Jianghu Emergency: Seeking the method of poetry appreciation and the help of the Great God.

Poetry is sung to others at first, and then written down for the audience to read, recite or sing. Readers are often moved or shocked when they accept poetry works, and get aesthetic enjoyment. At the same time, they will often bring in their own life experiences and emotional experiences, re-create their works, and reshape themselves in the process. The process of appreciation is a rich, complex and subtle spiritual activity, and it is also a process of self-improvement and purification. There is no fixed authoritative method for poetry appreciation, and everyone can have their own habits and creations. However, to be a conscious poetry connoisseur, we must master some effective methods that have been summarized by predecessors. For example, first, the method of knowing people and discussing the world. Mencius said, "Praise his poems and read his books. I wonder if he is a man? " Its theoretical basis is the world "("Mencius Zhang Wan "). Mr. Lu Xun said: "I always think that if you want a paper, you'd better take the whole article, the author's whole person and his social state into account, which is more conclusive." "Otherwise it's easy to talk about dreams." (The second set of Xie Jieting's essays is undecided [six to nine]) To appreciate ancient poetry, we must first understand it accurately, so it is very important to know people and discuss the world. To appreciate Qu Yuan's works, of course, we must understand Qu Yuan's family background and experience, especially his unfortunate experiences, as well as the domestic and international situation at that time, so as to understand why he was loyal, suspicious and unfairly treated again and again, but he still loved Chu so much that he would rather die here than go abroad. If we don't understand the poet Du Fu's painful experience of wandering from place to place in the Anshi Rebellion, we can't deeply understand his extremely excited mood expressed in the seven laws on both sides of the Yellow River recaptured by the imperial army. Many poems have their own specific background, and the poet's writing intention may be expressed through quite tortuous means. If the background is unknown, it is not easy to grasp it deeply. Zhu Qingyu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said in Boudoir: The bridal chamber stopped a red candle in front of Tang Xiao last night to pay homage to my aunt. Make-up, low eyebrow asked her husband, is it deep thrush? Before meeting her in-laws, a newly married daughter-in-law got up early in the morning to make eye contact, trying to get a better first impression. To this end, she especially asked her husband's opinion and asked if her eyebrows were fashionable. However, if we think that this poem is dedicated to a newly married woman with insufficient confidence, it is not in line with the original intention of the poem. This poem also has a name, called "On the Eve of Jinshi Zhang", which was written by a famous poet and doctor of the Ministry of Water Resources on the eve of Jinshi. It turns out that according to the rules of the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination papers are not sealed, and whether they can be admitted has a lot to do with the popularity of candidates. "Courtesy is rewarded with fame" (Book 18 "The Carving of Nine Scholars" in Tang Yin Gui Qian), so many candidates engaged in many activities before the exam, and presented their works as scrolls to dignitaries, hoping to win their favor and say a few good words to the examiner in order to succeed. So the nervous and shy bride in the poem is actually a metaphor and a meaningful symbol. The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty had a great relationship with literature, and famous scholars Cheng and Fu Xuancong all had monographs for reference. Second, the method of front hanging and then connecting. Poetry, like all literary works, comes from life and emotion; All poets live in a certain literary tradition, and he is not and cannot be unprecedented. All excellent poems are often nourished by the works of predecessors and will also affect future generations. Therefore, when we read the works, we might as well trace back to the source and pay attention to the relationship between the works we are facing and the poems before and after in many aspects such as ideological content, artistic style and expression techniques. , more deeply understand the beauty of this poem and the poet. When commenting on poets, Zhong Rong often points out that his poems originated from the previous generation. Although it is not entirely accurate, it still gives people a lot of inspiration. Reading Du Fu's poems reflecting reality in this way, we can deeply understand his inheritance and development of Yuefu poems in Han and Wei Dynasties, and it is not difficult to see his enlightenment to Bai Juyi and other new Yuefu poets, and further understand Du Fu's position in the history of literature. Some images in poetry will be used by predecessors, and future generations will continue to use them and make some changes. Reading these poems together will be particularly interesting, which can deepen the understanding of the works before and after and achieve a "win-win" effect. For example, the lyric hero in The Book of Songs, whose east gate is out of Zheng Feng, only cares about one person among the girls like a cloud, and the others are "not thinking about me", which shows that love is single-minded and persistent. Later, Xin Qiji wrote a poem "Yuan Yu Xia", which is also the theme: the east wind blooms at night and thousands of trees bloom. Blowing down, the stars are like rain. The BMW carved cars are full of incense, the phoenix flute rings, the jade pot flashes, and the dragons and dragons dance together all night. Moth, snow, willow, golden thread. The laughter faded away. Looking for him in the crowd, suddenly looking back, the man was there, dimly lit. It is still said that among thousands of people, only "this one" is concerned, but Xin Ci is more intense and literary than "Out of the East