Collection and arrangement of salamander shadow traces
(February 10, 2019, the sixth day of the first lunar month of Jihai year)
Yu Youren (April 11, 1879 - November 10, 1964), Han nationality, native of Sanyuan, Shaanxi, native of Jingyang, is a modern Chinese politician, educator, and calligrapher. His original name was Bo Xun, with the Chinese character "Ling Ke". Later, he took the name "Liao Xin" which is a homophony of "Your Ren". He was also signed "Sao Xin" and "Beard Weng", and in his later years he called himself "Tai Ping Old Man". Yu Youren was a member of the Tongmenghui in his early years and served as a senior official in the National Government for many years. He was also a modern Chinese calligrapher and the founder of famous modern Chinese universities such as Fudan University, Shanghai University, and National Northwest Agriculture and Forestry College (now Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University). people.
Yu Youren and Standard Cursive Script
Text/Hu Gongshi
Cursive script is an important calligraphy style in Chinese calligraphy. It is not only lively in form, but also conducive to lyrical expression. It has high artistic value and is easy to write. However, because cursive writing has always been inconsistent and has no certain standards; the origins of characters are different and the production methods are different, so there are many ways to write a character, and some characters with the same parts often cannot be analogized, as well as the abuse of symbols, the writing is random and arrogant. Hidden and simplified, making the glyphs difficult to recognize and apply. Mr. Yu once said: "With Wang's many talents, he is the leader of the style, with a wide range of views, deep research, and dozens of styles of one-word organization, as shown in "Chunhua Pavilion Notes", the creative spirit is Astonishing, it can be imagined that the writers at that time were so ambitious that they made changes and appreciated it in new ways. In fact, all the writings circulated were experimental works and were not tested. [1] As we all know, the standard cursive script was written by Yu Youren! What Mr. Xiang advocated, that is to say, how to make cursive script, a Chinese calligraphy style with a history of more than 2,000 years, from complex to simple, from difficult to easy, from suffering to joy, from divergence to unity, and from This is the ultimate goal. To achieve this goal, cursive script must be organized systematically.
1. The establishment of the Standard Cursive Script Society. Due to errors in practitioners' psychology and methods, there are extremely numerous dictionaries and texts on cursive script from ancient times to the present. There are no less than twenty kinds of cursive script books since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Some of these cursive script works like to be their own teachers, showing one person's method to the world, or providing one. There are many styles of characters, showing erudition and making people confused. The occasional explanation can only be used as annotations for one or several characters. In short, there is no detailed explanation of the subtleties of the cursive script at that time. The system is far from complete, and its structural rules have not yet been understood. Others, such as those who write cursive calligraphy purely for aesthetics and ignore practicality, like to create mysterious renderings without paying attention to reality, boast of being crazy and eccentric, and pride themselves on being difficult to read and write and alienating the masses. , all of which hinder the popularization of cursive script among the masses and prevent it from developing in the right direction [2] Mr. Yu believes: “Writing is a tool for human beings to express their thoughts and develop their lives. Its clumsy structure and ease of use have a profound impact on the future of the nation! "[3] However, our country's characters are complicated, with many strokes and radicals, which are difficult to recognize, write, and use. Therefore, in order to "widely spread cursive script all over the world to facilitate production, fulfill the function of culture, save the time of all citizens, and carry forward the whole nation. Isn’t the sharp weapon of national tradition an urgent task today! "[4]
Therefore, he came up with the idea of ??creating "standard cursive script". After several years of preparation, in December 1932, Mr. Yu organized several comrades who were interested in cursive research. The "Standard Cursive Script Society" was established in Shanghai, and Mr. Yu served as the president and personally presided over the work of "organizing the vast and confusing Chinese cursive script" and published a call for cursive scripts in various newspapers in Shanghai and collected them extensively. The cursive calligraphers of previous generations devoted themselves to the study of calligraphy and calligraphy. There are more than 100 kinds of inscription rubbings and ink-printed "Thousand-Character Classics" collected for Mr. Wang's research purposes outside of his official duties. He devoted himself wholeheartedly to the establishment of "Standard Cursive Script" and "the hard work may not be finished". The main members at that time were Liu Yantao, Liu Haitian, Cao Mingwei, Li Shengfang and others. Mr. Liu Yantao was the oldest and was responsible for the materials. In May 1932, I paid tribute to the collection, compilation and word selection work, as well as the responsibility of the editor-in-chief of "Cursive Script Monthly". Mr. Yu was my teacher. In the summer of 1935, after graduating from the Chinese Department of Jinan University, I worked in the Cursive Script Society and was mainly involved in the selection of characters and interpretations of the sixth edition of "Explanation of Examples" now published by Shanghai Bookstore. The red letters were all written by me at that time. There are also several gentlemen who have other full-time jobs. In short, the establishment of the Cursive Script Club is due to the unity and diligent work of all colleagues, and the group strength and wisdom of the colleagues of the Standard Cursive Script Club have been achieved. The publication of the cursive script "Thousand Character Essay" laid the foundation for Mr. Yu's grand blueprint of creating and popularizing standard cursive script.
