Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese.
the first "article" means a written article.
"speech" means writing, expressing and recording.
"classical Chinese" means written language, which is relative to "oral language", which is also called "vernacular".
The last word "Wen" means works, articles, etc., which means the genre.
"classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language".
and "vernacular" means: "articles written in common plain spoken language".
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in oral language and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in oral language as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" .
"Fanbu" is classical Chinese.
In ancient China, all articles were written in written language.
So, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese", which refers to the characters in ancient books in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and before.
Xu Shen said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu: "Mrs. Zhou wrote 15 pieces of Da Zhuan, which are different from ancient Chinese.
"Compare ancient Chinese prose with Da Zhuan, saying that ancient Chinese prose is a general term for the characters before Shi Shu.
Is there a difference between ancient Chinese and classical Chinese?
Ancient Chinese includes many kinds, including prose, poetry, ci, classical Chinese, and spoken English spoken by the ancients.
Classical Chinese is a written language, which is still different from the spoken language expressed by the ancients.
Classical Chinese is more rigorous. 1. Ancient Chinese can be divided into generalized ancient Chinese and narrow ancient Chinese.
a. Classical Chinese in a broad sense: that is, we now call it classical Chinese, which refers to all the ancient Chinese before the May 4th Movement in 1919, and the articles written with it are classical Chinese.
B. Ancient Chinese in a narrow sense: it refers to the ancient Chinese before Qin Shihuang unified China.
2. to sum up: in terms of scope, classical Chinese (generalized ancient Chinese) includes ancient Chinese in the pre-Qin period, ancient Chinese from the Qin Dynasty to the May 4th Movement, and then popularized vernacular Chinese.
What's the difference between ancient Chinese and classical Chinese
Classical Chinese is a written language in ancient China, which mainly includes written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period.
Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, which is characterized by writing on the basis of words, paying attention to allusions, parallel antithesis, neat melody and no punctuation, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing and parallel prose.
For the convenience of reading and understanding, the classical Chinese in modern books are usually marked with punctuation marks.
the advantages of classical Chinese lie in the fine chain of words, the subtle meaning of words, the beautiful words and the melody.
Moreover, it is possible to interpret the text in different ways, so modern people can also read the Analects of Confucius and others.
The disadvantage of classical Chinese is that it is difficult to understand and popularize. It takes proper training to understand the meaning of classical Chinese, and it is more difficult to write classical Chinese. Therefore, after the May Fourth Movement, the vernacular Chinese that emphasizes "I write my mouth by hand" and "I can read if I can read" gradually replaced classical Chinese.
vernacular Chinese refers to the written language which is based on modern spoken Chinese and processed.
vernacular Chinese also has a long history in ancient times, and there were scripts in the song dynasty, and some vernacular novels in the Ming and Qing dynasties, such as Jin ping mei, the water margin, journey to the west, a dream of red mansions, etc., but they were only ancient vernacular, and vernacular Chinese works were only a minority in ancient literary circles, and classical Chinese was still the mainstream at that time.
after the may 4th new culture movement in 1919, vernacular Chinese replaced classical Chinese and became the mainstream of writing, which made classical Chinese slowly withdraw from the stage of history.
it is relative to classical Chinese, so classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese are distinguished from each other by the existence of both sides.
the characteristics of the vernacular: vernacular, simple and popular, vivid, pungent, rough, full of life and expressive in language.
Looking at the "May 4th" Vernacular Movement, we can see that it extensively absorbed the western vocabulary resources and grammatical structure, and spread it on many levels, such as language, writing and thought. This movement is not just a "self-sufficient change within the language", but is closely related to the innovation of the whole thinking concept and the national modernization movement.
the contest between "vernacular" and "classical Chinese" is also a collision between two different value systems and social ideology to a great extent.
"Classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese have existed in ancient times, but their names have only become popular in recent decades.
"Both of them are written languages, but the difference is that classical Chinese means a language that you only read and don't speak.
in vernacular Chinese, what is spoken is spoken, which generally means that the spoken language is visible, and the distance from the spoken language is the biggest difference between classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese.
but in fact, the relationship between classical Chinese and spoken English is quite close, but the so-called spoken English standards are different.
