Su Shi (1037-111) is Zi Zhan, with the word He Zhong and the name Dongpo Jushi. Meishan, Meizhou (now meishan county, Sichuan). A writer and well-known painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Together with his father and brother, they are called "Three Sus".
He received a good family education from an early age and studied hard. When he was young, he was rich in historical and cultural knowledge and showed many artistic talents. In the second year of Emperor Renzong of Pillow Jiayou (1057), when he was admitted to Jinshi, the master Ouyang Xiu saw his article and shouted "Quick! Come on! " From 65438 to 0059, he served as the judge of Fengxiang House in Dali. Yingzong acceded to the throne and served as Dali Temple. During Zongshen's reign, he was appointed as Doctor Taichang and Kaifeng official. Due to disagreement with Wang Anshi's political views, he requested an external post, was sentenced to Hangzhou, and changed his knowledge to Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), someone in Yushitai quoted a poem criticizing the new law and was imprisoned for "blaspheming state affairs", which is the so-called Wutai poetry case. After he was released from prison, he was demoted to Yingyong, Huangzhou, and five years later, he was appointed as Yingyong, Ruzhou. Zhezong ascended the throne of Sima Guang and other old parties, and became a servant of the imperial court, a magistrate of Dengzhou, a scholar in Chinese literature, a scholar in Hanlin and a servant. However, due to disagreement with Sima Guang and other political views, he asked for a foreign post and learned about Hangzhou, Yingzhou and Yangzhou. Later, he served as a minister and servant of the Ministry of War, a scholar of Duanmingtang and a bachelor of Hanlin, and a minister of Shouli. In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), the new party came to power again. He was demoted to Huizhou resettlement, and later he was demoted to another family in Danzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan Province) and Changhua Army resettlement on the charge of "ridiculing the first dynasty". Hui Zong acceded to the throne, transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, and served as deputy special envoy and Yongzhou for resettlement. In the third year (1 10 1), Fu Yuan was pardoned and restored to the classical style. On his way back to the North, he died in Changzhou, posthumous title.
=========================================================================
An Overview of Different Styles of Su Shi's Poems before and after "Poetry Case"
Before the poem case happened, Su Shi had served as a judge in Hangzhou in 107 1 and had outstanding achievements. Generally speaking, his poetry works are free and easy in the desert, but in content, they mostly point to official life to express political pride.
After the poetry case, although there were times when I was a bachelor of official Hanlin, there were few bold and unrestrained embarrassment in my works, but more and more people turned to the understanding of nature and life. As for living in Danzhou, Huizhou in his later years, his indifferent and broad-minded state of mind is even more obvious. As soon as he inherited the style of Huangzhou's works, he converged all his life, and I moved things freely to achieve a suddenly quiet environment.
Taking Wutai Poetry Case as the boundary, Su Shi's poetry works have both inheritance and obvious differences in creation. Behind the "going home" complex throughout, we can see that the poet's brush strokes gradually turned to the helplessness of middle age and the broadmindedness of old age-getting older, maturing and becoming dull.
1. Different topics
First of all, in terms of subject matter, the previous works mainly reflect Su Shi's "specific political worries", while the later works mainly focus on "broad life worries".
