(A) the number of sentences is different
Metric poems, except for the regular arrangement, are either five or seven sentences. The first four sentences are 20 words and 28 words respectively, and the last eight sentences are 40 words and 56 words respectively. This is the so-called "there is a definite at the beginning of a sentence, and there is a definite in the sentence." Couplets are "indefinite sentences, indefinite sentences", and there are no restrictions on sentences and words, ranging from one word to thousands of words. The difference in the length of words affects or even determines the different degrees of freedom in the creation of couplets. In a metrical poem, each sentence has the same number of words and is arranged neatly. The even arrangement between sentences is either relative or sticky, which restricts the choice of vocabulary. Couplets are different. Because there are no rigid rules on the number of sentences and the number of words, there is not only greater freedom in choosing words, but also no restriction on the relative adhesion between sentences on each side, so the activity space is much larger.
(2) No Night Ye Yun is different (the bet doesn't rhyme).
Not only Ye Yun should be included in the metrical poems, but all poems, words, songs and even most modern new poems since The Book of Songs belong to Ye Yun, so poetry belongs to rhyme. In a poem, except the first sentence, all even sentences must be Ye Yun. Theoretically, no matter how many sentences or words there are, couplets can only be arranged in two opposite lines, so Ye Yun is not needed. Besides, the original couplets are only short couplets of four to seven words, and such a sentence can't be Ye Yun, because an even sentence doesn't need to ask who Ye Yun is with. Therefore, people have reason to include couplets in non-verse. Because couplets do not need Ye Yun, the freedom of language choice is increased. Taking metrical poems as an example, the rhyme of the fifteen salty words in Ping is only 465,438+0, and the most "four points" rhyme is only 464. The rhyme of a poem can only be selected in one rhyme part. Because couplets are not Ye Yun, they are not restricted by rhymes, and almost all Chinese characters can be selected. Although rhyme couplets appeared only in recent years, they enriched the types of couplets and did not change the essence that couplets do not need Ye Yun.
(C) the matching of flat lines and parallel lines is different
In fact, there are only two relative sentence patterns in all rhyme collocation, including the arrangement of rhymes. Take the seven laws as an example: one is to be flat and flat, the other is to be flat and flat; First, we should be impartial and impartial. This kind of sentence pattern formed by alternating horizontal and horizontal lines is called regular sentence, and offenders are called irregular sentence. Of course, couplets also pay attention to the balance and harmony of sentences, but they are not exactly the same as metrical poems. The parallel sentence pattern of couplets can be regular or irregular. Generally speaking, the short connection sentence of five words and seven words is better. But generally speaking, the creation of couplets is not bound by legal statements. Because couplets are not limited by the number of words and sentences, and their length is uneven, it is not necessary and impossible to arrange sentences according to the law. In addition, couplets have different linguistic features from metrical poems, which can be used in both poetic language and prose language, as well as in common sayings, proverbs, idioms, attributives, colloquial words and even wisecracks. They can't consist of rhythmic sentences. Therefore, the collocation sentence patterns of couplets are much more flexible and rich than metrical poems.
(D) Different parts of speech combine leniency with severity.
The antithesis of metrical poems is very strict in part of speech. In addition to the same part of speech in the upper and lower sentences, there are even some detailed requirements, such as noun relativity, name-to-name, place-to-name, animal-to-animal name, plant-to-plant name, locative word-to-place word, quantifier-to-quantifier and so on. The part-of-speech requirements of antithetical couplets are looser than those of metrical poems. Grammatically, ancient parts of speech used each other, and rhymes allowed it, so it goes without saying couplets. Even some obvious antitheses between different parts of speech sometimes appear in couplets. For example, the tomb of Zong Ze, a famous soldier in the Northern Song Dynasty, said: "The Great Song Dynasty is in danger, and it is a pillar of heaven; The hero is still dying. " "Support" is a verb and "Shang" is an adverb. Another example is Feng Yuxiang's congratulatory couplet on his 50th birthday: "Preserve righteousness for the nation; It was opened before the Anti-Japanese War. " "Cun" is a content word, and "Zhi" is a function word. It can be seen that in the part-of-speech confrontation between the United method and the poetic method, the general rules are the same, the detailed rules are different, the poem is stricter and the United method is looser.
