First, the production and development of ancient wine in China.
0 1. Wine brewing
According to the historical data and the excavation of archaeological sites, most historians believe that ancient Persia is also one of the cradles of ancient civilization and one of the earliest countries to collect and brew wine. With the wars and commercial activities in ancient times, the cultures and economies in various regions have deepened and blended, and the methods of brewing have spread to some Arab countries, and gradually spread to western countries with the spread of commerce and culture.
In the third year of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian was sent to the Western Regions by the orders of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. When passing by Dawan, I saw someone making wine with grapes, and the rich man hid more than 10,000 stones of wine. Later, the envoys of the Han Dynasty took away the seeds of the fruit. Since then, wine has spread in China. Every dynasty has its own characteristics and development.
02. The development of wine in China.
According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Dawan, in the third year of the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian was sent to the Western Regions on the orders of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. When he passed the Dawan, he saw the process of making wine. It is said in the book that "grapes make wine for the left and right, and rich people keep wine for more than ten thousand stones, which will last for decades." Later, with the seeds and fruits, the working people in ancient China began to grow grapes and use them to make wine.
Wei Wendi once said, "Let's talk about grapes. Stay awake when you are drunk. Cover and eat; Diligent, crisp and tireless, cold but not cold, long and juicy, quenching thirst. It is also brewed into wine, willing to be muddy, good at drunkenness and easy to wake up. " Through the description of this passage, we can see that people in the Han dynasty had enough understanding of the functions and functions of grapes and wine.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Gaochang had already paid tribute to our grapes. After pacifying Gaochang, the local mare's milk grapes and wine-making technology were brought to the Tang Dynasty. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, improved the brewing method and shared it with his ministers. With the development of time, the Tang Dynasty gradually became the economic and cultural center of the world at that time. In Chang 'an and other cities, there are merchants from the western regions selling wine.
At that time, exotic jihu and wine touched the hearts of many businessmen. During the Yuan Dynasty, the development of wine reached its peak. Shanxi has a large number of high-quality vineyards and advanced brewing technology, and local businessmen are proud to sell wine to all parts of the country. In the Ming Dynasty, the development of wine entered a bottleneck period, and the collection and brewing methods did not improve. However, since the germination of capitalism in China originated from the Ming Dynasty, it provided the first condition for the accelerated transformation of wine.
In the early Qing Dynasty, due to a series of actions and policies of emperors such as Kangxi Qianlong, the western regions gradually settled down and grapes were planted on a large scale. Because of the unique lighting conditions and short day and night in the west, grapes are very sweet, and the quality of wine brewed with them will be improved. When wine production increases, merchants promote wine more closely and frequently. Under such a large-scale promotion, wine "flew into the homes of ordinary people" in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.
With the outbreak of the Opium War in the late Qing Dynasty, the door of China was opened and it became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The influx of foreign capital has brought great suffering to our people, but objectively it has also accelerated the emergence of capitalism in China. 1892 Zhang Bishi, a patriotic overseas Chinese, founded Changyu Wine Company, which is a household name in Yantai, Shandong Province. 19 12 years, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China who led the Revolution of 1911, visited the winery. After tasting it, he personally wrote the words "Chongliquan" to show his encouragement.
The characteristics of modern economic globalization have accelerated the spread of cultures in various countries, and the habit of using wine as a table wine in Europe and America has gradually been understood by Chinese people. Chinese people's acceptance of wine has been further improved, and more excellent wine brands have been born in China. They compete with each other and promote development.
Second, the impact of wine culture on China
0 1. Healthy culture of wine
At the beginning, most of the ancient wines were drunk by the rich and nobles, so we can find some descriptions about wine from some historical records. Since ancient times, people in China believed that drinking can preserve health. In ancient times, wine-making techniques mostly used grain purification and fermentation, so people thought that wine was the essence of five grains.
There used to be a popular saying that "wine is the essence of food, and the more you drink, the younger you get." It can be seen from this sentence that people have always believed in the health-preserving function of wine. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the elderly and infirm are suitable for drinking and have the effect of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Su Jing, a pharmacist in the Tang Dynasty, once mentioned the efficacy of wine in Tang Materia Medica (also known as Newly Revised Materia Medica). He believed that wine had the efficacy of "warming the waist, benefiting the kidney, preserving color and keeping out the cold".
