To appreciate the description in ancient poetry, we should first understand the common appreciation angles, mainly multi-angle descriptions-the rendering of light and shadow colors in the front description and the setting off in the side description, the combination of motion and static, the combination of point and surface, the combination of reality and reality, and the change of observation angles from far to near. Various technologies may be used interchangeably, such as dynamic comparison and static comparison.
(1) Various rhetorical devices
In ancient poetry, metonymy and synaesthesia are common rhetorical devices, which students should pay attention to. Pay special attention to the difference between metaphor and analogy (metaphor pays attention to the similarity between different things, analogy pays attention to turning heartless into sentient beings), metonymy is to replace things with related things, such as partially replacing the whole (sails can replace ships, feather forests can replace soldiers), and the difference between duality and contrast (contrast is mainly the opposition or relative of meaning content, regardless of structural form; Duality is mainly symmetry in structural form, which requires the same number of words and the same or similar structure), and attention should be paid to the comprehensive cross-use of various rhetorical devices.
Students should be good at discovering rhetorical devices and explaining their functions. For example, it is more vivid (just like the strong wind in spring, which blows at night and blows open the petals of 10 thousand pear trees. ); Metaphor personifies things. ); The rhetorical question is to emphasize (if two people have a long relationship, is it sooner or later? ); Exaggeration is to emphasize and highlight (white hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is like a long beard); Duality is to enhance the musical beauty of poetry, express conciseness, express lyricism, and enhance the external formal beauty of poetry (leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I always watch the long river roll forward);
(2) Profile description-comparison
Setting off is a way to highlight the subject by comparing one side with the other, which can be divided into positive contrast and negative contrast. Contrast is a combination of two aspects, the content is opposite, and the purpose is to highlight the differences in methods.
For example, Wang Mian's "White Eyebrows" in the Yuan Dynasty said: "I am in a forest of ice and snow, and peaches and plums are mixed with fragrant dust. Suddenly, the breeze started overnight and dispersed into Gankun Wan Li Spring. " This poem mainly uses the methods of contrast and contrast, highlighting the characteristics of plum blossom, such as cold resistance, lofty and full of spring. For example, in Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, "the roof height18,000 feet, and at this point, it began to turn to the southeast" was used to set off the height of Mount Tianmu. In Pipa Trip, the moon in the river "We saw the white autumn moon entering the middle of the river" set off the charming pipa sound, and "When the river mysteriously widens towards the full moon" set off the sad mood of the characters.
(3) Positive description-combination of dynamic and static.
Poets pay great attention to the contrast between dynamic and static scenery, and they can also write static and dynamic, write static with dynamic, and turn static into dynamic. The combination of dynamic and static is often related to foil.
For example, Wang Wei's "Mountain in Autumn Night": "After the rain, the mountain is empty and stands in autumn night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? "The couplets describe the bright moon in the sky with pine trees as the cover, which is a static description of the scenery; The clear mountain spring flows through the rocks, which is a description of the dynamic scenery. Because of the abundant water after the rain, the mountain spring increased its flowing potential, flowed over the stones and made a sound to set off the tranquility in the mountain. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" and "Looking at Waterfall Hanging in a Thousand Rivers" wrote the first image of looking at the waterfall from a distance, like a huge white practice hanging in the mountains, and the word "hanging" turned into silence. Another example is Wang Wei's "Bird Watching Creek", "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and spring is empty. When the moon is full of birds, when the spring stream is singing, "Flowers fall on the moon and birds sing" highlights the quietness of the spring stream, and Wang Ji's "If you are in the Xi" "The cicada forest is quieter and the Yingong Mountain is more secluded. "It is also quiet because of sound, and quiet because of movement." Mountain dancing silver snake, original wax figure "also turns static into dynamic.
(4) positive description-the combination of truth and reality
In the description of scenery, emptiness is a scene of associative imagination, such as recalling and imagining the future or imagining hallucinations; Actually, it refers to the current audio-visual scene.