2. The production principle of standard cursive script
There are three types of cursive script: Zhangcao, Jincao, and Kuangcao.
Zhangcao, as the teacher said, “disbands the official style of cursive script.” He believes that its method has three advantages: “the use of symbols; the independence of each word; The words are all the same. ”
Today’s Cao, the teacher said: “Those who improved upon Zhang Cao” called his method “emphasis on form couplets, removing waves, increasing the use of symbols, and making the transfer more sensitive.” The so-called Dali Order Those who have poor and false principles and are extremely careless are the most successful. ”
Kang Cao, the teacher called it “a work of art in cursive script.” "Praising its magic as "heavy words and couplets, learning from nature, using weirdness to achieve greatness, and using broad skills to become capable."
"[5]
Mr. Zhang initially planned to use Zhangcao as the "mother script" of the "standard cursive script". However, because of its "independent characters" and "the same characters", "all the characters are complex and difficult to write." The simplification is no more than three or four out of ten, and it certainly fails to achieve the purpose of responding to emergencies. "Some characters in Zhang Cao cannot adhere to the principle of "one word is the same" (the same is the standard). Finally, after some research on Zhang Cao, it was deemed that its book was not suitable as the "mother version" of "Standard Cursive Script". So it was changed. The plan, together with the colleagues of the "Standard Cursive Script Society", is to search and explore the widely collected "Er Wang" cursive scripts, select the good ones and use them, and gradually compare, verify and annotate them based on the "Er Wang" Dharma scripts. The original prototype of "standard cursive script" was formed. The purpose of Yu Youren's promotion of "standard cursive script" was to promote its use to the general public. Therefore, he believed that the creation of "standard cursive script" must be practical and artistic. The "Standard Cursive Script" formed by the "Two Kings" study and selection, and after repeated scrutiny, they felt that although the shape was beautiful, it was not practical and putting the cart before the horse was contrary to the original intention. Later calligraphers also had more advanced writing methods. Overthrow the prototype of "standard cursive script" based on the cursive script of "Two Kings", summarize the lessons of failure, expand the scope of word selection, and formulate the four principles of "standard cursive script": easy to recognize, easy to write, accurate, and beautiful, and transform "standard cursive script" into It has truly advanced to a new stage of development.
“Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the rate of cursive calligraphers has started from Qianwen. Since many famous cursive calligraphers have thousands of texts handed down from generation to generation, the cursive calligraphy society has to select standard characters. For the grass sage of all time, it is even more indispensable to precede the grass sage Qian Wen. " [6] Based on previous research, Mr. Wang conducted a comparative study on cursive script. Thousand-character script is the most concerned and focused topic of cursive calligraphers in the past dynasties. "Famous masters gather together to present their strengths", which facilitates the comparison of each family's reputation. In addition, the number of words in the "Thousand-Character Essay" is so large that most of the words are commonly used, and the author can draw inferences about other cases, use less to win more, and use points to draw conclusions, so as to achieve the effect of drawing parallels.