Because classical Chinese is the written language of ancient Chinese based on the pre-Qin spoken language, and the spoken language we are talking about here is based on the northern dialect since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the vernacular used by everyone today, that is, the written language of modern Chinese Putonghua, is formed on this basis.
the difference between classical Chinese and modern Chinese
Chinese has been divided into classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese since ancient times, while classical Chinese is the official language, which belongs to written language, and vernacular Chinese is the language used by ordinary people in conversation. Ordinary people don't know anything about classical Chinese, let alone use classical Chinese as their daily conversation.
However, the vernacular Chinese is the Chinese language with an absolute majority of users and frequency in the history of China.
Modern Chinese evolved from this parallel Chinese language, which mainly refers to the language system established after the May 4th New Culture Movement, especially the grammar system.
We can see from the existing vernacular literature in Tang and Song Dynasties, operas in Yuan Dynasty, ancient literary works like Sanyan Liangpai in Ming Dynasty, etc. that the ancient vernacular literature is not as different from the modern literature as the classical Chinese.
If you can't verify their pronunciation, at least their grammar and the use of words are clear on paper.
The ancient vernacular Chinese has hardly changed much from the modern vernacular Chinese in the May 4th Movement to the modern Chinese, but the modern people have organized the western grammar and added a lot of vocabulary to it.
classical Chinese and ancient poems to be memorized in senior high school
what are the classical Chinese and poems to be memorized in senior high school? (1) 2 pieces of ancient Chinese prose I am in the country, Mencius exhorts me to learn Xunzi ☆ Wandering around Zhuangzi ☆ Zou Ji satirizes Qi Wang coachable's Warring States Policy ☆ On the Qin Dynasty ☆ Jia Yi ☆ Qu Yuan's biography of Sima Qian ☆ Report to Ren Anshu Sima Qian ☆ Chen Qingbiao Li Mi Lan Ting's preface to Wang Xizhi's return ☆ Xi resigned from Tao Qian's admonition to Taizong's ten thoughts of sparse Wei Zheng 9734 Su Shi Shi Zhongshan Ji Su Shi Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi Gui Youguang Dengtai Mountain Ji Yao Nai (II) Poems and Songs 5 Poems of Jing Nv The Book of Songs Without Clothes ☆ The Book of Songs for Self-protection ☆ Mrs. Xiang Qu Yuan ☆ Li Sao Qu Yuan's long song line Han Yuefu ☆ Peacock flies southeast to Han Yuefu's far-reaching Altar ☆ Nineteen Ancient Poems ☆ Short song line Cao Cao Bai Ma ☆ Cao Zhi's return to the garden. Li Bai's visit to the ancient times is difficult. Li Bai will enter the wine. Li Bai will ascend to Du Fu Shu Xiang Du Fu Bing Vehicle Store. Du Fu will arrive at Du Fu's a night abroad. Du Fu will cherish the historic site. (3) Du Fu Pavilion Night Du Fu will ascend Yueyang Tower. Du Fu fisherman Liu Zongyuan Stone City. Liu Yuxi pipa line Bai Juyi heard that Lotte left Jiangzhou Sima Yuan. Li Ping led Li He to Huaqing Palace. Li Shangyin Bodhisattva Man (hills overlap and gold disappears). Jinling Huaigu Wang Anshi Jiangchengzi? On the twentieth day of the first month of the first month, I remembered the dream of Su Shi's chanting Nujiao. Red Cliff Nostalgia for Sushi's Queqiao Fairy (thin clouds are clever) Qin Guan Su Curtain Covering (burning agarwood) Zhou Bangyan's plum cutting (red lotus root fragrance remains jade) Li Qingzhao's voice is slow (looking for it) Li Qingzhao's book is angry and she travels to Lin 'an in the spring rain, and she travels to Lu for a long time. Jingkou Beigu Pavilion nostalgia Xin Qiji Yangzhou slow (Huaizuomingdu) Jiang Kui ☆ Dou E injustice Guan Hanqing ☆ Changting farewell Wang Shifu drunk Taiping (everyone is too embarrassed) Zhang Kejiu ☆ Mourning Jiangnan Kong Shangren Note: those who have ☆ only recite part of it.
the source and translation of classical Chinese
On the volume of Shi Lin Shi Hua, Zhao Qing offered a tribute to the public and served him with virtue all his life. He kept a Leishi piano all his life, one for a crane and one for a white turtle, and he wanted to go with it.
at the beginning, except for the handsome Chengdu, the Sichuan style was extravagant, and the public took the road alone, with the piano, crane and turtle following, and the Shu people took care of their politics and ruled their voices.
between yuanfeng and yuanfeng, once the political affairs are stopped, the officials will be old when they move to Sichuan again.