(5) The same word processing is different.
The same word must be reversed, which is the rule that couplets and regular poems follow together. However, in a metrical poem, the same word in the couplet can no longer appear in the neck couplet. Couplets are different. The same word can not only appear repeatedly in this sentence, but also be misplaced on both sides of the upper and lower couplets. The biggest difference is that the same word is absolutely not allowed to appear in the same position in the sentence, that is, the same word is not allowed. In couplets, function words with sandwich nature are allowed to be collocated with heavy words, such as "zhi", "hu", "ye", "zhe", "yi", "yan" and "zai". For example, Maitreya Buddha Association: "A big belly can accommodate things that are difficult to accommodate in the world; Laugh when you open your mouth, and laugh at the ridiculous people in the world. " The word "Zhi" is a function word with the same position. There are more generous ones. In some cases, notional words can even be used together. For example, Yuan, director of the Political Department of the New Fourth Army who died in the Southern Anhui Incident, wrote: "Reading does not forget to save the country; Saving the country does not forget to study. " "Don't forget" is the homonym of entity words.
(6) Different pacing sentences
Vice President Chen Dongcheng wrote: The steps of five-character couplet can be "23" or "32"; The steps of seven-character couplets can be "two, two, three", "three, two, two", "three, four" and "two, three, two". However, the rhythms of five-character rhythmic poems and seven-character rhythmic poems are limited to the above-mentioned scope of "energy" and cannot enter the field of "energy" The antithetical couplets with the same number of words as the regular poems are still like this, and the rest can be imagined. Mr. Cheng talked about the differences in prosodic sentence patterns between couplets and poems. If you want to say a few more words, in "The rest can be imagined", the different combinations of prosodic sentence patterns are astronomical in theory because of the "indefinite sentence and indefinite sentence" in couplets. This makes the steps of couplets more complicated and staggered than metrical poems.
(7) Different self-alignment methods.
Self-alignment is one of the commonly used methods in duality. From a big perspective, there is a self-alignment of words in this sentence, such as Lian: "Flowers bloom and flowers fall, and monks water impact fall;" Clouds go back to the clouds. Among them, "rich" and "poor" are adjectives that coordinate to form a self-pair, and "going back" is a verb that coordinate to form a self-pair. This word pair can be linked up and down regardless of the part of speech. This is what the Institute of Joint Law and Poetic Law has. Another way of self-alignment is self-alignment. This kind of self-alignment is mainly divided into three situations: first, the self-alignment between the phrases, such as "rich country Qiang Bing" is "fine weather", the former is the self-alignment between two verb-object structures, and the latter is the self-alignment between two subject-predicate structures; Second, the sentences here are self-aligned. For example, the words "Yan Yu Ying Ge, while Dragon and Phoenix Dance" are compared with each other with the words "one yuan after another, and the changes will never leave their ancestors", and the two sentences on both sides are opposite; The third is the similarity self-correction formed by the juxtaposition of local sentences and sentences. For example, the couplet of honorary president Ma Xiaoxiao is like this: "Good mountains and rivers, good humanities. Who doesn't say that An Jiaxiang is good? Stone carving township, Suona township, is nothing more than a strong village. "Because of the difference in the number of words and sentences, this kind of self-alignment is beyond rhyme, but it is just a couplet, which is unique and worthy of pride.
(8) Different violations and taboos.
Rhyme, including all metrical sentences, clearly stipulates: 1. No gains or losses; Second, you can't have three tails and three flat tails; Third, there can be no four companies or four companies; Fourth, there should be no loneliness. All those who can write metrical poems are familiar with these rules and strictly abide by them. A slight violation will lead to arguments about laws and taboos.
In this sentence, the alternation of even and flat couplets can be carried out like a regular sentence, or it can be changed from one word to another like a regular sentence. For example, the foot of a seven-character sentence can be divided into three or two, and its extreme may be only one, so it is out of place, and occasionally, it is not taboo. The upper and lower links are relative, only the word level arrangement of prosodic points must be opposite, and the word level of non-prosodic points can be asked or not, and the three levels are not taboo; Because these two situations are different from metrical poems, there is no taboo of loneliness. In this way, couplets enjoy a broader space in choosing words and making sentences, which actually makes the language they use more expressive.