For example, Li Bai's Tianmu Mountain climbed high in his dream. Now the sun and the moon shine on the gold and silver platform, dressed in colorful clothes, riding the wind, taking the tiger as the piano and the phoenix as the dance, row after row, like the field of hemp, full of fairy shadows, which is an imaginary fairyland. Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Sand": "Wait for the plum blossoms in the pavilion, the willows in the creek bridge are thin, and the grass is warm and swaying. Sadness is getting farther and farther away, and the distance is like spring water. Inch by inch, my heart is tender, my eyes are full of tears, and the height of the building is not close to the dangerous fence. At the end of Pinger, there is Chunshan, and pedestrians are outside Chunshan. " Fair realism, through the scene of early spring, compares the departure of "pedestrians" The reality is empty, and the "pedestrian" imagines his wife leaning against the railing and looking into the distance, missing the sad scene of the "pedestrian", thus expressing his feelings of parting incisively and vividly. Liu Yong's Yu Lin Ling imagined scenes again and again. Li Yu's Yu Meiren said, "Carved fences and jade bricks should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them." "Carved fences and jade bricks" and "Old country" are the scenery in my memory. In Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow, the virtual scene is "Spring Breeze Ten Miles" and the real scene is "Mai Man Qing", which is even more declining than before. Imagination is the key to virtual writing, and virtuality serves reality.
(5) Positive description-rendering of light, shadow and color.
For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets rise to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " The author emphasizes the newly sprouted willow branches, paired orioles, free egrets and blue sky. Four bright colors are fresh and bright, forming a gorgeous picture. Color rendering can not only convey happy feelings, but also reflect homesickness, such as Du Fu's other poem "Jueju", "Birds in the river are too white, mountains are too blue and white. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " It is the strong colors and strong pen and ink that render the pleasant scenery. The mountains are green, the flowers are red, the birds are white and the waves are green. The scene is fresh and pleasing to the eye, but it paves the way for the writing to arouse the wandering sadness. Bai Juyi's "Memories of Jiangnan", "Sunrise flowers are more fiery than red, and spring water is as green as blue", recalls the beautiful scenery of Jiangnan by reflecting the flowers in the sun, and increases the brightness of colors; Goose is written by Luo, Goose, Goose, Goose. White hair floating green water, red palm clear waves. "Goose white floating green water, Anthurium stirring, green water full of waves. The contrast between red, white and green is warm, vivid and harmonious. Under the blue sky and white clouds, beside the crystal clear water pond, "white hair" is more beautiful than "green water", and "red brown" and "clear waves" are better. What a beautiful picture! It's really amazing, just like this.
(6) Frontal description-the change of observation angle and the order of distance.
For example, Du Mu's "Mountain Walk": The stone path of Hanshan Mountain is oblique, and there are people in Bai Yunsheng. Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers.
The first two sentences describe the prospect of Akiyama. The first sentence describes the majestic scenery of the autumn mountain and shows the poet's courage to climb it. The second sentence describes a specific scene in the autumn mountain, and several families can be seen faintly under the white clouds fluttering sky. The last two sentences depict a close-up of Akiyama. The phrase "Frost leaves are redder than flowers in February" is full of vitality, bright, fresh and vivid, giving people a sense of beauty that Qiu Guang is better than spring. Description should be hierarchical-from far to near or from bottom to top. Su Shi's "Title of Xilin Wall" said: "Looking horizontally, the mountain side becomes a peak, and the distance is different." Looking at the same scene, the observer's position is different and the angle is different. Looking down, looking up, looking far away and looking closely, the visual image will be varied and varied.
(7) Positive description-meticulous painting
Drawing a scene by line drawing refers to the method of sketching the outline of the scene with simple and plain language. Drawing a landscape painting in this way can often achieve twice the result with half the effort. So, what are the characteristics of sketch landscape painting? First, the language of landscape painting should be concise and clear, and only a few strokes can outline the characteristics of the scenery and highlight the characteristics of the scenery. Second, the description of the scenery is clear and accurate, requiring conciseness and vividness.
Such as "the mouth of the river is occupied", the wild gulls are far away, and the water clouds are low at dusk. Thousands of miles have passed, and the clothes are in the wind.
