Returning to the garden and living in the fields, there are three kinds of beans. At the foot of the south mountain ①, there are few bean seedlings in the grass. In the morning, I came to sort out the wasteland and filth, and returned home with a hoe in the moonlight. The road is narrow, the grass and trees are long, and the evening dew touches my clothes. It is not enough to cherish the clothes stained, but the wishes are fulfilled⑤. [1]
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①Nanshan: Zhilu is a selection of five poems from "The Collection of Tao Yuanming" and "Returning to the Garden and Fields", written when Tao Yuanming resigned from office and returned to seclusion. In the second year after that (406 years) Mt. ② Morning cleaning: Get up in the morning and clear away the weeds in the rice fields. Morning: Get up early. Xing, get up. Dirty: weeds. Weeding: weeding. ③Bring the moon: Walk on a moonlit night. ④Holding a hoe: Carrying a hoe. He: carry ⑤ Grass and trees: thick with vegetation. ⑥But do not violate your wishes: As long as you do not violate your own wishes. At the foot of the southern mountain where beans are planted, there are few bean seedlings in the grass. I wake up in the morning to sort out the wasteland and filth, and return with a hoe in the moonlight. The road is narrow, the grass and trees are long, and the evening dew touches my clothes. It's not enough to regret the stain on your clothes, but your wishes are fulfilled. There is my bean field at the foot of the south hillside. It is overgrown with weeds and the bean seedlings grow very sparsely. In the early morning, I went to the ground to loosen the soil and weed. Under the stars and moon, I carried my hoe and went home to rest. Grass and trees covered the narrow return path, and the night dew wet my coarse cloth jacket. What's the point of getting my clothes wet? I just want my wish to remain unchanged until death.
Edit this paragraph to appreciate the works
The last two sentences of the first poem of "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" are "After being in a cage for a long time, I can return to nature." The so-called "nature", It not only refers to the natural environment of the countryside, but also refers to the natural way of life. In Tao Yuanming's view, being a slave to food and drink, taking social value standards as one's own code of conduct, pursuing wealth and fame, are all behaviors that distort human nature and lose one's self. And to cultivate one's own food, to be content with a simple life, and to abandon competition and struggle between people, this is the natural way of life. No matter how this understanding should be evaluated in sociology, it is an idea that has been repeatedly proposed at home and abroad in ancient and modern times. Of course, as a descendant of a nobleman, a tempered scholar-bureaucrat who rarely experienced real hardship, it was actually difficult for Tao Yuanming to support his family entirely with his own physical strength; and in fact, he still had child servants in his family He farmed for him with his "disciples" who were personally dependent on him. But he did also work hard to practice his special understanding of life and society, often participating in some agricultural labor, and praising the joy and beauty of this labor in his poems. Readers should note: Tao Yuanming's "hard work" cannot be equated with ordinary farmers' farming, because it is not his main economic means of maintaining family life; nor can Tao Yuanming's feelings about labor be equated with those of ordinary farmers. Because this feeling contains quite profound thoughts about life and society, in ancient times, it could only appear in a small number of outstanding intellectuals. If you are looking for similar expressions, readers can see it in Tolstoy's famous novel "Anna Karenina". Levin in the novel, to a certain extent, is the incarnation of the author. He also personally participated in agricultural labor and obtained the truth of life from it, in order to criticize the hypocrisy, emptiness and boredom of aristocratic society. Therefore, this poem seems very simple and simple, as if it is just a fragment of daily life, but it has many connotations that need to be understood deeply. First of all, this poem subtly adapts the works of previous generations, which is a poem by Yang Yun (grandson of Sima Qian) in the Han Dynasty: The fields are beyond the southern mountains, and they are filthy. Plant a hectare of beans and they will fall into pods. To enjoy life, you need to be wealthy! This poem was originally written by Yang Yun to vent his grievances after he was dismissed from office. According to Zhang Yan quoted in the ancient annotations of Yan Shi in the "Book of Han", Nanshan is "the image of the ruler". Its unruly condition "speaks of the chaos of the imperial court", and the beans scattered in the wild "symbolizes one's abandonment of one's views". This is generally good. Comparing Tao's poetry with Yang's