Su Dongpo, in his own words, his attitude towards life has always been hatred of evil. When it comes to evil, he means "spit it out like a fly in Taiwan Province." In Hangzhou, in a poem dedicated to Wenzhong Kong, he showed contempt for the powerful officialdom: "I am an elk, but I am afraid I am not superior." Not only that, he groaned for the prisoners in the prison and swallowed for the elderly who had no clothes or food. When he wrote rural pastoral poetry, the title was "Wu Zhong Tian Tan": "Sweating shirtless, the price is as low as chaff. Selling cattle to pay taxes and demolishing houses is not as superficial as going hungry next year "; He also wrote about farmers' food when he sang "Spring is everywhere in the mountains". The bamboo shoots eaten by farmers are not salty, just because "there is no salt in March", pointing to the monopoly of the court; He wrote that the recruited people dug canals to pick up salt boats, and his brushwork was sharper: "People are like ducks and pigs, throwing mud and splashing water"; He accused the court of being poor and weak, and he longed for "the king of Yao and Shun" and one day "bow like a full moon, look at the northwest and shoot Sirius". He asked, "When will Feng Tang be sent to the clouds?" He is frivolous: "Who is afraid? A misty rain is a lifetime! "
However, "the world is a big dream. Life is cool in autumn. " Dongpo's flowing works triggered Wutai poetry case. After the dream, Huangzhou's relegated life made him "ironic and cruel, sharp in writing style, nervous and angry, all of which have disappeared and replaced by a brilliant warmth, kindness, tolerance and harmony." Very sweet and mature, very thorough and deep. " When playing chess, he realized: "If you play, you will win or lose, and if you play, there will be nothing." . Between the secluded forests and mountains, he was suddenly enlightened: "Qian Shan plays the flute at night, and the road is dark and beautiful. I wonder if people are changing the world, and wine has no home. " He is no longer obsessed with "struggling with the ambition of the time" but "Zhou Zhen died from then on, and Jiang Hai sent the rest of his life." Therefore, when Su Shi roamed Chibi, he was faced with "the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains" and lamented that "everything between heaven and earth has its own master, and it is understood by the world." He floated to independence and just wanted to be a lonely flood: "I refuse to live if I collect all the cold branches, and the lonely sandbar is cold."
2. Cultural differences
Pre-Confucianism and post-Taoism Buddhism.
In the early stage, I was eager to achieve success on the road of being an official. Even if he has the heart to "go home", he will "return to heaven and earth like a boat" and "return home after success" He has a sense of social responsibility advocated by Confucianism, and he is deeply concerned about the sufferings of the people: "Autumn crops are not full of eyes, and wheat seeds are scarce. I am always ashamed of the people of this country, and I have a thorn in my skin. Life is 5,000 volumes, and there is no word to save hunger "; He is eager to show his greatness on the battlefield. "Why not frost his temples slightly?" When will Feng Tang be sent to the clouds? "Especially in Xuzhou, Michigan, his spirit of joining the WTO has always been very strong. In his political essays, Su Shi repeatedly expounded the thought of "Heaven is healthy and gentlemen strive for self-improvement" in the Book of Changes, hoping that "the son of heaven will make great efforts to strengthen himself one day" and actively reform and shout for reform. Later, especially after being demoted twice, he advocated Taoist culture more and returned to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of religion. He realized that he and the court dignitaries were "not family". "The so-called' fame and fortune' that people are pursuing is already' a crane bone frosted and disheartened' to him. He can only bury himself in hard work and has no great ambition of' looking at the northwest and killing wolves'." The poor ape jumped into the forest and the horse was exhausted. "For Su Dongpo, who has experienced the ups and downs of his official life, he expressed the truest sigh from the bottom of his heart." How clear is life when you are worried about a southeast snow? Inspired by Buddhism's "normal mind is the Tao", he lived a real peasant life in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, and enjoyed it. When the Queen Mother allowed him to live by the Taihu Lake, he was overjoyed: "I sent the west wind in my dream for ten years, and this trip is really for Weng." Finally, he can travel on the boat. He is "wandering in vain". "After a long drought, Su Dongpo was as happy and satisfied as a farmer. He wrote a poem: "it rains three feet, naturally unintentional and unpredictable." I'll forget it and go to bed. I will lie down and listen to the people on the wall. Rotten scholars have worked hard for a hundred years, and farming is not pitied by the public. It will be regarded as a thousand steps across the northwest mountain spring. Everyone knows that I have no money. "
3. Different styles
