Su Shi (1036 ——110/) was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now Sichuan), and his name was Zizhan.
Su Shi was a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is an outstanding writer who is versatile in literature and art.
He was born in a well-educated family, and his father Su Xun was a famous essayist. He is good at planning and writing, and his style is arbitrary, which has obvious influence on Su Shi. Su Shi's outstanding achievements in prose, poetry and painting, on the one hand, depend on his own diligence, on the other hand, Su Xun's profound influence on him.
Su Shi was listed as one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties because of his prose achievements, and was later called "the four masters of Han, Liu and Ou Su". His poems are regarded as "the model of Song poetry"; His ci is called "legislation for ci" and is recognized as the representative and pioneer of the wild school; In painting, he, together with Mi Fei and Li Longmian, is known as the four great masters of the Song Dynasty. He is good at drawing ink bamboo, but his calligraphy also has unique attainments.
Su Shi had a rough life. He became a scholar at the age of 20, and his life was tortuous and dangerous. Su Shi is indeed a poet who has gone through hardships and completed himself.
Su Shi's survival time coincided with the dispute between Wang Anshi's reform and reform party and Sima Guang's old party. Because of his insistence on justice, Su Shi was caught between two forces, and was repeatedly relegated and tortured. Footprints have entered 20 places: Sichuan-Kaifeng-Fengxiang-Beijing-Hangzhou-Mizhou-Xuzhou-Huzhou-Huangzhou-Changzhou-Dengzhou-Beijing-Hangzhou-Yingzhou-Xuanzhou-Huizhou-Danzhou and so on.
Although Su Shi has gone through an extremely tortuous and dangerous life path, he has never been depressed and desperate, but has gone through hardships to complete himself and achieve real detachment. No setback or misfortune can defeat him mentally.
In general, Su Shi is Su Shi. He got rid of mental depression and finally achieved something in his career. Wherever he went, he actively did practical things for the people and left a "political voice" everywhere. In Fengxiang, he was called "Su Xianneng"; Dredge Hangzhou West Lake and build Su Causeway; He built hospitals and schools in Hainan. In the creation of civilization, his best poems belittle writing; In my life, wherever I go, I can keep close contact with the masses and win the love of local people. Su Shi has great influence among the people, such as Dongpo towel, Dongpo hat, Dongpo fan and Dongpo wine. , which are popular or spread to this day. It shows that Su Shi is widely spread among the people and has great influence.
Su Shi also left a lot of legacy. In addition to the "Su San Temple" in Meishan, Sichuan, there are hundreds of relics about Su Shi all over the country. Susan Temple has an inscription by Zhu De:
One family, three fathers and sons, all great writers.
Poetry and Fu are handed down from generation to generation, and Emei has a high proportion of * * *.
Second, the reasons for the formation of Su Shi's broad-minded personality
Due to the influence of Confucianism, ancient literati all hoped to make a difference and establish a career. As the saying goes, "a gentleman takes the world as his own responsibility" and "if he is poor, he will be immune from the world." When this ideal cannot be realized or encounters setbacks, he will have the following performances: First, martyrdom. It is to sacrifice one's ideals with one's life, such as Qu Yuan's drowning in the Miluo River. Second, complain. It not only expresses poverty and sorrow in the poem, but also expresses the grievances of talents.
Tao Yuanming's poems are full of sighs about poverty, illness and sadness, as well as complaints about his depressed career. Li Bai's boldness cannot but be decadent; Du Fu cares about the national economy and people's livelihood, but his ambition can't be displayed, and there are many sad songs of frustration. Just like "Up the Mountain", "But there is no news from my relatives and friends, I am old and sick, and I am alone with my boat"; Chen Ziang "read the faint of heaven and earth, I shed tears alone"; Li Bai's "Since the world can't satisfy our desire, I will loosen my hair tomorrow and take a fishing boat" and so on.
However, when Su Shi arrived, he completely achieved a bold, natural, elegant and open-minded style of ci poetry, and was full of understanding of the wealth and poverty of life, showing a kind of mind of "being happy while losing". This should be a new expansion of the realm of life, showing a great progress in human wisdom.
