Question 1:
Traveling to Guandong is widely accepted as a social custom. The east gate of Shanhaiguan City defines the land outside the Shanhaiguan and the Central Plains. For hundreds of years from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, Shandong people who had left their hometown began to venture into the Guandong. In the 19th century, the lower reaches of the Yellow River suffered successive disasters, but the Qing government still closed the border. Thousands of bankrupt farmers ignored the ban and risked punishment by "breaking into" the Northeast. This is the origin of "breaking into Guandong". By 1840, the population of Northeast China exceeded 3 million, a surge of seven to eight times that of a hundred years ago, and the national population reached more than 400 million. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Tsarist Russia invaded Northeast China. In 1860, the Qing Dynasty relaxed some restrictions on the Northeast and released all the restrictions in 1897. In 1910, the total population of Northeast China increased to 18 million. During the Republic of China (1912-1949), there was a surge of "crossing the Guandong", with nearly 40 million people on the eve of New China (data from "Chinese Population Geography", Zhang Shanyu). In the 38 years of the Republic of China, the number of people from Shandong who entered Guandong reached an average of 480,000 per year, with a total of more than 18.3 million, and as many as 7.92 million Shandong people were retained. "It can be regarded as one of the largest population movements in human history." An unprecedented move in history." Therefore, most of the ancestors of the indigenous people in Northeast China now belong to Shandong and other provinces - the lower reaches of the Yellow River.
Breaking through Guandong, the Qing Dynasty implemented a system of ethnic hierarchy and isolation, and strictly prohibited Han people from entering the "Longxing Land" in Manchuria for cultivation - a ban was issued. Shunzhi once warned the Manchu nobles to retreat to Guandong, and Yongzheng said that "I, the king of Yi and Di," are "not Chinese." The Manchus entered the country in large numbers, and the population of the Northeast dropped sharply. On the pretext of "the place where our ancestors made their mark and established their kings" to protect the "benefits of visiting the mountains and the Pearl River", they implemented a long-term ban on the Northeast. Beginning with Shunzhi, more than a thousand kilometers of "wicker edge" fence walls—the Great Wall of Manchuria (wicker edge wall, willow wall, willow city, and tiao edge)—were built in Manchuria in sections. It was completed in the middle of Kangxi. The Liutiao border from Shanhaiguan to the south of Fengcheng via Kaiyuan and Xinbin is called "Laobian"; from the northeast of Kaiyuan to the north of Jilin City is called "Xinbian" ("Cihai"). Therefore, among the people there are the terms "Bianliren" and "Bianwairen".
The invasion of Guandong - people from Shandong - the Qing Dynasty is divided into three periods: (1) 1644 to 1667, the "Regulations on Recruiting People in Liaodong for Reclamation" stipulates that "when hundreds of people are recruited, they will be given the county magistrate's title and the garrison's military title." , in the past 23 years, “many Lu people immigrated to the Northeast”, and many areas had “greater geographical advantages and more households” due to immigration. (2) From 1668 to 1860, in order to maintain the inherent customs of Manchuria and protect the livelihood of the Eight Banners, in the seventh year of Kangxi (1688), the Qing court ordered that "the recruitment of civilians and officials in Liaodong shall be permanently stopped" and implemented a ban policy on the Northeast. (3) From 1861 to 1911, after the Opium War, the Qing government's control over the border areas was increasingly weakened, and Tsarist Russia continued to encroach on the Heilongjiang border. The Qing government adopted the suggestions of Heilongjiang general Tepuqin and officially opened the ban to reclamation in the 10th year of Xianfeng (1860).
Traveling to Guandong, from "refugee" to "refugee", to the "immigration society" of Northeast China. In the early Qing Dynasty, ethnic conflicts were acute, and the Qing rulers adopted extremely cruel methods of suppression. The "rebels" were sent to the "smoky" border areas. Those who violated the criminal law in Shandong were mostly sent to the "extremely cold and miserable" Northeast. This kind of deportation was called "exile" in history. Shandong people are a typical example of "relocating to settle down". Population pressure, natural and man-made disasters, and the policy guidance of the Manchu and Qing government constituted the external factors for Shandong people to invade Guandong. Taking the construction of the China-Eastern Railway as an example, the "History of Northeastern Development" quoted the Japanese Inaba Kimiyama as saying: "Chinese coolies are like a swarm of ants, and Shandong, the supplier of labor, took the opportunity to transport countless laborers out of the country to help them. . It is no exaggeration to say that the more than 1,500 miles of the Eastern Route were completed by Shandong coolies. "The Northeast was a place invaded by foreign enemies, and the Shandong people fought brilliantly. "Wangou Commune Chronicles" of Hunjiang City, Jilin Province records: "In 1921, there was a farmer named Wang Zhenbang, originally from Shandong, who fled famine with his wife and eldest daughter and his family in the Xichuan area. In 1931, the Japanese army invaded the Northeast, and Wang Zhenbang gathered with fellow Shandong residents. More than a hundred rebels fought against the Japanese. In late 1934, they fought three or four major battles with the Japanese army. The second battle resulted in the best results. The Japanese army suffered heavy casualties. The rebels were feared by the Japanese army. "
The rebels broke into Guandong because the Northeast was exiled. The land is forbidden to be cultivated, and the west side of the border wall is the pasture land for Mongolian nobles. However, the collapsed Manchu and Qing colonial governments were unable to stop the historical trend. The more than two hundred years of colonial rule by the Qing Dynasty promoted the great integration of the Manchu, Mongolian and Han ethnic groups. Even with the historical vicissitudes of the "Manchu-Mongolian independence" movement and the "Puppet Manchukuo", None of it changed the Manchus into the Manchus of China. The mentality of Shandong's hometown of saints has weakened the sense of rurality and strengthened the spirit of adventure, prompting the refugees to return from spring to winter and take root in the Northeast. The Revolution of 1911 brought tens of millions of Han people in Northeast China back to China, "so much so that human geography maps show that this area is entirely Chinese" ("Grassland Empire", France, Rene Grusset).
The journey to Guandong is a tragic history and a feat of immigration. There is a specific route for "breaking through Guandong" and a specific background for "breaking through Guandong". Therefore, the journey to Guandong is a social and historical immigration phenomenon with spontaneous objective factors and inherent political influence. "Shandong people's invasion of Guandong is essentially an unstoppable and tragic movement for survival spontaneously by poor farmers on the verge of death.
In 1899, the Japanese Hirataka Kogoshi recorded the real historical scene of that year in "Travel Notes on Manchuria": "When I entered Xingjing from Fengtian, I saw husbands holding wheelbarrows on the road, women sitting on them, and children crying and sleeping. The husband pushed from behind, the younger brother pulled from the front, the old woman held a stick, and the young girl depended on each other, staggering on the road, the husband scolded his young wife, and the old mother called her children. The teams marched into Tonghua, Huairen, Hailongcheng and Chaoyang Town, facing each other from front to back. From Fengtian to Jilin, all the people who slept on the journey were immigrants from Shandong..." As the largest ethnic group in the world, the Han nationality, the pressure of population for hundreds of years has caused the Han people to continue to spread to the surrounding areas: Going to the West , went to Southeast Asia, and Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang also became the places where Han people immigrated. Then, the journey to Guandong became a balance between population and economy.