1. "The Book of Songs"
The "Book of Songs" is the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and the earliest collection of poems. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (from the 11th century BC to 6th century BC), there are 311 poems, 6 of which are Sheng poems.
That is, they only have titles and no content, which are called the six Sheng poems ("Nanmei" and "Baihua"). , "Hua Shu", "You Geng", "Chong Qiu", "You Yi"), reflecting the social outlook of about five hundred years from the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty to the late Zhou Dynasty.
The author of "The Book of Songs" is unknown, and most of it cannot be verified. It is said that it was collected by Yin Jifu and compiled by Confucius. The Book of Songs was called "The Book of Songs" in the pre-Qin period, or the round number was called "The Three Hundred Songs".
It was revered as a Confucian classic during the Western Han Dynasty and was first called the Book of Songs, which is still used today. The Book of Songs is divided into three parts: "Wind", "Ya" and "Song". "Wind" is a ballad from various places in the Zhou Dynasty; "Ya" is a formal song of the Zhou people, and is divided into "Xiaoya" and "Daya"; Song", "Song of Lu" and "Song of Shang".
2. "Shangshu"
"Shangshu", the earliest book is called "Shangshu", which was written about the fifth century BC. The traditional "Shangshu" (also known as "Jinwen Shangshu") ) passed down from Fu Sheng. Legend has it that it is a work left behind by the ancient culture "Three Tombs and Five Codes".
The twenty-eight chapters of "Shangshu" dictated by Fu Sheng, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, are the modern "Shangshu". Another "Shangshu" discovered by King Lu Gong when he demolished a section of the wall of Confucius' former residence is an ancient text. "Shang Shu". During the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, war broke out, and all the modern and ancient "Shang Shu" were lost. At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yuzhang Neishi Meizu presented a "Shangshu" to the court, including 33 chapters of "Jinwen Shangshu" and 25 chapters of pseudo "Guwen Shangshu".
"Shangshu" is listed as one of the important core Confucian classics. "Shang" means "up", and "Shangshu" is an ancient book. It is a compilation of ancient Chinese historical documents and some works that trace ancient deeds. It is the earliest compilation of historical documents in my country.
3. "Zhou Rites"
"Zhou Rites" is a Confucian classic and one of the Thirteen Classics. Shizhuan was written by Zhou Gongdan, but it was actually written between the two Han Dynasties. "The Rites of Zhou", "Etiquette" and "Book of Rites" are collectively called the "Three Rites". They are the theoretical form of the ritual and music culture of the ancient Chinese nation. They provide the most authoritative records and explanations of etiquette and etiquette. The most profound impact.
Zheng Xuan, a master of Confucian classics, made excellent annotations for "The Rites of Zhou". Due to Zheng Xuan's high academic reputation, "The Rites of Zhou" jumped to the top of the "Three Rites" and became one of the great Confucian classics. .
"Zhou Li" was originally called "Zhou Guan" in the Han Dynasty, and was first found in "Historical Records·Fengchan Shu". "Zhou Rites" records the social politics, economy, culture, customs, etiquette and laws of the pre-Qin period. There are many historical materials to collect. The content involved is extremely rich and all-encompassing. It can be called a treasure house of Chinese cultural history.
4. "Etiquette"
"Etiquette" is one of the Thirteen Confucian Classics. It is a compilation of rituals from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China. ***Seventeen articles. The content records various etiquettes such as crowns, weddings, funerals, sacrifices, townships, archery, court, and employment in the Zhou Dynasty, mainly recording the etiquette of scholar-bureaucrats. Before the Qin Dynasty, the title of the chapter was unknown, but in the early Han Dynasty, Gaotangsheng passed down the rites and rituals.
There are also 56 ancient articles on rituals and rituals, which are now lost.
5. "Book of Rites"
"Book of Rites", also known as "Book of Rites of Xiao Dai" and "Ji of Xiao Dai", was written in the Han Dynasty and was written by Dai Sheng, a ritual scholar of the Western Han Dynasty. Compiled. "Book of Rites" is an important anthology of laws and regulations in ancient China, with 49 chapters in twenty volumes. The content of the book mainly describes the etiquette system of the pre-Qin Dynasty, and embodies the philosophical thoughts of the pre-Qin Confucians (such as the view of heaven, the view of the universe, outlook on life),
educational thoughts (such as personal self-cultivation, education system, teaching methods, school management), political thoughts (such as teaching politics, Datong society, etiquette and criminal law), aesthetic thoughts (such as objects The theory of moving the heart and the theory of harmony in ritual and music) is an important material for the study of pre-Qin society and a collection of materials on Confucian thought.
6. "The Book of Changes"
The "Book of Changes" is an ancient classic that explains the changes in all phenomena in the world. It is a profound and profound dialectical philosophy book. It includes three Yi books, "Lianshan", "Guizang" and "Zhouyi". Among them, "Lianshan" and "Guizang" have been lost.
Only the "Zhouyi" survives in the world. The "Book of Changes" is known as the first of all the classics and the source of the great truth. It is the general program of traditional Chinese culture. It contains simple and profound natural laws and harmonious dialectical thoughts. It is the crystallization of the five thousand years of wisdom of the Chinese nation.
