are going to through images such as "ancients", "Yellow Crane Tower", "Fireworks March" and "Yangzhou", and express the spirit of people at that time with "Fireworks March". The images described in the last two sentences, such as "solitary sail", "distant shadow", "blue sky", "Yangtze River" and "heaven and earth", have far-reaching artistic conception. The poet stood in front of the building for a long time, showing his reluctant friendship and deep melancholy.
Tianjin Sha Qiu Si
Ma Zhiyuan
Old vines are faint crows, small bridges are flowing, and old roads are thin horses. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world.
Ma Zhiyuan's Sanqu is a model of using images. The first three sentences describe nine images: withered vine, old tree, faint crow, small bridge, flowing water, family, ancient road, west wind and thin horse. With these seemingly unrelated objective images, a sunset map of autumn suburbs full of cold breath and gloomy colors has been formed, which has caused waves. Images such as "sunset" and "Tianya" in the last two sentences further show the heartbroken pain of homesickness. These images all contain endless feelings and charm.
To appreciate the image of poetry, we should grasp the characteristics of the scenery and things described and sung by the poet to analyze. Because these landscapes and objects are no longer simple, objective and natural landscapes and objects, but landscapes and objects that combine the poet's emotions. It is necessary to grasp the characteristics of these scenes and see what feelings the poet expresses through these scenes and what feelings he expresses through these things, so as to analyze the images of poetry, explore the feelings of the poet and appreciate the whole poem. Besides, we should explore the deep meaning of this poem through its superficial meaning. Because ancient poetry is often affectionate, implicit and philosophical, we should dig its profound connotation through the surface and understand the theme and true meaning of poetry.
Section 2 Appreciate thoughts and feelings
The ancients said: Poetry expresses ambition. Poetry is used to express feelings, which inevitably contains the poet's thoughts and feelings. Therefore, appreciating the thoughts and feelings of poetry is the most important and important link in the process of poetry reading. China's ancient poems, in terms of their thoughts and feelings, can be roughly divided into several categories: worrying about the country and the people, making achievements, homesickness for the people, farewell in pavilions, and miscellaneous feelings of life. When appreciating them, we should pay attention to analyzing their thoughts and feelings according to different categories.
First, about the country and people's poetry appreciation:
Ancient poets wrote many excellent poems that were concerned about the country and the people and sentimental about the times. Some of them care about the country and the people, some sympathize with the sufferings of the people, some reflect on the pain of leaving troubled times, and some expose the fatuity and decay of the rulers ... such as the thoughts of caring about the country and the people in Du Fu's poems and the patriotic feelings in Lu You's poems are all examples of this kind of poems. Appreciation should be combined with the poet's ideological situation and writing background, savor carefully, understand the poet's thoughts and feelings of worrying about the country and the people, and understand the feelings expressed by the poet. Let's read two such poems:
Gordon
Du Fu
The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand.
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness.
After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged.
The first four sentences of Du Fu's poem describe a desolate and magnificent autumn scenery-a sad scene: the wind is high and the sky is high, the apes are singing bamboo, the sand is white, the birds are returning, the leaves of trees are withered, the river is rushing, and the color of late autumn is sad. On the basis of these four sentences, the poet naturally leads to the narrative lyric of the last four sentences-sadness: starting from two aspects: vertical (time, "a hundred years") and horizontal (space, "Wan Li"), wandering from a foreign land to a sick and disabled life, people deeply feel his heavy beating pulse; Because it's hard to taste for a long time, and when you are sick, you will be down and out. Therefore, his white hair will increase frequently, and his glass will be difficult to lift. Infinite sadness is beyond words, interwoven with his worries about the difficulties of national luck and his sadness about being reduced to other countries. Through climbing the mountain, the whole poem tells the poet's complex feelings of years of wandering, old illness, loneliness and loneliness, and the poet's feelings of worrying about the country, the people and the country are vividly on the paper.
A frightened horse
Lu you
I know that when I die, everything on earth has nothing to do with me. But the only thing that hurts me is that I failed to see the reunification of the motherland.
Therefore, when the great Song Jun team recaptures the Central Plains, you will hold a home banquet ceremony. Don't forget to tell me the good news!
