1. Rhyme is the most important kind of poetry (including verse). Let's review the flat structure of seven-character quatrains first.
1, upper and lower levels (the first sentence rhymes):
(Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
2. Rise and fall (rhyme in the first sentence):
It is flat, flat, flat, flat.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
3, flat (the first sentence does not rhyme):
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
4. ups and downs (the first sentence doesn't rhyme):
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
note:
Note: 1, brackets (), the words inside should be flat: (); 2, brackets (), the words inside should be flat: (flat);
3. The bracket ""is flat when the case changes: "flat"; 4. The bracket ""should be flat when it is changed to "". Beginners don't have to learn sentence patterns of variant characters, and respect the level of words in the book.
Quatrains (referring to quatrains) 1, 2, 4 rhyme (generally, the rhyme should be flat, and the first sentence conforms to the blank format of 3, 4).
Second, the level of seven-character rhyme
Seven-character verse is called "Seven Laws" for short. Just like adding a word in front of "Wuyan rhyme" is the antonym of the two words in the previous section. Like the Seven Wonders, the first sentence of the Seven Wonders usually rhymes (the first sentence of the Seven Wonders can rhyme, which is rare in ancient and modern times, but it must conform to the format of 3 and 4; The first sentence of "Five Exquisites" and "Five Methods" usually doesn't rhyme. Sentences 2, 4, 6 and 8 of the Seven Rhymes all rhyme, so we must use flat rhyme. Sentences 3, 5 and 7 don't rhyme, but the ending word must be a vowel.
Otherwise, it won't rhyme (not all seven words and eight sentences are "X law". If the rhyme doesn't match, it can only be classified as ancient style according to the rhyme of the poem.
There are four formats of "seven methods" such as "seven absolutely". As you can see, it is the sum of two four-line flat modes:
1, even (the first sentence rhymes): equal to the sum of the forms of (1)(3).
(Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
For example, Mao Zedong's Seven-Method Long March:
The red army is not afraid of the expedition, and Qianshan is just idle. Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills.
Jinsha River is warm in the clouds and cliffs, and Dadu Bridge is cold with the cross rail. I am glad to see that Minshan Mountain is covered with snow and stretches for miles. Our soldiers crossed it and showed a bright smile.
2. Qi Qi (the first sentence rhymes): equal to the sum of the forms of the four wonders (2) and (4).
It is flat, flat, flat, flat.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
For example, Mao Zedong Lv Qi to Shaoshan.
Don't dream of vaguely cursing the passing of Sichuan. My hometown was thirty-two years ago. The red flag rolls up the serf halberd and the black hand hangs the overlord whip.
Dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the sky for sacrifice and ambition. I like watching thousands of waves of rice and waves, and heroes everywhere are dying.
3. level (the first sentence does not need to rhyme): equal to the seven wonders ③.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
For example, Mao Zedong's Seven Laws and Mr. Liu Yazi:
I can't forget that when I was drinking tea in Guangdong, I was talking about Ye Huang Zheng in Yuzhou. Thirty-one years after returning from my motherland, I read zhanghua when the flowers fell.
Complaining too much can prevent heartbroken, and you should pay attention to it after a long history. The water in Kunming, Mo Island is shallow, and watching fish is better than Fuchun River.
* The word "ten" enters the tone
4. Qi Qi (the first sentence does not rhyme): it is equal to the four wonders (4) the form of two prime ministers.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
For example, Du Fu and the banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army:
The news of this distant western station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat. Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.
In the green spring, I began to go home, sing my songs loudly and drink my wine! Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .
Verse couplets (3, 4 sentences) and neck couplets (5, 6 sentences) can also be used only on neck couplets.
Thirdly, the flexibility and difficulty of individual sentences in regular poems.
The plane format of regular poems is strict, but it is also flexible. Under certain conditions, some places can be flexible. In the works of ancient poets, it is so common to change the level tone format that it is not easy to find the rigidity of metrical poems. Elasticity is not arbitrary, but has certain rules. When ancient poets wrote poems, there was often a word that did not conform to the level-leveled sentence pattern, which was called "awkward" or "awkward sentence". Now that it is "difficult", we can take appropriate measures to remedy it, which is called "difficult to save"
On "One, Three and Five Regardless"
A modified formula was put forward by predecessors: "No matter what 135 is, 246 is clear." Here refers to the seven laws, which means that the level of the three words of one, three and five in each sentence can be "whatever", and "whatever" is flexible; The word 246 must be "different", and "different" means strict format. As for the seventh word, the rhyming word is flat and the non-rhyming word is flat, which is fixed and must be mentioned. There are only five words in each sentence of the five laws, and this employment will naturally become "no matter whether one or three, two or four are clear."