How did Su Shi reach this state? I think this has something to do with Su Shi's two personalities since he was a teenager.
Su Shi was able to integrate the best character and cultivation of Confucianism and Taoism into his own cultivation when he was a teenager, which is very worthy of our attention. On the one hand, he has a firm Confucian ambition to serve the country since he was a child, that is, the idea that "a gentleman takes the world as his own responsibility". There is such a record in the history of the Song Dynasty. Su Shichuan: When Su Shi was young, his mother, Cheng, taught him the Han book Fan Wei Zhuan. Fan Li was a loyal minister persecuted in the party struggle in the Eastern Han Dynasty. When he was appointed as the special envoy of the Qing Dynasty, he had the ambition to clarify the world. When he was persecuted, he didn't drag out an ignoble existence, but rather gave his life, just as Tan Sitong said, "I laughed at heaven and went to Kunlun Mountain to stay." When I left my mother, I said, "I failed to repay my parents' filial piety." Fan Mu said: "A person wants to achieve fame and honor, but also wants to live a long life and be prosperous. Can he have both? " Mom wants you to realize your dream. "Little Su read here and vowed to be a slanderer when he grew up. Su Mu said, "You can be a model slanderer, but I can't be a model mother? "
Su Shi's life was neither an Arab New Party nor an old inflammatory party. No matter what kind of political persecution, as long as he returned to the imperial court, he still adhered to his ideals, did not blindly follow any faction, and did not want to go with the flow. So he suffered so much slander, but his wishes, ideals and conduct were consistent. At the critical moment, I have to tell the truth. In his words, it is "like a fly in my mouth, don't spit it out".
Su Shi's boyhood was also deeply influenced by Zhuangzi's thought. He has liked Zhuangzi since he was a child. There is such a metaphor in "A Happy Tour in Zhuangzi": "The mountain shot by the ancients is inhabited, its skin is like ice and snow, and it is graceful like a virgin. If you immerse yourself in the sky, you won't be drowned. If there is drought, you will see the golden stone flow, and the earth mountain is burnt but not hot. " This metaphor describes a high degree of achievement. It is said that there is a Taoist real person on the mountain photographed in the past. His skin is as white as ice and snow, and his figure is as beautiful as a virgin. The flood will not be submerged, and the drought will melt the stones and scorch the earth mountain, but he will not be hurt. -this actually expresses an ethics of Taoist spirit self-protection. In addition, Zhuangzi. "Master of Health" also tells the story of an expert on cattle: "Today's knife has been used for nearly 19 years, and thousands of cows have been solved. The blade is as new." This is about self-cultivation. There is also a story in "Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour": "There was a fish named Kun in the Ming and Northern Dynasties, which was so big that it was miles; Adult bird, whose name is Peng, Peng's back, knows thousands of miles; Fly away angrily, its wings hang in the sky like clouds. It's a bird, and shipping will migrate to Nanming. Nanmingdong, Tianchi also. " This lofty, bold, far-reaching, broad-minded story of self-cultivation and imagination is also told a lot in Zhuangzi. Su Shi read Zhuangzi when he was a child. He said: "I have seen something, but I can't say it." Now I see a book that won my heart. " (turquoise. Su Shichuan) He means that he used to have some thoughts in his mind, but he couldn't say them himself. I'm reading Zhuangzi now, and he just speaks his mind. It's amazing. It shows that perilla was as wise as Buddhism said when she was a child, and told Taoism that the essence had early enlightenment. When Su Shi was a child, he was able to integrate the best personality and cultivation of Confucianism and Taoism into his own cultivation, which was an important factor for Su Shi's success.
Through the previous analysis, we will have a deeper understanding of Su Shi's two attitudes towards life:
Su Shi has two attitudes towards life: he takes a detached and broad-minded attitude towards his own sufferings and setbacks, as he himself said: "It is no good to lose your life if you lose your evidence." Loyalty and love for the country and people have always been persistent and have not changed. So as long as he returns to the imperial court, he will still say what he should say. After all the hardships, he is still so loyal and straightforward. When the demoted officials are away, they try their best to do practical things for the people. Known as "Su Xianneng" by Fengxiang people, he saved the dense drought, the flood in Xuzhou, the West Lake in Hangzhou, the hospital, the bridge in Huizhou and the hospital and school in Danzhou. He tries his best to do practical things for the people and has an excellent political voice wherever he goes. Suffering created Su Shi's great personality.