< p>Colleagues in the whole society spent several years searching for hundreds and thousands of versions of the cursive relics of the past dynasties, and made a systematic arrangement and summary of the cursive script. , analyzed its cursive writing method, and based on the scattered experience accumulated by predecessors, discovered the important role of the ubiquitous "representative symbols" in cursive script, and solved the mystery of cursive script that is difficult to transmit in ancient and modern times. Revealing the secret of the production and popularization of cursive script, the "Standard Cursive Script (Model Thousand Characters)" was compiled and published in Shanghai in June 1936, which was based on hundreds of thousands of cursive script works by authors from various dynasties and regions. More than 1,000 characters were selected as ideal ones. ***Referenced sixty-three editions of 1,000-character works by forty-three calligraphers in the past, the most famous of which are Zhiyong, Huaisu, Ouyang Xun, Yu Shinan, and He Zhizhang. , Sun Guoting, Xian Yushu, Xing Dong, Wang Chong, Mi Fu, Dong Qichang, Chen Chun, Wen Bi, etc. refer to other cursive works, ranging from the Western Han Dynasty to modern times, spanning more than a thousand years, about 150 years. There are hundreds of works by ten calligraphers, including famous calligraphers and some unknown calligraphers such as Wang Yizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Zhang Zhi, Cui Yuan, Du Yu, Zhong Yao, Zhiyong, etc. The works of calligrapher Wang Yizhi, such as Huai Su, Yan Zhenqing, Mi Fu, Cai Xiang, Huang Daozhou, Yue Fei, Zhang Xu, etc., have been collected into more than 100 pieces, and 105 pieces have been selected into the Thousand-Character Collection, except for "Lanting Preface" and "Lanting Preface". In addition to common famous works such as "Cao Jue Song", "Shengjiao Preface", "Seventeen Tie", and "Luo Shen Fu", there are also a large number of calligraphy and sage dharma Tie that are rare today, which makes the selection of characters solid. The foundation makes the research in-depth: "The reference and selection of cursive calligraphers and their famous works make the research results have historical continuity and high taste, and the participation of many calligraphers and their works makes the research have a unique Popularity and mass. "[7] In the production process, cursive scripts with multiple shapes and different structures were compared, classified, screened, and finalized. The photography technology at that time was not yet developed and sophisticated, so transparent paper was used to line it. The sound technology of lighting - the method of double-hook hollow characters, double-hook the characters of various copybooks, and then classify and sort out and compare the same characters, and then hold a meeting to collectively review and discuss, eliminate the unprincipled characters, and select the suitable ones according to the four principles. The production of "Standard Cursive Script" is based on a large amount of data and sporadic experience accumulated by previous research, using scientific methods, that is, taking "representative symbols" as the basis and making them easy to read. It is based on the four principles of ease of writing, accuracy and beauty. It is a system of its own and contains strict and scientific principles and rules for cursive writing.Presided over by Yu Youren. After several years of hard work, the "Standard Cursive Script Society" finally compiled the "Standard Cursive Script Model Thousand-Character Essay" in July 1936, and printed 500 copies of it by the Shanghai Hanwen Regular Script Publishing House for soliciting opinions. The book was edited and edited by "Yu Youren, who selected the characters, Zhou Bomin, Yang Tianji, Liu Haitian, Liu Yantao, Cao Mingwei, Li Shengfang, and Hu Gongshi. "Yu Lao personally wrote the preface to narrate the research process. "Standard Cursive Script·Fanli" was written by Lao Yu and Liu Yantao. Standard Cursive Script "discloses secrets that have not been passed down for more than a thousand years, and provides a summary of past cursive scripts." "[8], made outstanding contributions to the art of calligraphy and national interests.
In 1937, the second revised version of "Standard Cursive Script" was completed and was about to be printed. Due to the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, it was not In 1938, the second edition of "Standard Cursive Script" was handed over to the Chung Hwa Book Company in Hong Kong for printing by the Japanese invaders.
The third to sixth revised editions will be published in mainland China. The seventh to ninth revised editions and the tenth edition were published in Taiwan. When the tenth edition was released in 1967, Mr. Yu had passed away three years ago.
