Distinguishing the four tones is the basis for learning Ping and Lei
Our country’s poetry developed into the Tang Dynasty, and its tones and formats became strictly standardized, forming a kind of metrical poetry. As early as the Southern and Northern Dynasties, poetry paid attention to rhythm. At the same time, influenced by parallel prose, the antithesis in poetry gradually became more sophisticated. Therefore, from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty, many works that implied the form of rhythmic poetry appeared. By the time of Empress Wu, the works of Du Shenyan (Du Fu's grandfather) had completely conformed to the form of metrical poetry. At that time, Shen Quanqi and Song Zhiwen affirmed the mature form from the practices of predecessors and contemporary people in applying metrical poetry, and completed the task of standardizing metrical poetry, so that future poets would have clear rules to follow. . This kind of metrical poetry was called "modern style poetry" or "modern style poetry" by people in the Tang Dynasty, while the previous poetry was called "ancient style poetry", or "ancient poetry" or "ancient style". Since then, there has been a clear distinction between modern style poetry and ancient style poetry. In terms of creation, some poets specialize in modern style, some specialize in ancient style, and some do both. However, from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, official imperial examinations always used modern poetry as the standard format. Modern style and ancient style are relative terms; today, modern style poetry has become old style poetry again.
The number of words and sentences in modern poetry is relatively simple. As long as you read some modern poetry, you can learn it by yourself. A sentence with five characters is called a five-character poem; a sentence with seven characters is called a seven-character poem. There are three types of sentences: those with four sentences are called quatrains; those with eight sentences are called verses; those with more than eight sentences (at least ten sentences, and as many as more than two hundred sentences) are called row verses, also called long verses. Five-character quatrains are referred to as Wujue; seven-character quatrains are referred to as Qijue; five-character rhymed poems are referred to as Wulu; seven-character rhymed poems are referred to as Qilv; five-character rhymes are referred to as Wupai or Wuchang; seven-character rhymes are referred to as Qipai or Qichang. Modern poetry is divided into two categories and six types according to words and sentences.
Learning meter mainly includes three parts: rhyme, rhyme, and antithesis. For beginners, Pingyi is more difficult. Some people have read quite a lot of metrical poems, so when they write poems, they imitate cats and tigers. The rhymes and antitheses are basically consistent, but the oblique and oblique are often inconsistent. Learning the oblique and oblique poems becomes a "stumbling block" in learning meter. In fact, it is not difficult to master Ping and Ze. As long as the following three conditions are met, poetry writing in Ping and Ze can "reach the standard":
First, learn to distinguish the four tones, which is the basis for learning Ping and Ze;
The second is to learn the rules for the arrangement of oblique and oblique words in each sentence and poem, which is not complicated;
The third is to master more words and words with synonyms but different pronunciations, and to master a variety of word and sentence combinations Form, mastering the unique syntactic changes of poetry, etc., which require certain writing skills.
The first step in learning to compose poetry was to identify the four tones, because only by identifying the four tones and knowing which words have flat tones and which words have oblique tones can we learn the rules of the arrangement of oblique and oblique tones.
The four tones are one of the characteristics of Chinese. Each of its characters is a single sound, with different sounds such as high and low, long and short sounds, and rising and falling tones. The tone of poetry is the clever use of this distinction to form ups and downs of tone and musical rhythm. Reciting poetry was not called reading or reciting in ancient times, but was called chanting or humming. Poetry is for people to sing and is combined with music.
The four tones of modern Mandarin are Yinping, Yangping, rising tone and falling tone. The four tones used in the poem are the ancient four tones. To be precise, they are the four medieval tones from the Tang and Song Dynasties. They are divided into flat tone, ascending tone, falling tone and entering tone. Among the four ancient tones of modern Mandarin, Yinping and Yangping are unified into the Ping tone. The Shang tone and the Qu tone have changed slightly in ancient and modern times, but they are roughly the same. Only the Ru tone has disappeared in modern Mandarin. They are combined into Ping tone, Shang tone and Qu tone. In the sound, it is said that "the yin and yang are divided equally, and the three sounds of the sect are formed." Among them, most of them change into falling tones, followed by flat tones, and less to upper tones. However, in the southern provinces and regions of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Jiangxi, as well as in the northern regions such as Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, the rin tone is still retained. The so-called Ping and Ze, the Ping tone includes Yin Ping and Yang Ping, and the Ping tone includes the rising tone, the falling tone and the entering tone. How to distinguish the four tones?
"Kangxi Dictionary" contains a four-tone song at the beginning:
Don't speak low and high when speaking with a flat tone, and shout loudly and powerfully when rising.
The sound of leaving is clear and mourning for a long way, and the sound of entering is short and urgent to collect.