Lu You was a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. He devoted his life to the just cause of resisting gold and recovering lost land. Although squeezed out and hit by capitulationists, patriotic enthusiasm never waned. Shizi is the poet's last will to his son: everything can be left after death, but only one thing can't be put down, that is, the broken country has not been recovered and the reunification of the motherland has not been witnessed. I firmly believe that one day the army of the Song Dynasty will be able to pacify the Central Plains and recover lost territory. I hope that when you are at home, you will never forget to tell your father the good news that "the north will set the Central Plains".
This poem is full of twists and turns, which sincerely expresses the poet's complex thoughts and feelings at the end of his life, and expresses the poet's deep and strong patriotic passion of never forgetting the "Northern Central Plains" and reunifying the motherland until his death. The poem contains endless resentment against the unfinished golden cause and firm belief that the sacred cause will be realized.
Second, appreciate the poetry of serving the country:
Many ancient poets are full of lofty aspirations, hoping to make a difference, or eager to make contributions, or determined to defend their country, or lamenting that there is no way to serve their country, or lamenting that mountains and rivers have been destroyed, or that their ambitions are hard to be rewarded, or that their ideals are unknown, or that their talents have not been achieved ... Most of these poems are impassioned, inspiring and will be told through the ages! When appreciating a poem, we should carefully taste it according to its relevant background and understand its spiritual feelings. For example:
Bodhisattva filled the Confucius Wall in Jiangxi.
Xin Qiji
How many pedestrians shed tears in the middle of Qingjiang River in Yugutai? Looking at Chang 'an in the northwest, there are countless poor mountains.
Castle peak can't cover up, after all, it flows east. In the evening, the river is gloomy and there are partridges in the mountains.
In this poem, the author links the river under Yugu platform with the blood and tears of the people who fled in those years. When thinking of the occupied Central Plains, he can't help but feel the grief that the country changed hands but could not be recovered. The twists and turns reveal the corruption and incompetence of the ruling group in the Southern Song Dynasty. At the scene, I felt that Qingshan can block people's sight, but it can't stop people's concern and yearning for the occupied areas of the Central Plains, suggesting that the ruling clique of the Southern Song Dynasty can set up many obstacles to split the motherland in half, but it can't stop people's strong desire to unify the motherland. The last two sentences reflect the author's grief and indignation with the wailing of partridges. This word implicitly expresses the author's dissatisfaction with the wrong policy of humiliating and seeking peace of the ruling clique in the Southern Song Dynasty, and expresses his patriotic feelings for the reunification of the motherland.
Chun Wang
Du Fu
Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.
Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.
The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.
Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.
At the beginning of this poem, I wrote what I saw in spring: the capital fell and the city was broken. Although the mountains and rivers are still there, there are grass everywhere and the trees are gray. Even the flowers and birds that should be entertained hate to leave because of love, which makes the poet cry. The first four sentences are all on the word "Wang". In the change of scenery and emotion, it seems that the poet gradually turned from looking at the scenery with his head down to meditation, and naturally transitioned to the second half-missing his loved ones. There are bonfires everywhere, and my family doesn't trust me. I miss the tragic image in the distance, and I look at the scene of decline in front of me. I don't feel bored and hesitant, but my hair is sparse and short. In this way, in addition to the grief of national demise and death, sighing and aging will add another layer of sadness.
The first four sentences of this poem are about the defeat of Spring City, full of sighs; The last four sentences are about the situation of relatives, full of feelings of separation. The whole poem is calm, sincere and natural, which embodies the poet's beautiful sentiment of patriotism and love for his family.
Three. Appreciate homesick poems about human beings;
In ancient times, traffic was inconvenient and information was not smooth, so many poets reflected this homesickness. Some of them expressed their feelings of missing relatives and friends, some expressed their worries about living in a foreign land for a long time, some expressed their feelings of guarding the border and hometown, and some expressed their nostalgia for women in boudoir. To appreciate a poem, we should seriously understand it and analyze its thoughts and feelings according to its specific content. For example, the following two homesick poems:
Vacation in the mountains reminds me of my brothers in Shandong.
Wang Wei
I am a lonely stranger in a strange land, and I miss my family more often during the holidays.
When I think of my brothers' bodies climbing high, I will feel a little regret for not being able to reach me.