Li Shizhen, a famous doctor in Ming Dynasty, also mentioned grapes and wine in Compendium of Materia Medica. He thinks that wine can help people keep beautiful and has a certain beauty effect. Modern scientific research has found that drinking wine can increase the content of melatonin in the human body, which is helpful to people with insomnia and has a certain effect on sleep. However, drinking wine before going to bed will have a certain impact on the liver and kidneys, so although wine has a certain health care function, we should pay attention to the time and amount of drinking to avoid negative effects on the body.
02. The influence of wine on China culture.
Since ancient times, China people have been inseparable from wine. Scholars and poets drink and entertain when they are proud, while immigrants and poets drink and relieve their worries when they are frustrated. Du Kang is the only way to relieve their worries. Let's take a look at the scene where Wei Wudi triumphed in Chibi with his poems. "Give them to boys in exchange for wine, and sell eternal sorrow with you." We can see that most Buddhists in the Tang Dynasty were violet when they vomited at embroidered mouths. "Mistaken into the depths of the lotus, you will never know the way back until you get drunk." Let us see the lovely side of Yi 'an Buddhists when they are drunk.
There were also many poems describing wine in ancient China. Lu Ji wrote in "Drinking Music": "Grapes are always fragrant, and glass is a thousand old customers. Drinking and dancing at night and selling candles at night remind people to wake up. " In this poem, we can see the life of the upper class in the Western Jin Dynasty. Princes and nobles drink grapes and wine all year round and have fun every day.
Since Sima Yan, the Western Jin Dynasty has been seeking pleasure. At first, Sima Yan also knew how to lead by example and advocated frugality and simplicity. Later, when it was found to be ineffective, he was extravagant and wasted himself. After Wang Kai and Shi Chong became famous for their struggle for power and profit, he not only didn't blame them, but also secretly supported his uncle Wang Kai. Under the guidance of Sima Yan, the noble doctors also indulged. Xu Wangji likes to raise horses. She built a racecourse and covered the surrounding trenches with copper coins. At Shichong's banquet in the Western Jin Dynasty, he would ask beautiful women to persuade wine, and if the guests didn't drink it, they would kill the beautiful women until the guests gave in. The luxury and absurdity of the Western Jin Dynasty can be seen. With these "examples", princes.
"Wine is cooked with camel marrow, and radish soup is sweet with deer fetus." "Han Banhua welcomes the gold board boat, and the wine pours the jade pot pulp." "The sound in the morning is clear, and the spring banquet is green." During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy was very developed, and there was an endless stream of businessmen coming and going to the Tang Dynasty. There are many restaurants in Chang 'an. These poems seem to show us the prosperity of literati feasting.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Hu Ji and wine in restaurants were full of western customs, attracting a large number of businessmen and literati. They used notes to record the prosperity and prosperity at that time, and people's pride was also reflected in it.
"Grape wine luminous cup, want to drink pipa immediately rush. Drunk in the battlefield, you don't laugh, and you have fought several wars in ancient times. " From this poem, we can see that in the arduous frontier fortress, border guards and soldiers were as drunk as a fiddler on the long battlefield in Huangsha. From this, we feel the momentum of the border guards, the passion of the poet and the feelings of home and country. We seem to be immersed in glass after glass of wine. It is precisely because of the rendering of wine and the comparison of several people who fought in ancient times that we understand the determination and will of soldiers and the cruelty of war. Since ancient times, wine has brought countless inspirations and talents to poets, and also let us appreciate the elegance and boldness of poets in their poems.
abstract
China has a wine culture since ancient times, and wine has a long history in China. China is one of the first countries to brew wine. With the opening of the Silk Road, China introduced grape and wine brewing technology. Before the Qing Dynasty, due to the brewing technology and other reasons, only a few rich people and nobles could enjoy it.
However, with the passage of time and the improvement of grape planting technology and wine-making technology, wine has been gradually contacted by the broad masses of the people, and we have also born a lot of culture about wine. With the development of the times, wine has become an indispensable consumer product for our health and pleasure. With globalization, foreign culture and China culture have been integrated, and Chinese wine culture has also formed a unique cultural outlook.