The flat tone is pronounced neither high nor low, and the tail sound is slightly extended, like a mallet tapping the heart of a drum, and the sound is "east";
The upper tone is pronounced loudly, without a tail tone, and is pronounced The rising tone is like a mallet hitting the drum surface around, and the sound is "Dong";
The falling tone is pronounced far away, with a shorter ending, and the falling tone is like a mallet hitting the heart of the drum hard, and the sound is "Dong". It is "frozen";
The pronunciation of the entering tone is short and has no ending sound. When pronounced in an urgent tone, it is like touching the drum head with one hand and hitting it hard with the other hand. The sound is "du".
It is said that Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty was very fond of poetry, but he was confused about the four tones. He once asked the scholar Zhou She: "What are the four tones?" Zhou She replied: "'The Emperor's Sage' is the same." "The Emperor's Sage" The four characters "sage" are pronounced according to the ancient four tones, which are Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru. Emperor Liang Wu understood immediately. When we learn to distinguish the four tones, we might as well imitate the way primary school students learn to distinguish the four tones in Chinese Pinyin and memorize the four-tone words: mom, ma, horse, scold, wave, neck, lame, wince... Primary school students first read it with the teacher, and then memorize it by themselves. It won't take long for them to learn to distinguish the Yinping, Yangping, rising and falling tones of Mandarin. These four sounds are also called one, two, three and four in sequence.
They have learned that by looking up the "Xinhua Dictionary", they can accurately read each word according to the four-tone symbols superscripted on the Latin pinyin. When we learn the ancient four tones, we can start by reading and memorizing the ancient four tones words.
Ancient four-tone phrases
Ping Shang Go into Ping Shang Go into Ping Shang Go into Ping Shang Go into Ping Shang Go into
Dongdong frozen Duzhong Zhuangzhong Zhujiang Talking about crimson awareness means that the quality of will is small and has no tail.
Fish language, Yu Yue, Ku Ku, Kuo Li, Li Li, Li Jia, Jie Jie, Xiao should change Gai Ge
Zhen Zhen Zhen Wen Kiss and ask about things, Kunbian is trapped in the beach, and sighs openly in the room.
Jian Qianjian, Xiao Xiaoxiao, cut hands with cunning school feet, high manuscript, Gaoge song, Guojigu
Ma Ma scolds Moyang to raise Yang Yang's medicine, Genggen, and even apart from Dingding, dripping and steaming to save the certificate.
Especially, it also intrudes into Qinjihan, shouts regret, combines salt, Yanyan, leaves, seals and reduces Jianjia
These 30 groups of words are compiled based on the 106 rhyme parts of "Pingshui Yun" (also called "Peiwen Poetry Rhyme"). The rhyme is as follows:
Shangpingsheng
One East, Two Winters, Three Rivers, Four Branches and Five Micro
Six Fishes, Seven Yus, Eight Qi, Nine Fines and Ten Grays
Eleven true, twelve texts, thirteen yuan, fourteen cold, fifteen deletions
Lower level tone
One first, two Xiao, three dishes, four heroes and five songs
Six Ma, Seven Yang, Eight Geng, Nine Green, Ten Steam
Eleven, twelve, invade, thirteen, tan, fourteen, salt, fifteen salty
Shangsheng
One Dong Erzhong, three lectures, four papers and five tails
Six words, seven turtles, eight shepherds, nine crabs and ten bribes
Eleven Zhen, twelve kisses, thirteen Ruan, fourteen dry spells and fifteen Jin
p>Sixteen years, seventeen years, eighteen years old, nineteen years old and twenty years old
Twenty-one horses, twenty-two horses, twenty-three stems, twenty-four horses and twenty-five horses
Twenty-one horses Six sleeps, twenty-seven feelings, twenty-eight frugality, twenty-nine beasts
Go to the sound
One sends two Song Dynasties, three crimsons, four sets and five Weis
Six emperors, seven encounters and eight Ji Jiutai and ten hexagrams
Eleven teams, twelve vibrations, thirteen questions, fourteen wishes and fifteen words
Sixteen admonitions, seventeen clumps, eighteen whistles, nineteen effects, and the twentieth
p>Twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five paths
Twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, and thirty.
Enter the sound
One house, two fertile, three sleeps, four qualities and five things
Six months, seven days, eight cunning, nine crumbs and ten medicines
Eleven roads, twelve tins and thirteen positions Fourteen Ji Fifteen Harmony
Sixteen Leaves Seventeen Harmony
There is no need for us to memorize the four-tone combinations and rhymes mentioned above by reading them. , memorize, master the pronunciation and intonation characteristics of the sounds of Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru, and gradually draw parallels. When encountering any other character, according to the tones of Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru, you can accurately "match it". For example, in the four words "reform and opening up", Gai - should be changed to Gaige, which belongs to the Shang tone; Ge - Geng Geng Geng Ge, which belongs to the Ru tone; Kai - Kai'e Yuke, which belongs to the Ping tone; Fang - Fang Fang. Fu, it belongs to Qusheng. These four characters are Shang, Ru, Ping and Qu. Another example is the four characters "Beijing Evening News". Bei - Bei, Bei, Bei, Bei, belongs to the Ru tone; Jing - Jing, Jing, Jin, Ji, belongs to the Ping tone; Wan - Wan, Wan, Wan, Wu. It belongs to Shangsheng, Bao - Bao, Bao, Bao, Bu, belongs to Qusheng. These four characters are in order: enter, level, go up, and go. After reading and memorizing four-tone words until you can basically master its tone, you can give yourself test questions similar to the ones above, and then check the answers with the rhyme book. Not much. Reaching this level is considered a "pass".