The first sentence of this poem is a poet who is in a foreign land and misses his relatives every festive season. The overlapping use of the two words "different" further strengthens the poet's loneliness and adds a sad color to the picture of the poem. The second sentence is the poetic eye and emotional main line of the whole poem. The word "whenever" here breaks through the specific time limit of "September 9" and makes people realize that the love in the poem has been brewing for a long time. The outbreak on September 9 this year just touched the fuse of the Double Ninth Festival. The word "time" not only exaggerates the intensity of homesickness today, but also shows the frequent homesickness on weekdays. "If you know where your brother climbs the mountain from a distance, there will be one less person in the dogwood", and you will miss yourself when you think of the festivals of your loved ones, which further deepens the poet's feelings of cherishing brotherhood and missing your loved ones in your hometown. The feeling of "missing one's relatives twice during the festive season" is not only the sublimation of the poet's daily feelings, but also the generalization and summary of the holiday feelings of wanderers who have lived in a foreign land for a long time. It is quite universal and representative, so it has been passed down through the ages.
Every ambassador in Beijing
Cen Can
The distance from the east home is very long, and the tears are wet and the sleeves are still flowing.
I'll meet you immediately, without paper and pen. Please tell my family that I'm safe.
Cen Can's frontier poems mainly show his loneliness in frontier fortress. Looking east at my hometown, I am far away, and I am excited by the emotion of missing my hometown. My cuffs are shaking and I can't dry my tears. I happened to meet a messenger on my way back to Beijing, so I wanted to ask him to take a letter home. But I didn't bring paper and pen, so I couldn't write a letter. I could only ask him to take a message home and say that he was healthy and safe. The narrative of this poem is straightforward, and the facts described profoundly show the homesickness of the frontier fortress. Although it is a simple sketch, it can still impress readers to cross the deep homesickness.
Fourth, appreciate Changting's farewell poems:
In ancient poetry, the farewell of the pavilion is one of the important themes, which is also because of the underdeveloped transportation and unsmooth information in ancient times. People's parting is often uncertain, so the ancients paid special attention to the farewell of pavilions and often expressed it in poems. In the farewell poems, some expressed reluctant nostalgia, some expressed affectionate encouragement, and some expressed frank confession. No matter what kind of emotion is expressed, it is a deep emotion expressed by the poet when he says goodbye. When appreciating a poem, we should contact the poet's life and thoughts according to the writing background, and appreciate the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet. Let's enjoy two farewell poems:
Farewell to the viceroy and go to Shu for his post.
Bo Wang
Across the wall of Sanqin, across a layer of fog, across a river.
We said goodbye sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions.
After all, the world is just a small place.
Why are you wandering at the fork in the road? The child is holding a towel.
This is Wang Bo's farewell work. As can be seen from the title, a friend named Du went to Sichuan to be an official, so the author wrote this poem to see him off. Although this poem is a farewell work, its emotion is different from the general parting. It is not sad, but very bright and heroic. I didn't mean to, but it was sincere and touching. The first couplet of the poem, from the starting point to the appointed place, has a magnificent scenery; Couplets turn to leave, expressing their feelings of parting; At a stroke of the pen, the Neck Couplet wrote the eternal farewell song: "However, as long as China keeps our friendship, heaven will still be our neighbor." How open and healthy this mentality is! It sublimates people's feelings of farewell to a new realm and sweeps away the melancholy and sadness when they leave. The ending couplets end with comforting friends, which positively denies the secular state of children at the time of separation. It is clear and powerful enough to summarize the whole article and enhance the feelings expressed earlier. The author encourages, supports and inspires his friends with his eagerness to do things, and points out that parting is inevitable, so don't be sad. As long as friendship lasts forever, parting cannot separate two people. The whole poem is sincere, vigorous, profound and touching.
Farewell Xin Jian at the Lotus Pavilion
Wang Changling
Misty rain enveloped Wu's day overnight; Send you in the morning, lonely and sad in Chushan!
Friends, if my friends in Luoyang invite me; Just say I'm still Bing Xin Okho, and stick to my faith!