3. The significance and influence of standard cursive script
After the advent of standard cursive script, it caused a strong reaction in society, especially in the calligraphy circle of our country. Mr. Jin Zhi once wrote "Inscribed on the Four Rules of Youren Standard Cursive Script", saying that "it is not a fabrication in the guise of seeking for the near future, but the combination of form and structure is a work of heaven." The style of pseudo-style is very clear, and only oneself knows the hard work and hard work. "[9] Mr. Jin Zhi's high evaluation of Standard Cursive Script made Mr. Yu very happy to know that he had a confidant. He wrote back and said: "After reading the four rules of "Standard Cursive Script" again and again, I really feel that there is no other person in this era who can do it. Those who are. "[10] He gave a high evaluation to this poem of his, especially his research and analysis of calligraphy. In 1940, a poetry meeting was held in the Taoyuan of Shangqing Temple in Chongqing (the site of the Supervisory Yuan) In the book, Zhang Shizhao wrote in a poem: "The standard was written by Boyi, and the humanized calligraphy is equally famous. Shen Yinmo's poem "Standard Cursive Script" says: "The high-level essay tasted Jing'an Temple, and the cursive characters were neatly deleted." ...Beautiful and practical at the same time... Love this standard cursive title. "Everyone praised Mr. Yu for his significant contribution to the development of calligraphy art by creating standard cursive script.
Mr. Yu wrote "Hundred Characters" twice in 1944[11] and 1961[12] The order titled "Standard Cursive Script", the revised words read: "The reorganization of cursive script is a priority for the revitalization of Chinese culture... The symbols are magical, the bearded man discovered them, and the standard thoughts are passed on. We sincerely recruit comrades to open the way for academics." "Mr. Yu made a summary evaluation of the formation of standard cursive script from the perspective of the history of calligraphy, and poured out ardent hopes for the academic improvement and development of standard cursive script.
Mr. Yu himself practiced it and wrote and the promotion of standard cursive script. "Premier Sun's Farewell Speech at Huangpu Military Academy" written in July 1934 is engraved on twelve stones, with a full text of nearly 6,000 words, and is embedded in the fourth to second floors of Linggu Pagoda in the eastern suburbs of Nanjing. On the four walls, the calligraphy is free and elegant, well-proportioned, and full of rocks. It is the representative work of Mr. Yu's early "standard cursive script", "Mr. Yang Rentian's Epitaph" written in 1940 and 1943. The "Epitaph of Wang Luyi" was written many years after he founded the "Standard Cursive Script Model Thousand Characters", which is even more proficient, powerful and elegant, and has reached the level of "Heart Sutra" and "Song of Righteousness". It has reached its peak and has very high artistic value. In his later years, he also left many representative works of standard cursive script in Taiwan. Mr. Yu has put in a lot of efforts to make "Standard Cursive Script" widely used in society. Respected and respected by the world.
According to Mr. Liu Yantao's recollection, Mr. Yu often talked with relatives and friends that he only did three things that were beneficial to the people in his life: that is, he established a "people's school" in his hometown of Sanyuan. , "Doukou Farm" and the creation of "Standard Cursive Script" [13], these are his self-effacing words. In his later years, he still kept Standard Cursive Script in mind, which shows the degree of importance he attached to it. He wrote the five-character "Three Poems for Liu Yantao" and wrote in his own annotation: "I hope he will tell the world about the benefits of standard cursive writing. "This shows his ardent mood. He also wrote in the poem: "Standard cursive script, the words are transformed by themselves. The cooperation between my son and me is praised by the whole world..." He recalled the cooperation between Mr. Liu Yantao and others and the utility of standard cursive script. In 1955, he said in the poem "Inscribed on Liu Yantao's General Theory of Cursive Script": "Cao Sheng Lian The glorious things have been amazing, and many kings have been in trouble for ten years. The spring breeze and the sea hate the sun, and the night rains in Chongqing to avoid chaos. ” recalled the deep friendship between him and Mr. Liu in the research and promotion of standard cursive script. He also said, “There must be a common ground, and it takes unprecedented time to think deeply.” I know that after rebuilding the mountains and rivers, I will cherish my time or rely on it. "Putting hope on Mr. Liu and other younger generations to continue to promote standard cursive script. Mr. Liu Yantao's masterpiece "General Theory of Cursive Script" is an unprecedented and systematic masterpiece in the history of Chinese calligraphy, especially through practice to theory, then practice, and then continuously enriching theory The scientific method is also the process of the growth and development of standard cursive script. It is nothing more than a complete history of standard cursive script in my country and a precious historical record for our study of standard cursive script.