Gate"; The description of "Qiu" is added, which is very attractive and can produce rich associations. For example, Wang Guowei compared it to a realm of "doing great things and asking questions in college". In contrast, the ancient "going out of the East Gate" was very simple, showing another type of beauty. The use of allusions is very common in ancient poetry, which is one of the ways for poets to make full use of cultural heritage. A meaning is not expressed directly, but through the twists and turns of allusions, which can not only make the work implicit and tasteful, but also increase the historical and cultural content of the work, causing readers to associate and think more. For example, during the Three Kingdoms period, Chen Deng (Long Yuan) was very rude to a vulgar guest named Xu Wei, "since he went to the big bed, he made the guest get out of bed"; Liu Bei thinks that Chen Deng is very polite to do so. If you meet a layman who only knows "begging for help", he will lie on a 100-foot-high building and let the villain who only considers private property lie on the ground (for details, see The Story of the Three Kingdoms of Wei Zhi, Chen Dengchuan). Later, Xin Qiji used this allusion in "Shui Long Yin Deng Jian Kang Tian Xin Ting": Don't say that the bass is so bad, the west wind is exhausted, and the Ji Ying has not returned? People like Xu Si who only buy land for themselves should be ashamed to see Liu Bei who is brilliant and complete in these two aspects. Unfortunately, the years are fleeting, and the tree is so sad and stormy. Who can call, red scarf and green sleeves, heroic tears! The author lamented that his hero was useless, and expressed a sense of grief and indignation while laughing at himself. Because the allusions such as "Liu Lang" (Liu Bei) are used here, the ideological and artistic qualities have been greatly expanded. Later, Gong Zizhen, a poet in the late Qing Dynasty, also used the classic of "begging for land" to laugh at himself: "If I keep hoeing for a long time, don't let my official send me money. In order to avoid Jun Jun laughing, Liu Lang's talent also seeks land "(note:" The thrifty man has six acres of land and is willing to get it. A friend came to ask about it. " ), and symplectic words have the same effect. Combining the related images and allusions in poetry with appreciation and thinking can often lead to new gains. The ideal state of using allusions is "using the old combination machine, you can't say it" (Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Lei), which even makes readers feel that they have used any allusions. Xin Qiji is sometimes criticized as a "book bag" because his allusions are too dense and exposed. But it is not easy to reach his level. Third, the way to cut to the chase. We can focus on the works we want to appreciate, that is, we can not care about its author and related background, nor be related to other works, but only appreciate the images of poetry, fully mobilize our imagination and understanding to appreciate the beauty of art and understand the interest of life. For example, in the Book of Songs Qin Feng Jiajian, we can think deeply about the realm of "being on the water side", which we can only admire. Good things are always on the other side. Although welcome, it is still beautiful; In other words, it is beautiful because it is desirable. In real life, don't we often encounter such things and feelings? We might as well have a direct dialogue with the text, daydream and gain aesthetic enjoyment and philosophical enlightenment. Take Zhao Shixiu's Traveler for example: It rains at home in Huangmei season, and frogs are everywhere in the grass pond. It's past midnight, and the invited guests haven't come yet. I tapped the chess pieces bored and shook the wick of an oil lamp. The subject matter is small, but the poem is very durable. Wang Guowei put it well: "There are big and small realms, and the pros and cons are not based on what is right." With what points? Wang: "Everyone's works will be refreshing, and their scenery will be refreshing. His poems blurted out without pretense, what he saw was true, and what he knew was deep. " This poem is quite right: if you wait for a friend's visit until midnight, you are still ready to wait, and at the same time fantasize about the reason for your failure (bad weather) without any blame. Only frogs were in my ears (unfortunately, I didn't knock at the door), and I was the only one who was bored playing chess. The poet is calm, not in a hurry, not complaining, not in a hurry; But this lyric hero is definitely a person with strong and delicate feelings. It's best to have friends to play chess with, but it's not bad to play chess alone. Listening to the sound of rain and frogs, it is still a beautiful night. It's a bit of scholar-bureaucrat Zen here. There's nothing wrong. The world is always beautiful and human feelings are always warm. It doesn't hurt to have unpleasant things once in a while. This is really worthy of "what you see is true, and what you know is deep." This normality is enough to offset the trouble of waiting. The above simply lists three methods of appreciating ancient poems with China tradition. Observing ancient poetry with all kinds of old and new literary theories introduced from the west can sometimes get some help and get a lot of new understanding. Western literary theories are summarized from western literary creation, and some of them are derived from western philosophy or other leading theories, which are likely to be incompatible with the analysis of China's ancient works, and it is particularly difficult to apply them reluctantly. The best way to appreciate ancient poetry is the traditional method of China that matches the ancient poetry mentioned above. China's ancient poetic theory and criticism are extremely rich and need to be used urgently. Of course, any mature theory always has its extensive control. We can also try to study and appreciate ancient poetry with western theories, and perhaps we can read the taste that we haven't read in the past and gain new understanding. It's always good to change teachers more.