Three. Su Shi's poems
Talking about Su Shi's poems without mentioning them is like going to Hangzhou without seeing the West Lake.
(1). Su Shi's poems
In Su Shi's literary creation, the number of poems is the largest. Among the existing poems, the poems with the largest number and the highest artistic value express personal feelings and praise natural scenery.
Su Shi's poems praising natural scenery can often make ordinary scenery exquisite and touching, full of interest or truth. Such as "Night Scene by Huichong River" and "Drinking Chu Qingyu on the Lake", the lakes and mountains, the graceful rain state, and the pictures of the early spring in the south of the Yangtze River are all wonderful and have endless feelings. On the other hand, the title of Xilinbi raises a question with profound philosophical significance by looking at the mountains. It warns people that due to different viewpoints and positions, the starting point of the problem is different, and the understanding of objective things is inevitably one-sided. To have a correct and comprehensive understanding of things, we must go beyond our narrow scope and get rid of personal prejudice. It also inspires people to think about the relationship between the whole and the part, macro and micro, analysis and synthesis in the process of understanding complex things, and to be wary of the fact that "the authorities are fascinated and the bystanders are clear" in the process of exploring truth. This fascinating scenery in Su Shi's poems is integrated with thought-provoking poems, which is the so-called "rational interest" in Song poetry.
Reflecting social reality and caring about people's sufferings is another main content of Su Shi's poems. Su Shi is a poet who is interested in helping the world. Born in the cold plain, he was demoted to the lower class after becoming an official, which provided a foundation for him to write such poems. Poems such as Wu Zhong Tian Cai Tan all reflect this spirit.
Su Shi also often uses historical themes to expose the shortcomings of real politics. Litchi Tan is a famous poem of this kind. It shows the poet's spirit of daring to struggle.
Su Shi's poems are characterized by prose and discussion style. He can dye all kinds of subjects just right, and they are all in harmony.
Su Shi's prose, together with Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu, is called "Han is like a tide, Liu is like a spring." Ou Ruhan, Su Ruhai ".
Su Shi's essays include recitation, strategy, explanation and miscellaneous comments, among which historical comments and political comments are the most important. One of the representative articles, Teaching Warfare and Keeping Tactics, is an article prepared for danger in times of peace. In view of the present situation of Gouan in the Northern Song Dynasty, the author puts forward the tactics of fighting and defending, and points out the current disadvantages very pertinently.
Su Shi's narratives include biographies of steles, travel notes of mountains and rivers, stories of pavilions and pavilions, etc. Although the number is small, it has the highest artistic value and the greatest originality in Su Wen. The representative works of epitaph biography are Fangshan Zi Biography and Liu Shuting Biography. Shi Zhongshan is a travel note with the nature of scientific investigation. It is organized in written form, aiming to explore the reasons for Shi Zhongshan's name and to explain that "you can judge whether something exists without looking?"
Essays also play an important role in Su Shi's prose. A large number, high artistic achievements, it includes prose, preface and postscript, letters, essays and so on. Most of these articles are handwritten, showing the author's mind and personality, full of charm and interest. Such as "the rest of the day."
Su Shi's Fu is the most famous before and after the Red Wall Fu. "Fu on the Former Red Cliff" is about boating on the Red Cliff with friends on the autumn night of the moon, and exploring the philosophy of life and the universe through the scenery in the moonlight. Although it has some negative emotions, it mainly expresses detached attitude towards life and optimistic feelings. The author of "Fu on the Red Wall" climbed the mountain scenery in the east, and showed a detached elegance in the cool breeze, bright moon and fairy roaming. The two poems are excellent works of prose in the Song Dynasty, which have the characteristics of parallel language, sonorous sound and harmony, and natural questions and answers between subject and object.