This is a farewell poem. The conception of the poem is novel, which describes the parting feelings of friends and rewrites its own integrity. The boundless river rain and the lonely mountain front set off the loneliness of parting. The misty rain hangs over Wudi River, weaving endless worry nets. Rainy nights add to the bleakness of autumn, and also render the gloomy atmosphere of parting. It is conceivable that the poet stayed up all night because of missing his separation. That chill not only permeates the misty rain of the vast river, but also permeates the hearts of two people who have left. In the morning after the rain, the weather is Chu Qing, with green mountains and green waters, and the isolated mountain stands upright. In this case, the poet wants to send his friend away. The last two sentences are the poet's words of exhortation and entrustment to Xin Xian: After you arrive in Luoyang, if any relatives and friends ask about my recent situation after being demoted, you can tell them that my heart is still pure and flawless, crystal clear as ice and as clear as jade. These two poems are not only the poet's self-confession, but also the poet's awe-inspiring attitude to refute the slander of the villain, showing the poet's open mind and strong character.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) appreciation of life miscellaneous poems;
In addition to expressing the above thoughts and feelings, there are also some poems that express mixed feelings about life, or express their feelings about the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, or describe rural leisure, or express their feelings about the ups and downs of the past, or satirize the present with the help of the past, or express their frustration in their official career, or comfort their happiness in life. When appreciating, we should analyze the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet according to the specific content of the poem. We appreciate the following two poems as examples:
Guogurenzhuang
meng haoran
This old friend prepared a delicious meal and invited me to his hospitable farm.
Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city.
Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops.
Please come here to see chrysanthemums when the ninth festival comes.
This is an idyllic poem. The poet wrote "old friend" and prepared "chicken millet" to invite "me". When I arrived at Tianjia, the scenery I saw was pleasing to the eye, and I found it quiet, simple and unique. The family got together and drank wine, which was a pastoral scene. When he was leaving, he automatically announced that Chongyang would come again without the invitation of his master, indicating that the poet got rid of his troubles and got joy, and found a spiritual home in the "old man village", so he missed Tian Jia and converted to Tian Jia. The whole poem is free and easy, like a hammer, but it combines quiet and beautiful pastoral scenery with pure and profound friendship, which is poetic and intriguing.
Yugezi
Zhang
Egrets fly in front of mount cisse,
Peach blossom and flowing water mandarin fish fertilizer.
Keywords green bamboo hat, green hemp fiber,
There is no need to return to the oblique wind and drizzle.
This word describes the fishing scenery of Jiangnan water town during the spring flood. This is a landscape painting written in poetry, with clear mountains and rivers and the image of a fisherman. The first sentence "in front of Mount Cisse" points out the position, and "Egret" is a symbol of leisure. It is written that egrets fly freely, setting off the leisure of fishermen. Peach blossoms are in full bloom and the river is skyrocketing. At this time, the mandarin fish is gaining weight. The pink here contrasts with the water, showing the lakes and mountains in front of the Cisse Mountain in late spring and exaggerating the living environment of fishermen. Three or four sentences describe the fisherman's fishing mode. The fisherman wore a green bamboo hat and green hemp fiber, and forgot to go home in the oblique wind and drizzle. The whole poem vividly shows the fisherman's carefree life interest.
To appreciate the thoughts and feelings of ancient poetry, we should pay special attention to the following points:
First of all, understanding the writer's life, thoughts and creative style is helpful to understand and grasp the content of his works. For example, Xin Qiji fought bloody battles in the forefront of the anti-gold struggle and died in the battlefield. After returning to the south, he was squeezed and hit by the capitulators. Therefore, most of his words are in full swing to recall the past fighting life, or to express the anger of serving the country, and the style is bold and sad.
Secondly, an era has its own characteristics, and an era has its own literature. A correct understanding of the style and characteristics of an era is also helpful to accurately grasp the literary works of this era. For example, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty was strong, and most of the intellectuals who joined the army were high-spirited and heroic. But in the Song Dynasty, poverty and weakness, national strength declined, and the breath of the Tang Dynasty was lost. In the poet's works, there is less heroism and more sadness. One less grand, one less worry about home and country.
Finally, the thoughts and feelings of most works are not single, which may be mixed with many very complicated emotions, so we should pay special attention to them. In addition, a writer's overall creative interest and style are generally fixed, but it does not rule out the existence of special cases in individual works.