Meticulous brushwork refers to the attention to details, the meticulous carving and colorful description of things. For example, Su Shi's "Huanxisha": "The towel falls with the jujube flowers, and the car rings south of the village. Cow clothes and ancient willows sell cucumbers. The sun is shining, but he is too thirsty. He wants to find some water to drink. Knock on the door and ask the savage. " Pick up two small scenes in life, express them in a simple way, integrate feelings with scenes, and create a unique aesthetic feeling.
By describing the scenery, the author can render the atmosphere, contrast the character and psychology, convey feelings, deepen the center and promote the development of the plot. There are also symbols, such as the "falling flower season" in Li Guinian, which not only refers to the prospect, but also symbolizes the decline of the Tang Dynasty. Writing sad feelings in happy scenes is a contrast technique, which is actually used to express a sad and sad mood. For example, Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Sand", "The grass is warm and swaying, and the sorrow is far away and endless", with the grass and the warm spring breeze, this kind of music sets off the poet's endless sadness of parting. Another example is Li Yu's "Looking at Jiangnan", "How much hate, in my dream last night. It is also like the old garden, Ma Rulong is full of traffic, and the spring breeze is blooming every month. " The excitement and beauty of the garden in the past show the desolation of today.
Lyrical methods of ancient poetry
(1) Say what you think. This is a lyric way to directly show people, events, scenes and environments. For example, Chen Yulan, a poetess in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Farewell to My Husband" with sincere feelings, which made people feel very excited: the husband guards the border and the concubine worries about her husband in the west wind. I sent a short letter, and every line of the letter soaked my tears. The cold came to you, and I sent warm clothes, but I don't know if I received them. The whole poem expresses the wife's thoughts and worries about her husband in the form of a first-person monologue. In the first sentence, she misses her husband who is far away from home. In the second sentence, she cares about her husband's border and bitter cold, sending clothes and tears to repair books again and again. Finally, she wants to send clothes. Four delicate and vivid psychological descriptions directly reveal the unforgettable and considerate love and affection between husband and wife.
(2) borrowing scenery to express emotion. That is, the poet expresses his feelings and thoughts in the scenery and expresses them through the description of the scenery (sound and light color, static and dynamic reality). Li Bai's Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou from the Yellow Crane Tower: "An old friend left the Yellow Crane Tower in the west, and fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. Lonely sails overlook the blue sky, but I can see the Yangtze River flowing in the sky. " There is not a word saying goodbye or sadness in the whole poem, but the feelings of sadness and farewell are endless, flowing with the water. Meng Haoran has a poem "Early Cold Feelings": "The wood falls to the south, and the water is cold with the north wind. My home is wandering by the river, and the sea of clouds is far away. I walked forward. I cried until my tears ran out and I returned to the sky. Where is the ferry? Can someone tell me? , more and more rough. It's getting dark. " The whole poem chooses a typical autumn scenery to express his feelings. The north wind is rustling, leaves are falling, and geese are flying south. In such an atmosphere, how can a lonely poet miss home in the face of a confused river? This kind of lyric poetry has a kind of "touching the scene", which is particularly interesting. Wang Changling's in my heart forever is a masterpiece. "Young women in the boudoir don't know how to worry, and make up brothels in spring. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. " This poem describes a young woman in the boudoir, awakened by a bright spring day, dressed herself beautifully and boarded the building. Suddenly, she saw a green willow at the end of the road, and her heart changed subtly: in such a bright spring, she was alone in the empty boudoir, separated from her husband. What is even more frightening is that she had such a question-is my youth as yellow and green as this willow tree? If I had known this, why did I let my husband join the army and want to make contributions? Qingqing Liu Yang is alert to the young woman's long-term pain and lovesickness.