(2). Su Shi words
Su Shi has a special position in the history of China Ci. His ci has made new breakthroughs in theme, style, artistic conception and language rhythm. He extended the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of Ci poetry, and initiated a new stage of Ci poetry creation.
Su Shi's contribution to Ci lies in improving his understanding and evaluation of Ci. He broke the artificial boundary between poetry and others, making poetry a truly independent lyric poem.
In terms of subject matter, Su Shi led the poet's vision from the traditional "flower room" and "respect for the former" to human society, and even got the evaluation of "unintentional, speechless". Among the numerous themes of Su Ci, lyric ci, object-chanting ci and pastoral ci have the highest achievements.
As far as lyric poetry is concerned, in addition to the traditional romantic tenderness, Su Shi boldly developed and gradually turned the style of lyric poetry into a tool for literati to express their feelings and feelings. He used words to express himself, directly expressing his politics, patriotism, homesickness and even extensive human relations. For example, "Spring Scenery in the Garden" (Lonely Pavilion Lantern) expresses the political ambitions of "being a gentleman and being flexible" and "using the house and time". "Jiangchengzi" (the old man talks about juvenile madness) is about the grand occasion of hunting in Mizhou, expressing patriotic feelings. Among them, there is another mourning work by Wang Fu, the beloved wife of the poet's fourth grandmother. That is, "ten years of life and death are two boundless ...", it is sincere and heartbreaking to express your feelings and grievances with dreams.
There are as many as 30 poems about objects, which are artistically exquisite, emphasizing both the description of similarity and the description of likeness, which can not only write things, but also write sustenance. Such as "hidden water dragon" (like a flower is not a flower).
Su Shi's pastoral poems are a breakthrough in the theme of Song Ci. He wrote five poems "Huanxisha" in Xuzhou, describing rural scenery, farmers' image, working life and rural customs, just like a fresh and beautiful pastoral.
In terms of ci style, Su Shi created a bold artistic conception. The most representative is Nian Nujiao (river of no return, the waves are exhausted), where the poet depicts the magnificent scenery of mountains and rivers, controls infinite time and space, praises the great achievements of ancient heroes, laments his talents and regrets the hero's depression.
Su Shi also created broad-minded ci. The so-called broad-minded, refers to an open-minded, unrestrained, unconventional, optimistic and cheerful creative personality. Broad-minded is Su Shi's personality characteristic, and there are many broad-minded words in Su Ci, so broad-minded words can be called the main style of Su Ci. Such as "Water Tune Song Tou" (when is the bright moon). This word is all about the moon, but it is related to personnel everywhere. The poet seems to talk to the moon, explore the meaning of life, and finally get comfort from nature, get rid of the distress of life, and realize the openness of mind. There are also words like dialing against the wind (don't listen to the leaves in the forest).
Su Shi's traditional graceful words are also well-made. Such as "hidden water dragons" (like flowers that are not flowers) and "butterfly flowers" (flowers that are small and red and apricot).
Su Shi is also innovative in language and temperament. Su Ci's language is fresh, simple, concise and fluent, unlike Liu Ci's vulgarity or Huajian Ci's richness, but it is good at comeliness. In intonation, he introduced many generous and unrestrained tunes. Such as Qinyuanchun, Song of Eternal Sorrow, Mink Head, He Xinlang, etc.
In short, Su Shi finally made a generation of literary giants with Su Shi's attitude! !
Su Shi in literature has long been known to the world. In calligraphy, Su Shi often needs to get rid of layers of fog to get an accurate understanding. The so-called "fog" does not refer to the evaluation of Su Shi's calligraphy achievements in the past dynasties-the calligraphy in the Song Dynasty, Su Shi, Huang Mi, Cai and others have already made a clear evaluation-but refers to Su Shi's comments on calligraphy and the understanding of his comments by the world.
Su Shi's most famous comment on calligraphy is that "the heart is not a book, and it is troublesome to ask for it." Since "intentional" and "impossible", of course, I am too lazy to study the lottery. Su Shi also said: "Although I am not good at writing, my writing is not much better. If you can understand it, you often say that you can't learn. " As long as you can understand the meaning of ancient books, you don't have to learn those basic techniques.