The above 30 words and 106 rhymes are read more smoothly according to the southern pronunciation; when read according to the Mandarin pronunciation and some local pronunciations, the entering tone in the words is pronounced as the flat tone and the rising tone respectively. , go to the sound. Both the ascending and descending tones are oblique tones, so it is not a big problem to adjust the oblique tones when writing poems and lyrics. If the pronunciation of the flat tone is not clear, the poems and lyrics will have rhymes or dissonance. Beginners who are new to rhythm often have problems with their poems and lyrics and have inconsistent rhymes due to their inability to distinguish the rhymes. Therefore, some people advocate that the rhyme of poetry should develop according to the development of language, and that old-style poems can be tuned and rhymed according to the four tones of modern Chinese. This cannot be said to be unreasonable, but it has not been generally accepted by the poetry community.
One of the difficulties for people today in distinguishing the four tones is how to master those words that are pronounced in the flat tone in Mandarin but in the ancient tones. Here are several methods for beginners to refer to:
First, read rhyme books frequently. There is no need for beginners to read the voluminous rhyme books such as "Guangyun" and "Peiwen Yunfu". They can first read concise versions, such as "Poetry Yun" published by "Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House" in 1982, and the new second edition of "Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House" in 1992. "New Edition of Poetry Rhythm" and so on. When reading into the voice part, pick out those common words that are used today in the flat tone and copy them into another book to deepen your memory and keep them for reference.
The second is to recite the works. In Mandarin, the flat tone is pronounced, but in modern poetry or lyrics, the words placed on oblique tone must be the entering tone. Many Chinese characters can be learned from reciting poems. For example, "country" and "past" are pronounced in the same tone today. In Chairman Mao's "With Mr. Liu Yazi", "Return to the old country in thirty-one years, read Huazhang when the flowers are falling", and "The tiger is sitting on the dragon's plate and the dragon is victorious today" in "The People's Liberation Army Occupies Nanjing" In the past, the world was turned upside down and the world was turned upside down, the words "generous and generous" are all the last words of the sentence, and they are in the oblique tone, so they must be in the entering tone. "Chrysanthemum" and "chu" are pronounced in the same tone today. I read "Nine Days of Thinking of Chang'an Hometown" by Cen Shen of the Tang Dynasty, "The chrysanthemums in my hometown should bloom near the battlefield", and He Zhizhang's "Ode to the Willow" "I don't know who cuts the thin leaves. The spring breeze in February is like scissors." After thinking about it, you will understand that these two words must be in the same tone. You can also identify many entering-tone characters when reading words. Generally, word cards such as "Niannujiao", "Manjianghong", and "Recalling Qin'e" rhyme with the entering tone. Reciting works is the most common and effective way to identify incoming voices.
The third is to remember by radicals and numbers. There are many characters with the same radicals in the Ru Ting characters. We have arranged them so that we can draw parallels. For example, if you remember that the word "responsibilities" is in the rudimentary tone, then the words "箦,碢,啧,帻,极品,狠" and other characters will not be difficult to remember. Another example is the character "jia" which has the entering tone, and the characters "xiao, xia, xiao, xu, xia, 惃, comfortable, and 箧" also have the entering tone. Among numbers, except for "three" and "qian", which are flat tones, all others are oblique tones. So now in Mandarin, "one", "seven", "eight", "ten", "hundred" and "hundred million" are pronounced flat tones. "It must be the sound of entering.
The fourth is to remember the rhymes and vowels. Characters with the same final rhymes in the rhyme characters can also be memorized to know ten. For example, many words with the final "a" in today's rhyme are rhyme characters, such as "Ta, Da, Na, Ta, Za, La, Za, Da, Tada, Ta, Si", etc.; many words with the final "i" in today's rhyme are These are the characters that enter the tone, like "一, 西, ji, li, bi, weep, drop, split, extremely, dense, iron" and so on. Today, the final rhymes are "e, o, u" and many of them are rhyme characters. Any word whose rhyme ends with "n" or "ng" will not be a rhyme character.
The first and second methods mentioned above are relatively reliable, and there are exceptions to the latter two methods. They can only help memory based on looking up rhyme books and cannot be regarded as rules.