(3) Narrative lyricism. Some poems choose some details, scenes, fragments and events in life to express their feelings. Reading such a poem requires in-depth understanding and observation of feelings. Zhang Ji's Qiu Si: "Look at the autumn wind in Luoyang, I want a writer to write a book. I was so anxious that I couldn't say it, and the pedestrians opened again. " This poem is narrated throughout. The first sentence says that Luoyang City sees the autumn wind, which makes the wanderer miss his hometown relatives. I want to write a letter to my family, but I have many ideas. I don't know where to start. These two sentences are relatively plain. It is often amazing to grasp one detail: when the pedestrian (messenger) leaves, the poet seems to remember what he forgot to write in the letter, so he has to open the envelope and check it again. It is through this seemingly ordinary life detail that the subtle psychology of the wanderer's infinite concern for his relatives in his hometown is vividly expressed. The narrative in Wang Wei's Miscellaneous Poems (Part II) is full of the original flavor of life: "You people from my old country, tell me what happened there! . When you pass my silk window, are plum blossoms in full bloom? " The poet recorded a dialogue by line drawing (it should be the poet's question to the visitor): "You come from my hometown, so you should know something about your hometown?" Did the cold plum blossom in front of my window when you came? "The poet didn't say what he missed, but we clearly felt the poet's strong yearning for his hometown-the poet was so familiar with the scenery in his hometown and his tone was so urgent, how much he wanted to go back and have a look for himself!
There are also some narrative works in ancient poetry, which are good at twists and turns and write waves in a short space. They are wonderful and worth pondering. The most representative is Jin Changxu's "Spring Complaint" in the late Tang Dynasty: "Drive the oriole away, and all the fun comes from the tree. When she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp, they woke her up. " Poetry is written in the tone of thinking of women in the boudoir, and the sentence is very abrupt. When you get up in the morning, you will smash the yellow on the tree in front of the door. Why? Originally, I didn't want it to crow in the branches; The oriole has a beautiful voice. Why? It turned out that it woke up my dream because of its crow; What dream is so sweet? It turned out that I dreamed that I met my husband who joined the army in western Liaoning, so no wonder I ran into that Huang. Four poems, one meaning and one meaning, use flashbacks and interlocking to show the extreme disappointment and boredom of women on paper, which can be described as extremely tortuous.
(4) Hold something to express your will. Poets use the characteristics of something in nature to express some ambition or emotion, and things in poetry are personalized. For example, Yu Shinan's "Cicada" said: "Drinking clear dew and smelling Shu Tong. It's not the autumn wind that makes you afraid to speak loudly. " Three or four sentences in the poem, with the unique feeling of cicada singing spreading far and wide, tell a truth, that is, people with noble moral character can be famous far and near without some outside help, thus expressing warm praise and high confidence in people's inner quality.
(5) borrow the ancient to satirize the present. This is a common way of chanting epic poems, which allegorizes the present dynasty with historical events. For example, Li Shangyin's "Jia Sheng" says: "The propaganda room asks for a virtuous person to visit the minister, and Jia Sheng is even more incoherent. Poor midnight is unprecedented, and Mo Wen people ask ghosts and gods. " This is a scene where Emperor Wen of Han summoned Jia Yi to ask him about ghosts and gods after the sacrifice in the Xuan room of Weiyang Palace. It is one of thousands of daily activities of emperors. Why did the poet seize this point to write? Because through this point, it reflects that it is false for Emperor China to seek the virtuous. Corporal Li apparently recalled Jia Yi, who was demoted to Changsha as a teacher, but did not reuse him. Jia Yi's talent and demeanor are unparalleled. His idea of weakening the king's power and consolidating the anti-Xiongnu outside the central government is correct. Emperor China didn't ask about these grand plans of governing the country, and even ignored the origin of ghosts and gods. Li Shangyin mocked Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, in fact, he also mocked some fatuous monarchs in the late Tang Dynasty, and mocked all rulers who sought virtue and fame but didn't actually value virtue.
(6) lyric with allusions. Use allusions to express feelings and satirize current events, such as Wang Wei's "Mid-Autumn Insects in the Mountains": "After the rain, the mountains are empty, and the autumn colors are dusk. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? "At the end of the couplet, Wang Sun's allusion was used, which was originally" Songs of the South "? Call a hermit and say, "When the king comes back, you won't stay in the mountains for long!" " The poet's experience is just the opposite. He felt that "in the mountains" was better than "in the DPRK", clean and simple, and he could stay away from officialdom and lead a totally clean life, so he decided to retire. Li Bai's On Landing in Nanjing to Phoenix Terrace interweaves historical allusions, the scenery in front of him and his own feelings, expressing his embrace when he is worried about the country and the people, with far-reaching implications.