In terms of style, the previous works are magnificent and unrestrained, such as a flood bursting its banks and spilling thousands of miles; The later works are ethereal and meaningful, simple and light as deep willow Pak Lei, and fragrant and clear. As far as ci is concerned, there are not many works that really belong to the bold style. According to Mr. Zhu Jinghua's statistics, similar works accounted for about one-tenth of all Su Mian's ci works, and most of them were concentrated in Xuzhou, Mizhou, which was the mainstream of creation at that time: "There are thousands of words in writing and ten thousand volumes in your chest, which makes you Yao and Shun. What's so hard about this? " Why don't you hide in my place and watch at leisure when you are using reason? He was healthy, but he died at the age of 10, and he was sharp-edged before the fight; A song "Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou" can never be sung leisurely with "seventeen or eighteen women with red fangs", but must be sung with "Dongzhou strong men standing up their palms, playing flute and drums as a festival, which is quite spectacular." Although these works are not dominant in quantity, they truly reflect Su Shi's positive attitude towards being an official at that time. Some later works have both the style of local people's feelings and the charm of hospitality. For example, it is almost all-encompassing, colorful and lyrical, remembering the scenery, nostalgic feelings, giving gifts away, pastoral scenery and talking about Zen. This part accounts for about nine times out of ten of Su Shi's whole poems. Although there is also a big sigh that "the world is like a dream, a bottle is still on the moon", it is more of a small regret that "the flower wine stand has come and gone, and a little bit of bitterness has blossomed". He fled his official career and began to wait and see nature: "The forest is broken, the mangosteen is hidden, and the cicada is singing in the pond." He found it more and more difficult to bear the pain in his heart with words: "It is difficult to whisper the deep meaning in front of people"; He integrated nature and human beings: "spring scenery is divided into three parts, dust is divided into two parts, and running water is divided into one part." In detail, it seems that it is not Huayang, but just a little tear. " In the meantime, it smelled of Zhuangzi and turned into a butterfly. I got carried away. At this point, he expelled all dissatisfaction with reality and politics, hysterical rants, and criticisms that criticized the shortcomings of the times. Its subject matter is more and more extensive, and its style is more and more plain and far-reaching.
=======================================================================
It can be said that Su Shi's life is unfortunate, and his life is full of disasters. Official ups and downs, two exile. Wutai Poetry Case is the low tide of Su Shi's career, but it is an important turning point in his literary creation career. This dissatisfaction with his official career and bumpy reality made him walk out of the market court and put his spiritual world more in Buddhism, thus achieving Dongpo-style "free and easy, ethereal and detached" in a greater sense.
=========================================================================
Attached are five poems:
Wutai Poetry Case was a literary prison in the Northern Song Dynasty. As a result, Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned in Wutai for 4 months. In the imperial history, Cheng, Yi and Ren picked up the sentences and poems written by Su Shi from the list of Huzhou Association, and arrested Su Shi on charges of slandering the New Deal. Su Shi's poems really mocked current politics, including problems in the process of political reform. The case was first reported by the censor and then tried in the censor's prison. The so-called "Wutai", that is, the Jade Terrace, is also called "White Terrace" because cypress trees are planted everywhere in the government. Crows often build nests on cypress trees, called Wutai. So this case is called "Wutai Poetry Case"
The content of Wutai Poetry Encyclopedia comes from: Wutai Poetry Case was a literary inquisition in the second year of Yuanfeng. In "Imperial History", Cheng, Yang, and others extracted the sentences and poems written by Su Shi in "Huzhou Xieshang Table" to discredit Su Shi.
From Zaixi, Wang Anshi participated in the political reform in Ning Dynasty (1068-1077). After the failure of the reform, he was engaged in the reform in Yuanfeng (1078— 1085). At the turning point from political reform to system reform, Su Shi's Wutai poetry case happened. The case was first reported by the censor and then tried in the censor's prison. There has been a "Wutai" posthumous title in Yushitai since the Han Dynasty, so this case is called "Wutai Poetry Case".
Wutai poetry case happened in Yuanfeng two years. In the imperial history, Cheng, Shu Chu and others extracted the sentences and poems written by Su Shi from the Xie Shang table in Huzhou, and arrested Su Shi for slandering the New Deal. Su Shi's poems really mocked current politics, including the problems in the process of political reform.
cause
Wutai Poetry Case The cause of Wutai Poetry Case is complicated, which can be summarized as being politically unacceptable to political opponents and giving people a handle in words. Su Dongpo, in his own words, his attitude towards life has always been hatred of evil. When it comes to evil, he means "spit it out like a fly in Taiwan Province."
