Author: Zhou Rongchi
Tao Yuanming is a romantic celebrity, not only because he has a certain social status, but also because he has the spiritual quality of celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and is free and easy and optimistic. Being able to have fun in his efforts is enough to prove his mental state:
Even if the land is flat and the wind is far away, good seedlings are pregnant. Although I haven't measured my working years, I drink a lot.
The spring of Guimao began to miss Tian She.
In the process of work, he not only realized the hard work, but also felt the happiness with or without harvest. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, "scholar-officials were ashamed to be involved in agriculture" ("Yan Family Instructions"). However, Tao Yuanming is not ashamed of this. This is the difference between Tao Yuanming's spiritual quality and ordinary poets.
It can be said that for the countryside, Tao Yuanming chose to stick to the road. He proved this firm quality with his own poems, and he thought that the land had everything he missed. These are the original components of his life and spirit. Only the countryside is his spiritual home;
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. This makes sense. I forgot to say it if I wanted to defend myself.
The fifth part is drinking
The poet's mood is remote and refined. This "hidden" state of mind is the poet's persistence in the land.
Du Fu had a rough life. According to his experience, we can divide his poetry creation process into seven stages: juvenile roaming, traveling to Beijing, traveling to Sichuan, staying in a thatched cottage, staying in Kuizhou and drifting in Jingxiang. (Peking University: Xiao Yingge's Selected Poems of Du Fu) In these stages, through our investigation of the poet's poems, we can find that the five-year life of Caotang is relatively stable for the author's life and is a masterpiece in the process of poetry creation:
The clear river winds around the village, and everything in the village looks elegant in the long summer. Since I left, I have come to Liang, and I am very close to seagulls in the water. The old lady is using a chessboard, and the younger son is making a hook with an injection. As long as some old friends give me some money, what do I ask?
Jiangcun village
Is the poet really comfortable? We feel suspicious after reading such a poem. The fact tells us: No, everything here is just a pause of the poet, just an accidental nonsense in the poet's life, because Du Fu is a poet in "The History of Poetry" and "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind" and finally reveals his true feelings: there are thousands of spacious buildings, and the poor people in the world are happy. "Du Fu's true feelings emerged in such a stormy hut. The poet is not for his own stability and happiness, but for the happiness and warmth of many "poor people", and even "it is enough for me to freeze to death alone." This truly shows the poet's ideal light.
Although life in a thatched cottage is wonderful, the poet once wrote:
"Two orioles sing on the top of the green willows, and egrets are in the sky." The autumn window of Xiling is cold and snowy, and Wan Li is at the gate of the boat.
Quatrains (No.3)
This is heaven. But it is not Du Fu's paradise. The earth is far away, so do poets. During his five years of life and creation in the thatched cottage, Du Fu always saw such a mood: he was worried about Li Yuan in his poor years and sighed with heat in his intestines. ("From Beijing to Fengxian, I recite 500 words")
This is Du Fu. He is a walker and will always be a walker on the road. A poet who cares about his country and people. Although the thatched cottage is beautiful, the poet's life only stays this time.
Therefore, from the analysis of Tao Yuanming and Du Fu's mental state, we can see that Tao Yuanming's mental state is very free, and he even yearns for and pursues the countryside. His pastoral attitude is as persistent as his own. Du Fu's mental state is more introverted than Tao Yuanming's. This constraint comes from the poet's sense of responsibility as a minister and a gentleman. Du Fu's pastoral poems seem to be just a pause in the poet's life. This pause objectively produced some poems with beautiful scenes, but it did not change the poet's lifelong pursuit of asceticism.
two
Poetry achieved by two different mental states is necessarily different. This difference is caused by the conscious or unconscious control of the mental state over the poet's poetry creation, and these poems also show the poet's mental state, which is a flowing and interactive process:
Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past. Land reclamation in the south and return to the countryside. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. The elm tree is behind Liu Yin and in front of Luotang in Li Tao.
Five homecoming poems
The belly is warm and the river is warm, and you sing wild. The heart of water is indisputable, and the care of the cloud is too late. Quiet spring will be late, and happiness will be selfish. Therefore, the forest has not been returned, and it is boring to cut poetry.
Jiangting
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a school that praised Tao Yuanming and Wang Wei's poetics, and often criticized Du Fu for his lack of "cold and lonely interest", that is, Tao Yuanming and Wang Wei's poems lacked the interest of leisure travel and self-adaptation. This view is not unreasonable, but it is not that Du Fu doesn't know the fun of this landscape, but that he has no ambition to live in seclusion. Because Tao Yuanming has a persistent pleasure in rural life, his creation is naturally pure and prosperous. In "Five Homecoming Songs", the author wrote the trees in the farmhouse with almost silent sketches, and said everything directly, effortlessly. All this reflects the poet's attachment to these things. The so-called "I don't know what I am and what I am" in "Words on Earth" is exactly what Tao Yuanming realized on these flowers and trees. All this is Tao Yuanming himself.
It can be seen that his mental state is relatively free, and the narrative of poetry is also free, and pastoral things, such as a few treasures, are coming one after another.