poetry, the similarities are obvious. "Growing beans at the foot of the south mountain" means "the field is beyond the south mountain"; "the grass is full of beans and the seedlings are sparse" means "the filth is not cured"; "getting up in the morning to clean up the filth" is also written in response to the sentence "the filth is not cured" of. Considering Tao Yuanming's familiarity with ancient classics, it can be concluded that this obvious similarity is not a coincidence. So, what is Tao Yuan's intention in using Yang's poems openly and covertly? First of all, this kind of transformation has transplanted part of the meaning of Yang's poems into his own poems. For those who are familiar with the "Book of Han", they will immediately think of the metaphor of "the court is in chaos" and the wise are useless. However, this poem is not simply an adaptation of previous works. The things described in the poem, such as planting beans and weeding, are all things in the author's real life. Tao Yuanming not only transplanted some connotations of Yang's poems to express his views on real politics, but also used his own actions of planting beans in Nanshan to express his own life in response to the metaphorical meaning of Yang's poems: "The fields are like Nanshan, and they are filthy." Attitude: In a dirty and chaotic society, keeping oneself clean and cultivating the countryside is a desirable choice. At the end of Yang's poem, he said: "To enjoy life, you must be rich and noble." Under certain conditions, this is also what Tao Yuanming agrees with. But he also showed through his poems that working life contains rich joy of life. Planting and harvesting when you are busy, entertaining yourself with a glass of wine when you are free, enjoying yourself, forgetting about the world, this is the real "enjoyment in life". After analyzing the connotation of allusions used in this poem, we can further analyze the poem itself. When planting beans in Nanshan, the grass is abundant and the seedlings are sparse. Some people say this is because Tao Yuan returned to the countryside in the early Ming Dynasty and was not familiar with farming.
In fact, he does not cultivate the land himself, he only participates in part of the labor, which makes no sense. The first poem of "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" contains the sentence "opening up the wilderness in the south", which can prove that the land under the Nanshan Mountain is newly reclaimed. Therefore, it is not suitable for planting other crops, so we have to plant beans that are easy to grow. Anyone who has farmed knows this. If you don't consider the use of allusions, these two sentences are like an old farmer's chat, which sounds plain and gives people a sense of intimacy. When the grass is growing, we have to hoe it, so we go to the ground early in the morning. This is documentary. However, the word "reasonable filth" is used in a relatively strong way, and it seems to have ulterior motives. In Yang Yun's poem, "the filth cannot be cured" is a metaphor for the chaos of the imperial court. So, according to Tao Yuanming, what causes social chaos? That's because many people have broken away from the natural way of life, playing tricks and competing for interests, and can't extricate themselves. Then war broke out in the world, and there was endless bloodshed. "Life is in a good way, and food and clothing are in order. No one is camping, just to seek peace of mind!" ("Harvest early rice in Xitian in the middle of the ninth month of the Gengxu year") This poem shows that Tao Yuanming regards self-cultivation as a means of self-sufficiency. Fundamental principles that everyone should follow. Therefore, "rectifying the filth" also includes the profound meaning of correcting the "filth" of the entire society through a lifestyle of self-cultivation and self-sufficiency. "Bringing (wearing) the moon-loaded hoe back home" means that he has been working for a whole day. After all, Tao Yuanming was not a real farmer. Since he had a boy servant going to the fields with him, even if he did not work so nervously and tiringly, this day would still be enough. But he was in a cheerful mood. Because I am not in a good mood, I cannot write such a beautiful poem. The moonlight shines all over the fields, carrying a hoe and walking home along the field path. What a beautiful picture it is! In another poem, Tao Yuanming said this about field work: "The four bodies are tired, and common people are suffering from dryness." Although the body is tired, it has avoided many harms. This includes not only fierce battles, but also deception among people. In labor, life appears tangible and powerful, so it is pleasant and beautiful. Because it is newly reclaimed land, the roads are narrow but the grass and trees grow tall. It was getting late, and dewdrops had condensed on the grass blades, soaking the clothes. "It's not enough to regret the stain on your clothes." It seems unnecessary to bring up such a trivial matter and