In March of the second year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong (1079), Su Shi was transferred to Huzhou. The poem case originated from Huzhou Xie Shang Biao written by Su Shi when he went to Huzhou to take office. The form reads: "I ... why was the fault of my late emperor assigned to Santing? Your Majesty heard the order and paid two states. Your Majesty ... It's hard to catch up with the recruits when you are ignorant; See if he still makes trouble when he is old, or he can support the king ... "Su Shi's complaining words, the" new progress "in his works refer to a group of" small groups "introduced by Wang Anshi for speculation and profit during the political reform. The word "disruptive" has become a common language used by conservatives to attack reformists. These words naturally hurt those "little people" who are still stealing high positions for personal gain. He was the first to report Su Shi, followed by Wang Anshi's students. Being framed by He, He and others in every way, Su Shi had to be handed over to Yushitai by decree, and the "Root Survey Institute" headed by him was responsible for the trial. His brushwork became sharper and sharper, accusing the court of being poor and weak. He is eager to calm down one day. However, "it's a big dream in the world, and life is cool in autumn." Dongpo's flowing works triggered Wutai poetry case. In this way, an appalling literary inquisition began.
Results In the second year of Yuanfeng, Song Shenzong (1079), on July 28th, Li Ding and others were ordered to investigate, and immediately sent Huangfu Zun, a doctor from Taichang, to Huzhou to arrest Su Shi. On August 18th, Su Shi was escorted to the capital and put into the palace. After more than two months of "root-seeking" trial, Su Shi suffered inhuman torture. Yushitai tortured a confession day and night, which was really a "humiliating night". Finally, Li Ding and others set "four major crimes" for Su Shi, demanding that Song Shenzong execute Su Shi.
Song Shenzong in the face of censorate reports, the in the mind also really some wonder. At that time, Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin had a will that they would not kill the minister except for treason and rebellion. Li Ding and others are bound to kill Su Shi, and public opinion is in an uproar. They think that Su Shi has not committed treason and should not be severely punished. Stranger still, honest people, old and new, came forward to help. Under the pressure of various rescues and public opinion, Song Shenzong had the idea of leniency towards Su Shi. In the end, Su Shi was given a light sentence and closed the case with "the favor of the teaching assistant of Huangzhou Youth League Training".
Su Shi entered the official career and became the main book of Fuchang County (now Yichuan County, Henan Province) for the first time. This is just a low-ranking official who helps the magistrate to handle documents and files. At this time, Su Shi's popularity was already very high, and his articles were really well written, which won the esteem of Prime Ministers Han Qi and Wang Anshi. Soon he was promoted to Fengxiang, Shaanxi, Hangzhou and other governments as judges. It was not until the seventh year of Song Xining (A.D. 1074) that he was promoted to the magistrate of Mizhou (Zhucheng, Shandong Province), and later served as the magistrate of Xuzhou and Huzhou. At that time, officials had to thank the emperor for his watch when they took office, so Su Shi presented Huzhou thank-you watch to the emperor as usual, which caused a lifelong disaster.
First, Su Shi opposed Wang Anshi's political reform. At this time, Wang Anshi and Lv Huiqing, the leaders of the new law, stepped down one after another, but Yushitai was still controlled by the new party.
Second, I am jealous of Su Shi's talent and high reputation. In "Huzhou thanks table", he wrote these words: "Knowing that it is not timely, it is difficult to catch up with new progress. Seeing that he is still noisy when he is old, it is better to raise the king. " This is to say to the emperor, "You know I'm stupid and can't keep up with the times. I'm afraid I may have a bad relationship with those new people." But knowing that I am honest, maybe I can manage the people in other counties. " This is naturally to attack politicians who promote the new law.
In the suggestion, Cheng said, "Su Shi said that he was sent to another county because he didn't make trouble. Are we all troublemakers who stay in North Korea? Isn't this a blatant attack on the emperor's implementation of the New Deal as' seeking trouble'? " He also pointed out Su Shi's four sins: 1 Always stick to his mistakes and never repent; His wrong words and deeds are widely spread and have a bad influence; He is good at arguing irrationally and deceiving people; It bears a grudge that your majesty didn't promote him. What's the use of the law if such people can't be severely punished?
Therefore, some of his poems written in recent years have been misinterpreted, far-fetched and accused.
More than 70 people were involved in the Wutai poetry case, among which 29 ministers and celebrities were punished to varying degrees. Su Zhe was reprimanded, and Zhang and Sima Guang were fined 20 Jin each for not submitting Su Shi's satirical works to our company.