Mr. Yu’s contribution to the creation of "standard cursive script". There are three aspects: first, select a collection of characters from the cursive works of various dynasties, mark the sources, and give the shape of the cursive script a definite shape; second, "occasionally add parallelism" to the cursive works of the past dynasties, summarize the structural rules of cursive script, and The classification of symbols representing two or more radicals has established "representative symbols", which has given shape and classification to the amorphous cursive script, so that cursive practitioners can draw parallels and learn "the wonderful principles of cursive script mentioned by the ancients". . 3. Summarize the ancient and modern cursive calligraphy theory and his own calligraphy experience. He believes that calligraphy, like painting, "has no fixed method, but has theorem." " He emphasized the traditional theory of calligraphy, paying attention to "the intention comes first" and "all the efforts", "changes" in stipples, corresponding end to end, connecting top to bottom ("Ying Jie"), and avoiding unrestricted intersection (" "Avoid intercourse"), avoid line strokes and end-edge contact ("Avoid contact"), avoid excessive eye circles "like ropes lingering around snakes, which is annoying" ("Avoid excessive eye contact"), avoid "parallel lines" and "partial "Parallel" (avoid parallelism) [16]. After the advent of standard cursive script, it caused a strong response in society, especially in the Chinese calligraphy circle. In addition to being praised by influential and accomplished calligraphers and poets at that time, it was also widely praised at home and abroad. To spread.
Only Shanghai Bookstore used the sixth edition as the base and printed it six times from 1983 to 1992, with a total of 435,000 copies. Bashu Bookstore printed it twice in 1986 and 1992, but did not record the number of copies, which shows its wide circulation.
The standard cursive script developed by Mr. Yu with great pains still needs to be continuously enriched and improved by our generation. He said humbly: "This is just a blueprint. Great buildings require the joint efforts of the Chinese people!" [15]
Note:
[1], [3 ], [4], [5], [6] quoted from Yu Youren's "Standard Cursive Script Model Thousand Character Essay·Automatic Preface". [2] See my book "Standard Cursive Script Vocabulary·Automatic Preface".
[7] Quoted from Guo Heng's "The Topic Selection Trend of Yu Youren's Standard Cursive Script", published in 381 issues of "Youth Calligraphy News".
[8] Quoted from "Standard Cursive Script Model Thousand-Character Essay·Liu Yantao's Postscript One".
[9 Jin Zhi’s poems were published in the third issue of "Shu Xue" magazine.
[10] See "Henan Calligraphy", Henan Fine Arts Publishing House, June 1989 edition, this edition has no page numbers. [11], [12] "Cursive writing is a tool for self-strengthening of the Chinese nation,..." A poem compiled by Pang Qi in "Yu Youren's Poetry Collection" (Shaanxi People's Publishing House, March 1986 edition) annotated as written in 1944 ; The title page of the sixth revised version of "Standard Cursive Script Model Thousand Character Essay" is inscribed "March of the Thirty-seventh Year", so it should be written in March of 1948.
[13] See "Mr. Yu Youren's Poetry Collection" edited and annotated by Mr. Liu Yantao.
[14] See the sixth revised version (1948) of "Standard Cursive Script Model Thousand-Character Essay" "Appendix·Brief Discussion on Calligraphy Theory".
[15] Quoted from "Postscript II" by Mr. Liu Yantao, the tenth edition (1969) of "Standard Cursive Script Thousand-Character Essay".