Does Su Shi really ignore the ancient law? That's not true. From what he said, "the pen becomes a grave, and the ink becomes a pool, it is better to offer; It is his strong desire to strive to reach the level of the previous generation of calligraphers. From his student Huang Tingjian's evaluation of him, we can also see his experience in learning books: "Dongpo was a large-scale Xu Huiji when he was young, with a round style and full of charm. "In middle age, I like to write Yan Shangshu (Zhenqing) really well. If I expect it, I want to be poor. In the evening, I am very happy with Li Beihai's book. It is so strong. " So, how should we understand Su Shi's exposition of calligraphy above?
First of all, Su Shi has a very clear understanding of the previous calligraphers: "The traces of Zhong and Wang are ancient and far-reaching, and they are beyond pen and ink. When they arrived at Hehe Liu, they began to collect ancient and modern brushwork and made them all. When the book changes, the world suddenly thinks it is the Lord, but Zhong and Wang Fa are of little benefit. " Since it is difficult for later generations to surpass the Tang Dynasty in law, and the method of Zhong and Wang in Wei and Jin Dynasties is of little benefit, Su Shi will compete with his predecessors on the basis of inheriting and carrying forward the "small three swords" in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Of course, times have changed. Scholars in Wei and Jin dynasties are elegant and talkative, and they are romantic and calm. The beauty of peace, nature, implication and neutrality brought by intangible emotions is no longer available. What Su Shi can do is to be comfortable and let nature take its course, focusing on the free expression of personal interests, feelings and personality. But what he pursues is cheerful and open-minded, regardless of work, avoiding ugliness and not sticking to formal beauty, so his works are full of innocence. Su Shi is quite complacent about the ancients, but he does not imitate them: "My book is not very good, but not practicing the ancients is quick success!" "
Secondly, Su Shi is a talented and knowledgeable person, and the cultivation of articles is an indispensable part of his calligraphy art. Huang Tingjian commented on Su Shi's calligraphy: "The spirit of learning articles is depressed, and Sandy comes from pen and ink, which is inferior to others." . He himself said, "It is not enough to retire like a mountain. You have to read thousands of books to understand God." It is this kind of reading that makes his calligraphy so natural and distinctive; It is because of this extensive reading that in the history of China's painting, he was the first to clearly put forward the concept of "literati painting" and the famous proposition of "painting in poetry and poetry in painting". He not only broke through the shackles of "writing words by sound" and created his own "river of no return", but even dared to "fabricate" allusions in the imperial examination, blinding the examiner.
Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua and Yang Wanli's Cheng Zhai Shi Hua both recorded a story: Su Shi's Scientific Examination and Jin Shidi used an allusion in their papers, and the learned examiners Ouyang Xiu and Mei drew books from nowhere. Afterwards, Mei asked Su Shi, and Su Shi replied slowly: "Of course there must be a source."
This is Su Shi! No wonder Ouyang Xiu was taken aback:' This man can be said to be a good reader, and writing articles in the future will also be chinese odyssey'. Being good at reading and using books gave Su Shi the courage not to look up to the ancients. Lenovo's current book circles generally regard calligraphy as an exercise of writing skills, and dare to doodle casually even without basic skills. Understanding Su Shi in this way is not only the sorrow of Su Shi, but also the sorrow of today's social culture.
Su Shi was a writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty in China. Zi yue Zhan, no Dongpo lay man. A native of Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan) in the Song Dynasty. His father, Su Xun, and his younger brother, Su Zhe, are both famous writers in ancient times, and they are called "Su San" in the world. Jiayou Jinshi, Ren Fengxiang signed a sentence, advocating the elimination of drawbacks. Zongshen opposed the political reform, but in Mizhou and Xuzhou, he fought floods and destroyed locusts, helped the poor and saved the orphans, and made many achievements. Later, he demoted Huangzhou by "slandering the imperial court". Zhezong was a bachelor of Hanlin at that time and knew Hangzhou, Ying, Yang and Ding. Huizong was pardoned for the first time. Poetry, ci and prose all represent the highest achievements of Northern Song literature.