7. "Zuo Zhuan"
"Zuo Zhuan" was originally called "Zuo Shi Chun Qiu". In the Han Dynasty, it was renamed "Zuo Shi Zhuan" in the Spring and Autumn Period, or simply "Zuo Zhuan". It is a chronicle in ancient China. Historical works. During the Han Dynasty, it was also known as "Chun Qiu Zuo Shi" and "Zuo Shi". After the Han Dynasty, it was called "Zuo Shi Zhuan" together with "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Zhuan". According to old legend, it was written by Zuo Qiuming in the late Spring and Autumn Period to explain Confucius' "Spring and Autumn Annals".
"Zuo Zhuan" is essentially an independent history book written in the first year of Lu Yin (722 BC). ), ending in the 14th year of Lu Daogong (453 BC), based on the Spring and Autumn Annals, it explains the outline of the Spring and Autumn Annals by describing the specific historical facts of the Spring and Autumn Period. It is one of the important classics of Confucianism.
8. "Gongyang Zhuan"
"Gongyang Zhuan", also known as "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Zhuan", is one of the Confucian classics.
It starts from the first year of Lu Yin and ends in the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong, which is the same time as the beginning and end of "Spring and Autumn". According to legend, its author was a disciple of Zixia, a native of Qi named Gongyang Gao during the Warring States Period. At first it was only passed down by word of mouth. During the reign of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty, it was passed down to Gong Yangshou, his great-great-grandson. Gong Yangshou and Hu Musheng (Zidu) together wrote the "Spring and Autumn Gong Yang Zhuan" on bamboo and silk.
"Gongyang Zhuan" includes "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Exegesis" written by He Xiu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Gongyang Zhuan Shu" written by Xu Yan of the Tang Dynasty, and "Gongyang Yishu" written by Chen Li of the Qing Dynasty.
9. "The Biography of Guliang"
That is, "The Biography of Guliang" (Pinyin: gǔliángzhuàn) is also called "The Chunqiu of Guliang" and "The Biography of Guliang in the Spring and Autumn Period". "The Chun Qiu Gu Liang Zhuan" is one of the Confucian classics. Together with "Zuo Zhuan" and "Gongyang Zhuan", it is one of the three commentaries on "Spring and Autumn". It started in the first year of Lu Yin (722 BC) and ended in the 14th year of Lu Aigong (481 BC).
"The Biography of Goliang" emphasizes that the authority of the king must be respected, but does not limit the royal power; kings and ministers have their own duties and codes of conduct; it advocates that the distinction between high and low must be strictly treated, and it is hoped that the king will pay attention to it own behavior. But it is relatively resistant to political change and social change.
10. "The Analects of Confucius"
The "Analects of Confucius" is a collection of quotations from Confucius and his disciples. It was compiled by Confucius's disciples and his disciples and was completed in the early Warring States Period. The book consists of 20 chapters and 492 chapters, mainly in the form of quotations and supplemented by narratives. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius's political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles in a relatively concentrated manner.
This book is one of the classic works of the Confucian school. It is called the "Four Books" together with "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean" and "Mencius", plus "The Book of Songs", "Shangshu", "Book of Rites" and "Book of Changes" "Spring and Autumn", collectively known as "Four Books and Five Classics".
11. "Erya"
"Erya" is the ancestor of dictionaries. "Erya" was first recorded in "Hanshu Yiwenzhi", but the author's name is not included. The book collects a relatively rich collection of ancient Chinese vocabulary. It is not only the ancestor of dictionaries, but also a classic, one of the Thirteen Classics, which is a core component of the traditional culture of the Han nationality.
12. "The Classic of Filial Piety"
"The Classic of Filial Piety" is an ethical work of ancient Chinese Confucianism. One of the Thirteen Classics of Confucianism. Legend has it that it was written by Confucius, but some people in the Southern Song Dynasty suspected that it was due to later generations.
Ji Yun of the Qing Dynasty pointed out in the "General Catalog of Sikuquanshu" that the book was Confucius's "last words of the seventy-year-old disciples" and was written during the Qin and Han Dynasties. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were hundreds of annotators. The current popular versions are Li Longji's annotation by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Shu by Xing Bing of the Song Dynasty. The whole book is divided into 18 chapters.
13. "Mencius"
"Mencius" was listed as the "Four Books" by Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty (the other three are "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean" and "The Analects of Confucius"). In the middle of the Warring States Period, Mencius and his disciples Wan Zhang and Gongsun Chou were waiting. It was first seen in Zhao Qi's "Mencius' Inscription": "This book was written by Mencius, so it is always called "Mencius"."
"Hanshu Yiwenzhi" records eleven chapters of "Mencius", of which seven chapters exist in fourteen volumes. The total number of words is more than 35,000 words and 286 chapters. According to legend, there were four other chapters of "Mencius's Wai Shu" that have been lost (the current "Mencius' Wai Shu" was forged by Yao Shiliang of the Ming Dynasty). The book records the political, educational, philosophical, ethical and other ideological views and political activities of Mencius and his disciples. The ancient examination mainly tested the "Four Books" and "Five Classics".