And Du Fu was thinking. Some painful thoughts. Wang Xi has always been a widely circulated story about choosing a husband. Here, the poet takes its meaning and writes the same open-minded attitude as Wang Xizhi. In the warm spring, it was the Eastern Jin literati who talked about metaphysics and the charm of poetry looking at the night of the Yuan Dynasty.
Yes But fundamentally, it is not. The flow of time is a natural way, and everything is thriving, but it is known in its own nature. This is exactly what Wang Xizhi said: "Great achievements and great differences. Although the group depends on it, it is not new to me. " (The second part of Lanting Poems). But Du Fu failed to understand this truth and achieved absolute freedom, which is also the reason why he is different from Tao Yuanming. So at the end of the poem, the poet returned to the anguish of missing his hometown.
Tao Yuanming, who fell in love with Lao Lin, deliberately retired and gave up the world, while Du Fu, who fell in love with Lao Lin, actually cared about the times, and their pursuits were different, so their pastoral poems were similar in content, but it was not difficult to find the differences from the perspective of mental state. Du Fu, who lives in the thatched cottage, also has the desire to be considerate and grateful, but in the end he is unwilling to "send the sun and the moon to the thatched cottage". Finally, the walker will be on his way.
Throughout Tao's and Du's pastoral poems, there are many similarities in details and images. However, due to their different mental states, Tao Yuanming's poems are truly comfortable, and Du Fu's pastoral poems are comfortable under heavy circumstances, one is to fly freely and the other is to fly again.
three
Earlier, we talked about the difference between mood and poetry, and the difference of mood is manifested in the creation of poetry. But when we think about it carefully, we will find that the poems with two characteristics achieved in these two mental States seem to give us a feeling that all roads lead to the same goal. The difference between mental state and poetic characteristics is not the factor that completely opposes the two poets. In this different situation, the greatness of the two poets can also be achieved. More importantly, the two poets and their poems have certain consistency in spiritual connotation. This consistency depends on their ultimate spiritual affiliation.
In the final analysis, both poets expressed a kind of resistance and pain.
Tao Yuanming is. Du fu is even more.
During the day, I went to the west. For a month, I left Dongling, far away from Wanwan, and swung in the air. Wind into the house, night pillow mat; When qi changes, it is easy to realize, but not to sleep. Have nothing to say, wave a cup to persuade the lonely shadow. The sun and the moon abandon people and are determined to win; It's sad to read this, but I can't be quiet in the end.
lines
Since this life is over, Du Qu is lucky to have a Sang Ma day. Therefore, it will move to the south side of the mountain. The short-sleeved horse followed Li Guang and watched the tiger shoot all his life. Qujiang Chapter III Chapter V Chapter III
Although Tao Yuanming's persistence is free, he is lonely. He is only relatively used to loneliness, but he has not forgotten his own pain, which comes from the unsmooth official career and social unrest. Tao Yuanming is persistent after disappointment. Because of this, some people doubt whether his grandiloquence of "don't bend over for five buckets of rice" is sincere. This is not to doubt his quality, but from the perspective of human nature, it may be more credible to attribute his persistence to his loss in the world. In his thoughts, he still has the attachment to the world, and also contains the concern for human suffering.
After disappointment, Tao Yuanming did not annihilate his ideal and diluted peace, which contained ardent love and hate. "The sun and the moon abandon people, and those who are interested will not be hired" is the poet's real life pursuit. We can also see this from other poems:
Studying in Germany will be timely. If there is a deed, the school will not! It's called two saints, and the world is suspicious. Huai Sha made a contribution by writing a record. Reading History (6)
It can be seen that Zhong Rong's recommendation of Tao Yuanming as an "ancient and modern reclusive poet" is not comprehensive, and the poet still has a faint pain in his heart, which still contains the ambition of a gentleman.
Du fu has always been like this. In the past few years in Shu, although life is relatively stable, the poet's heart is still as ups and downs as the changeable Tang Dynasty, maintaining his own resistance. The loss of this world is followed by the poet's inner resistance. In feudal society, people often try to misinterpret or cover up Du Fu's consistent rebellious characteristics. This view also exists in modern times. Hu Shi pointed out in the article "History of Vernacular Literature" that the period from Du Fu's entry into Shu to his death was the third period of Du Fu's poetry. He doesn't approve of isolated life, so he doesn't want to be born. He just lives a poor and contented life. Most people in this period wrote poems about this simple life. Fortunately, Du Fu also has his humor, so he can always find the funny side of things, so he can have poems everywhere to relieve his worries and keep the humor of his limerick everywhere. "
Here, Mr. Hu Shi obviously annihilated the rebellious spirit of Du Fu's poems and forged the statement of "funny wit". Some people even think that this is a slander on Du Fu's poems. In fact, most of Du Fu's poems still had gloomy shadows when they entered Shu. For example, the poet said, "I can't sleep if I'm confused" and "I drifted here if I'm confused", which shows that his period was not completely relaxed. He has the shadow of talent in his heart. A relatively comfortable life may be a burial or even an insult to a poet. So is Tao Yuanming.
It can be seen that although Tao Yuanming and Du Fu have different moods, their spiritual connotations are the same. This consistency comes from the same sense of social responsibility and love for their homeland. One is similar to the love of farmers, and the other is the love of scholars and walkers. All roads lead to the same goal.