Before crossing the Huai River in Sizhou, cranes were released, and even turtles were thrown into Huai River again.
when he entered the meeting, the late emperor asked, "Before you entered Shu with a horse, you brought a unique harp and crane. Is the honest one so solid?" Thank you at a public ceremony.
Therefore, there is a saying in his poem that "the horse will go home after finding the old road, and the turtle will never come again when it is released".
Liu Gong's father is so talented that he can't help it. He can be reconciled in case of trouble, even though the officials and officials don't avoid it.
We were close friends with King Jing Gong, and after King Jing Gong became a country, we teased him repeatedly. Although each time he was absolutely defeated, his intention was not even.
at the end of Yuan Feng, he was a transshipment ambassador for Tokyo and demoted to Hengzhou as a wine supervisor. Although he was tired, the discussants said that it was evil to play with the names of the times.
Yuan You began to know Xiangzhou.
Chunyu Kun's tomb is in the territory, and it is said with a poem: "A whisper moves the country, and a laugh is absolutely crowned.
Liu Youzhi, funny full name.
under the guidance of Confucianism, we can cover the south Jing.
it's no shame to be a son-in-law.
"There is another poem saying:" If you are good at teasing, you will know your intentions, so why hurt Wei Wugong.
"remember the past and explain the cloud by yourself.
Yan Yuan left the public to stay in Nanjun County, and Wang Junyu had already collated the pavilion. The public specially invited him to the court, thinking that the government had to sign the judgment, and the court had to take the library post to the public.
Foreign officials take the post of library, starting with Jun Yu.
the host and the guest enjoy each other, and they enjoy writing poems and drinking wine every day. Good poems win the day, and they have never been wasted.
When the Mid-Autumn Festival was gloomy, I lent my kitchen to prepare for it, but the public was in danger. At night, Junyu sent a messenger to wait on the public and said, "It's time for bed.
"Jun Yuji is eager to enter the poem, saying," Only in the deepest part of the floating clouds, try to blow it away with the string tube.
"The poem on the public pillow was a great joy, that is, I grabbed my clothes, called the guest fixture, and had a good time.
at midnight, when the fruit comes out on the moon, you can enjoy drinking.
The predecessors were very romantic, but the shogunate had a good guest, and the wind and the moon were also comfortable.
Ouyang Wenzhong wrote down Mei Shengyu's "Puffer Poem": "Buds grow in spring, and poplars fly on the spring shore.
"two sentences, has exhausted the benefits of puffer fish.
It is said that puffer fish comes from late spring and feeds on catkins, but it is almost not.
Today, people in Zhejiang began to eat puffer fish before Shangyuan, and Jiangyin, Changzhou, got it first.
when the party goes out, it will cost you a thousand dollars, but it is not much. It is not easy for non-rich people to give fishermen gold money in advance.
after February, there are more and more, and one tail is only a hundred dollars.
when catkins are catkins, people stop eating, which is called mottling, or it is said that there are worms in their bellies, so they are evil, and Jiangxi people can only eat.
the puffer fish comes out of the sea, rising with the tide at first, and reaching the depth of spring, and its species slightly flows into the river.
male, born in Jizhou, so what he knows is also in Jiangxi.
To the south of Suzhou University, there is a few hectares of water, and there is a hill beside it, facing each other in twists and turns, which covers what the king of Guangling did when he was Qian.
As a result of the earth mountain, the Ruiguang Temple is now its home, and this is another garden.
during the celebration period, Su Zimei was deposed, with 4 yuan as his residence.
The pavilion beside the water is called Canglang, and Ouyang Wenzhong's poems say that "the breeze and bright moon are priceless, but it's a pity that they only cost 4, yuan".
since zi mei died, she could not be guaranteed later, so she changed hands repeatedly, and now she is owned by Zhang Fu's daughter Hou's family.