The influence of Huangzhou's dream of relegation on Su Shi made him "ironic and cruel, sharp in writing style, nervous and angry, which have all disappeared and replaced by a brilliant, warm, kind, tolerant and harmonious understanding." Very sweet and mature, very thorough and deep. " When playing chess, he realized: "If you play, you will win or lose, and if you play, there will be nothing." . Between the secluded forests and mountains, he was suddenly enlightened: "Qian Shan plays the flute at night, and the road is dark and beautiful. I wonder if people are changing the world, and wine has no home. " He is no longer obsessed with "struggling with the ambition of the time" but "Zhou Zhen died from then on, and Jiang Hai sent the rest of his life." Therefore, when Su Shi roamed Chibi, he was faced with "the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains" and lamented that "everything between heaven and earth has its own master, and it is understood by the world." He floated to independence and just wanted to be a lonely flood: "I refuse to live if I collect all the cold branches, and the lonely sandbar is cold."
Culturally,
Pre-Confucianism and post-Taoism Buddhism.
In the early stage, I was eager to achieve success on the road of being an official. Even if he has the heart to "go home", he will "return to heaven and earth like a boat" and "return home after success" He has a sense of social responsibility advocated by Confucianism, and he is deeply concerned about the sufferings of the people: "Autumn crops are not full of eyes, and wheat seeds are scarce. I am always ashamed of the people of this country, and I have a thorn in my skin. Life is 5,000 volumes, and there is no word to save hunger "; He is eager to show his greatness on the battlefield. "Why not frost his temples slightly?" When will Feng Tang be sent to the clouds? "Especially in Xuzhou, Michigan, his spirit of joining the WTO has always been very strong. In his political essays, Su Shi repeatedly expounded the thought of "Heaven is healthy and gentlemen strive for self-improvement" in the Book of Changes, hoping that "the son of heaven will make great efforts to strengthen himself one day" and actively reform and shout for reform.
Later, especially after being demoted twice, he advocated Taoist culture more and returned to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of religion. He realized that he and the court dignitaries were "not a family". The so-called "fame and fortune" that people are pursuing is already "frosty and disheartened" to him, so he can only bury himself in hard work and has no lofty ambition of "looking at the northwest and shooting at wolves". "The poor ape jumped into the forest, and the horse was exhausted." For Su Dongpo, who experienced the ups and downs of his official career, he uttered the truest sigh from the bottom of his heart, "Worrying about a southeast snow, how clear is life?" Inspired by Buddhism's "normal mind is the Tao", he lived a real peasant life in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, and enjoyed it. When the Queen Mother allowed him to live near Taihu Lake, he was overjoyed: "I sent the west wind in my dream for ten years, and this trip is really for Tian She Weng." Finally, he can travel by boat. He is "wandering in vain." After a long drought, Su Dongpo was as happy and satisfied as the farmer. He wrote a poem: "it rains three feet, naturally unintentional and unpredictable." I'll forget it and go to bed. I will lie down and listen to the people on the wall. Rotten scholars have worked hard for a hundred years, and farming is not pitied by the public. It will be regarded as a thousand steps across the northwest mountain spring. Everyone knows that I have no money. "
be popular
Previous works are magnificent and unrestrained, like a flood bursting its banks and pouring thousands of miles; Later works are ethereal and meaningful, simple and light as deep willows, and the flowers in Pak Lei are far away.
Later generations commented that Wang Anshi was a prime minister and was too narrow-minded. Although he knows the local customs, he should not set up the Wutai Poetry Case just because Su Shi wrongly corrected two of his poems, put Su in prison and then gave him away to others casually. Doing so is tantamount to "literary inquisition".
Dr. Li Yizhi, the son of Guo Zi, and Li Ding, the imperial adviser, listed Su Shi's crimes, claiming that he would be beheaded for being rude to the imperial court. Li Ding listed four reasons why Su Shi should be executed. He said: "Su Shi was notorious for his lack of academic knowledge at the beginning. He occasionally studies different subjects, so he went to the Confucian Museum. " Then he said that Su Shi was eager to get a high position, and he was dissatisfied in his heart, which was a mockery of power.