emphasize it. It is indeed no pity to have wet clothes. Tao Yuanming, an open-minded person, should not talk about it. But "clothes stained" doesn't just mean clothes getting wet, it's a symbol. In the past, being an official was uncomfortable, but you still had a salary that could support your family and get drunk. After resigning and living in seclusion, life will naturally be much more difficult. Field work is not something that a scholar like him can easily do, and this situation will continue. It's easy to say it's easy to escape the world, but not many people can do it. Tao Yuanming himself also had a "constant war between rich and poor" in his heart. It's just that the poet doesn't want to go too far or reveal too much, so as to ruin the atmosphere of the whole poem. He just touches on the small things in front of him. "But my wish will not be violated" is the conclusion and theme of the whole poem. "Wish" specifically refers to living according to one's own wishes (that is, maintaining the integrity of personality, adhering to the ideal of life, completing this short life with a sincere attitude and a natural way), and not wanting to lose it in the dirty real world. For oneself, even being a farmer is better than bowing down for "five buckets of rice" in the officialdom. This is so important. So all difficulties become insignificant compared to this. And I have indeed achieved "nothing against my wishes", which is worthy of self-appreciation. Using simple words and gentle tone to express profound thoughts is Tao Yuanming's specialty. Even if the reader does not know what allusions are used in the poem, the mood and atmosphere in the poem alone can convey what the author wants to express to the depths of the reader's heart. [2]
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Portrait of Tao Yuanming
Tao Yuanming (365～427) was a poet, poet and prose writer in the Jin and Song Dynasties. He was nicknamed Mr. Wuliu. After entering the Liu Song Dynasty, he changed his name to Qian, with the courtesy name Yuanliang and his private nickname Jingjie. A native of Chaisang, Xunyang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi). Born into a declining official family. Great-grandfather Tao Kan was the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His grandfather served as a prefect, his father died early, and his mother was the daughter of Meng Jia, a famous scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Tao Yuanming's life can be roughly divided into three periods. In the first period, before the age of 28, due to the early death of his father, he had been living in poverty since his youth. The second period, the scholar-official period, lasted from 393 AD (the 18th year of Taiyuan of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin) when he was 29 years old to 41 years old in 405 AD (the first year of Emperor Yixi of Jin'an). The third period, the return to field period, lasted from 406 AD (the second year of Yixi) to 427 AD (the fourth year of Yuanjia, the fourth year of Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty) when he died of illness. More than 20 years after returning to the field was his most creative period. Tao Yuanming is known as "the sect of reclusive poets" and created the unity of pastoral poetry. Representative works: "Peach Blossom Spring", "Peach Blossom Spring Poems", etc. Tao Shi's artistic achievements have been highly praised since the Tang Dynasty, and are even regarded as "the fundamental criterion for poetry". His handed down works include 125 poems and 12 articles, which were compiled by later generations into "Collected Works of Tao Yuanming". [3] There is my bean field at the foot of the southern hillside. It is overgrown with weeds and the bean seedlings grow very sparsely. (At the foot of the southern mountain where beans are grown, the grass is abundant and the bean seedlings are sparse.) In the early morning, I went to the fields to loosen the soil and weed, and under the stars and moon, I carried my hoe home to rest. (I wake up in the morning to clean up the wasteland and return with a hoe in the moonlight.) Grass and trees cover the narrow return path, and the night dew wets my coarse cloth jacket. (The road is narrow and the grass and trees are long, and the evening dew touches my clothes.) What's the pity if my clothes are wet? I just hope that my wish will not change until death. (I don’t regret that my clothes are stained, but my wish is true.
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Rhythm of reading aloud
Plant beans / at the bottom of Nanshan Mountain, and grass is abundant / and bean seedlings / are sparse. In the morning, I wake up and manage the wasteland and filth, and return home with the moon and the load. The road is narrow, the grass and trees are long, and the evening dew stains my clothes. The clothes are stained / insufficient / cherished, but the / wish / is not violated.
Pay attention to the translation and the author’s thoughts and feelings