Guangzi's old address is Dage, and it's also the Tang Mountain. There is a mountain across the water in the north of the pavilion, which is called Cave Mountain, and Zhang's family has it.
In addition to the ground, there are huge stones embedded in it, and there are more than a thousand plants, which are also hidden in Guangling, which is beneficial to increase the gap. The two mountains are opposite, so it is a temporary view.
the land cover belongs to it.
in his later years, Wang Jinggong's poetic rhythm was especially strict, and he used words and phrases, but he could not send them occasionally.
however, meaning and words will meet, words will be sent at will, and it is natural, and there is almost no comparison between them.
For example, "The duck with wind scales up and the goose yellow curls down", I don't think there is duality at first reading.
to "count the fallen flowers because you have been sitting for a long time, and you will be late to find the grass slowly", but you can see Shu Xianrong's attitude.
if we examine every word carefully, it will have a profound meaning.
I have tasted poems that rhyme with the initials of Ye Zhiyuan, and counted four times. At the end of the poem, there is a cloud: "The son of fame is really proud of the mouth of the valley, and he is trapped by new achievements."
"With Taniguchi facing the pot head, it is finely cut.
a few days later, I took the book again and changed the cloud: "Do you love the capital's biography of Taniguchi, but I know that the village is better than the pot head.
"has been concentrated in two books so far.
Cai Tianqi said: "Every time Jing Gong calls Lao Du's sentence" Hook the curtain to lodge the heron, and take pills to make the stray warbler whimper ",he thinks that the meaning is brilliant and the five-character model is open.
He wrote poems every day, and he got "the green hills sit with lice, and the yellow birds sleep with books on their backs". He claimed that he was proud of not reducing Du language, but he could not cite the whole article.
"Yu Qing tasted the language of Xue Zhaoming, and after Zhao Ming, he was ordered to compile a public collection. If he asked for it, he would never get it.
or the cloud, but it's a link, it's not a chapter.
there are three kinds of words in Zen's theory of clouds: one is to follow the waves, which means to respond to the situation with things, not to be the main reason; The second is to cut off the many-stream sentences, which means that they are beyond the words and are not what they know; The third is to cover the sentence of Gankun with a letter, which means that everything is harmonious and can be waited for.
its depth is in the order of yes.
Yu's taste of drama means that students speak, and Lao Du's poems also have these three languages, but they are different successively.
"Bo Piao Mushroom Rice is dark, dew cold lotus room is pink" is the letter cover of Gankun sentence; "It's quiet in the daytime with falling flowers, and the young swallow is deep" is a sentence that follows the waves; Take "Chai Men is secluded for a hundred years, and the grass pavilion in Jiang Shen is cold in May" as a truncated sentence.
if there is any solution to this, it should be taken as a reference with the canal.
Ouyang Wenzhong's public poems began to focus on "Kun style", which is mainly about style. Therefore, his words are simple and fluent, and poetic poetry is everywhere. Although the words are awkward, I don't ask again.
but those who learn often lose their quickness and straightness, and there is no room for recovery.
but what are the benefits of poetry? For example, "Poem on Princess Chongwei's Hand Trace": "Yuyan has been physically tired since ancient times, and who wants to eat meat with the country?"
"This is a two-paragraph discussion, but it is full of twists and turns, and it is found in the seven characters. It is beautiful and victorious, and the words are not lost. Although it is a work of" Kunti ",it is not easy to compare.
it's the best to do what you say.
the west lake in Xuchang is closely attached to the sub-city, and it comes down from the edge of the city, so it can be used for travelling without involving the city.
when the cloud is a curved ring, it is borrowed from soil to build a city, because it is trapped by its tunnel.
it is slightly more than 1 mu wide, and the middle is a horizontal dike.
At first, it was half the ear of the east, and the west was wider than the east, but the water was not very deep.
Duke Jugong of Song Dynasty was punctual, and it was only after the Yellow River was harnessed by Chunfu that it began to communicate with the west. His poem called "Dig the land where fish and birds forget their feelings, and show all the rivers and lakes as far as the sky can see".
thereafter