By September, Yushitai had copied a large number of poems sent by Su Shi from all directions. During the interrogation, he read more than 100 songs, involving 39 people, among whom Sima Guang was the highest official.
Su Shi confessed to most of the accusations and criticized the New Deal in his poems.
In a poem to Wang Shen, there is a line of "flogging and groaning". He said that "there is no way to save the country" and he also mentioned that "it is difficult for a tiger to rub its hands" is a symbol of political greed. In a poem to Chang Li, he really said that in Mizhou, he "shed tears and picked up abandoned children with the city" and saw the bodies of men, women and infants starved to death by the roadside. In a poem for Sun Jue, there is a line that they don't talk about politics when they meet. It is really agreed at a banquet that whoever talks about politics will be fined a glass of wine. The poem written to Ceng Gong said that he hated those little politicians who were as deaf as cicadas. In his poem to Zhang, he compared the imperial court to "the chaos of the barren forest" and "the chaos of the wild frog", and he said that he "wanted to cover his ears".
In his poems to Fan Zhen, he bluntly described himself as a "villain", and in his poems to Zhou Tai (B and N), he compared those in power to "owls". When Liu Shu, a good friend, was dismissed from office and left Beijing, Su Shi wrote two poems to him: "If you dare to complain, you can't bear it. If you talk to me directly, you will be afraid of Huainan. When you return to the northern sky of Hebei, you don't have to be frightened by a crane, and birds can't tell the difference. "
"Righteousness is a shortcut, and poetry is a pavilion. Praise each other, or you will recite wheat and green. Why is the rotten mouse so scared? Gao Hong is a ghost. You don't need to shout crazy, you have to wake up after drinking. " The last sentence of the last song is taken from the Book of Songs, which means that there are only a group of crows in the court, and it is difficult to tell good from bad. The latter song expresses disdain for the villain's struggle for power and position. These will undoubtedly anger the small Yushitai Group, who came to persecute Su Shi, so the latter's prison life will not be easy.
Su Shi wrote "Sending a Son to Prison", saying that "the dream is like a cloud mountain around a deer, and the soul is like a chicken flying to the fire of life", which is terrible. Interrogators often abuse him all night. Under great mental pressure, Su Shi wrote a solemn and stirring poem, "Being brothers with you for generations, and then coming without cause". After Su Shi went to prison, his life and death were uncertain, and he was frightened several times a day. While waiting for the final verdict, his son Mai Su went to the prison to bring him meals every day. Because the father and son can't meet, they make an appointment in the dark: they usually only send vegetables and meat, and if there is bad news about the death penalty, they will send fish instead, so that they can make preparations early. One day, because Mai Su ran out of money, he needed to borrow it, so he entrusted a friend to deliver food for Su Shi, but forgot to tell his friend the secret agreement. It happened that that friend sent a smoked fish to Su Shi when he was delivering dinner that day. Su Shi was shocked and thought that he was ill-fated, so he wrote two farewell poems for his brother Su Zhe with extreme sadness. One of them is: "the Lord is like the sky, and everything is spring, and the little minister is stupid and dies secretly." It's even more tiring to pay off debts after a hundred years. Buried bones are green hills, and rain alone hurts the body. It is more important to be a lifelong brother with the military adviser. " Second: "The white frost is sad at night, and the wind is low on the moon. The dream is like a deer around Yunshan, and the soul is like a chicken. The rhinoceros horn on the forehead is really a gentleman, and the cows behind him are ashamed of their old age. Where is the centenarian wandering? Tongxiang should be in western Zhejiang. " After the poem was written, the jailer gave it to Emperor Zongshen according to the regulations. Song Shenzong admired Su Shi's talent and didn't mean to kill him. He just wanted to dissuade Su Shi. After reading these two poems by Su Shi, I was very moved, but I couldn't help being impressed by such talent. In addition, many people in the dynasty pleaded for Su Shi, and Wang Anshi also advised Zongshen that it was inappropriate for the Holy Dynasty to punish celebrities, so Zongshen ordered Su Shi to be lenient and demoted to assistant minister of Yong Lian in Huangzhoutuan. The sensational Wutai Poetry Case ended, and Su Shi's two "Desperate Poems" were widely circulated.