Su Shi's poems mostly express the feelings of bumpy career, but also reflect the sufferings of people's livelihood and expose the darkness of reality. The poetic style is bold and fresh, especially in metaphor. Also known as "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian.
Su Shi's ci has a wide range of themes, such as remembering the past, giving a reply, seeing off and reasoning, which also breaks through the strict rhythm and promotes the development of ci. His representative works include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, which created the first example of unconstrained ci, and was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji.
Wang Yang's argumentative essay in Su Shi's prose is arbitrary and the narrative structure is rigorous and clear. For example, The Collection of Shi Zhongshan and The Collection of He Fangting are all works with the same fame as The Fu on the Red Wall and The Fu on the Later Red Wall. Also known as "Ou Su" with Ouyang Xiu, he is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating in statutes and putting wonderful reasons outside the bold". After joining the promotion, Huang Tingjian and Qin Guan went out.
Su Shi is also good at regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Zeng studied under the famous artists of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and worshipped Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became a family of his own. Ziyun: "I can't have published a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and don't practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, his pen was refined, not as natural as his boss"; Another cloud said, "When I arrived in Huangzhou, my pen was very strong." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge are outstanding everywhere, and his life has been ups and downs. His calligraphy style is rich and naive. You can imagine that he is a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respect each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews, You, Mai and Guo, as well as his friends and Zhao Lingzhi studied under him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong and Lu You, as well as Wu Kuan in Ming Dynasty and Zhang Zhidong in Qing Dynasty also learned from him, which shows the great influence.
Su Shi painted bamboo with ink in his paintings, which is more concise than literature and has the tendency of dancing. Mi Fei said that he "made ink bamboo, from the ground to the top. I asked: Why not divide it into sections? Say: When bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? " He is also good at making ancient trees and strange rocks. Mi Fei also said: Make dead branches and entangle them for no reason; The stone is hard, and it is strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in its chest. "It can be seen that his paintings are very whimsical. His theory of painting and calligraphy is outstanding and his painting theory has far-reaching influence. For example, attaching importance to the likeness of spirit, advocating the feelings beyond painting, painting should have sustenance, opposing the similarity of form and the limitation of procedure, advocating the unity of poetry and painting, artistry and freshness, and clearly putting forward the concept of "literati painting", which laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The existing books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poem, Cliff Ode, Thank the Teacher's Paper and several essays in Sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor. The surviving paintings are "Ancient Wood and Strange Stone"; The Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Scroll discovered in recent years is also his work. Poems include "Seven Chapters of Dongpo" and "Dongpo Yuefu". In Qing Dynasty, Wang Wenhao compiled and annotated Su Wenzhong's public poems completely.
Su Shi (1037-11year), a native of Meishan, Sichuan Province, was an outstanding writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was also called "Three Sus" with his father Su Xun and his brother Su Zhe. Su Shi was already a scholar at the age of twenty-one. During the Zongshen period, he worked in Fengxiang, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), Huangzhou was demoted as an assistant of Yong Tuan because of the Wutai Poetry Case. After more than four years in Huangzhou, he cultivated land in Dongpo, hence the name "Dongpo lay man". After Zhezong acceded to the throne, he successively served as a bachelor of Hanlin, a bachelor of attendance, and a minister of rites, and was well known in Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou. In his later years, he was banished to Huizhou and Danzhou. Amnesty returned to the north, died in Changzhou on the way, and was buried in jia county, Henan Province, chasing Wen Zhonggong.
During his tenure as local governor, Su Shi cared about the sufferings of the people and did many good deeds to benefit the people, which was deeply supported by the people. Su Shi is a well-read essayist and one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His literary works mark the highest achievement of literary creation in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi is a famous poet, and he is also called "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian, a famous poet in Song Dynasty. Su Shi, an outstanding poet, created a bold style of ci, and was called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji, which had a great influence on later generations. Su Shi is a famous calligrapher. He, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called "Song Sijia". Su Shi is also a famous painter. In addition, important achievements have been made in irrigation and water conservancy, education, music, medicine, mathematics, epigraphy, aesthetics, cooking and so on.