This employment can sum up some phenomena, but it cannot be generalized. Some places can be ignored, and some places must be discussed. So some people say: "135 is not necessarily irrelevant, and 246 is not necessarily clear"; In other words, elasticity has certain conditions.
Regarding the first word, the level of the first word in each sentence of the Seven Laws can be completely flexible, and the level can be used. But there is one exception, that is, the first word of every sentence in the Five Laws and the third word of every sentence in the Seven Laws. When it comes to the sentence pattern of flat (or flat), its flat is inflexible.
Why can't the first word of the five-character "Pingqi" and the third word of the seven-character "Pingqi" be flexible? Because if it becomes a flat voice, then this sentence becomes a five-character "flat and flat" and a seven-character "flat and flat" sentence, and only the second word (the fourth word in the seven-character sentence) is flat, which is called a flat voice. "Offending loneliness" is a taboo in regular poetry. But "solitary flat" is limited to this sentence pattern, and other sentence patterns are not "solitary flat" if they only have a flat sound.
Except this sentence pattern, the first word of other sentence patterns (one or three words in a seven-character sentence) can be leveled.
The third word of every sentence in the Five Laws (the fifth word of every sentence in the Seven Laws) is usually in line with the format, which is called a positive example; Some poems are not in accordance with the format, which is a variation called variation. For example, Wang Wei's Farewell:
My friend, I have been watching you go down the mountain, flat and even.
Until now, in the dark, I closed the thatched door. It is flat.
The grass turns green again in spring.
Does Wang Sun belong to Angelica? Flat and light.
The third word of this last sentence should be flat. Since it is used, it belongs to "No matter" Zhang Ji's famous "Night Sleeping by the Maple Bridge";
Frosty night, flat and faint.
Jiang Feng sleeps in the fire. Flat-flat
Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City has a flat terrain.
The midnight bell arrived at the passenger ship. Ordinary, ordinary, ordinary.
The fifth of the seven words in the first sentence should be flat and even, which also belongs to anyway. Another example is the last couplet of Li Bai's masterpiece "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran in Yangzhou":
The lonely sail is far away from the blue sky, flat and even.
I only saw the Yangtze River flowing in the sky. It is flat. It is flat.
The fifth word of this conjunction should be flat, and the position of the next sentence in the fifth word should be flat accordingly. The fifth word of both sentences is "whatever". Re-reading the first two sentences of Du Fu's Seven Laws of Books;
Where is the Mingxiang Temple? It's flat.
In a pine forest near the Silk City. ○ Flat ○ Flat.
The green grass in spring dyed the steps flat.
Birds are chirping happily under the leaves. It is flat. It is flat.
In three of these four sentences, the fifth word is used flexibly, and it is also "no matter"
But not all five words and seven words can be "ignored", such as:
The sentence pattern of "just plain" cannot be changed to "just plain".
We should avoid linking three tones together at the end of a sentence, which is called "three tones". (Of course, this is only limited to the end of the sentence, and even three flat words in the sentence are ok. )
The concise formula of "One, Three and Five Regardless" can be summarized as follows:
(a) foot sentence:
1, the words "Pingping" or "Pingping" can be one or three.
2. The word "average" or "average" can be one, three or five.
(2) Flat foot sentence:
1, five words of "flat", the third word can be ignored; But the first word can't be ignored, otherwise it will be very lonely.
2, seven words "even, even, even", one or five can be ignored, but the third word can not be ignored, otherwise it will be very lonely.
3. The first word of the five-character "level tone" can be ignored, but the third word can't be ignored, otherwise there will be three tones.
4. One or three of the seven words "flat and flat, flat and flat" can be ignored, but the fifth word cannot be ignored, otherwise there will be three tones.
Variation of four sentence patterns
There are four sentence patterns in rhythmic poetry. As far as five-character poems are concerned, they are: flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat and flat. . There are only two words in front of the seven-character poem. In order to be flexible, the ancients explored in their creative practice and adopted a variety of ways to be flat and flexible without losing the beauty of rhyme and rhythm. Almost every poet's works have a flat and flexible way, so there are fewer rigid metrical poems. Let's briefly summarize the previous experience of flexible use according to the sentence patterns, so as to learn and master it.
1, even and even numbers
This sentence pattern can be changed to level tone.
For example, the first couplet of Du Fu's Five Laws "Ji Qin Yi Chong sends Gong Yan Four Rhymes":
This is where your comrades must leave you.
Turn at the foot of these purple mountains. Flat and light.
Another example is Bai Juyi's Five Laws Biegu Cao:
Wildfire never even completely devoured them.
They have grown taller in the spring breeze. Flat and light.
In these two couplets, the fourth word of the "flat and even" sentence pattern is changed from flat and even to flat and even, and becomes "flat and even". Correspondingly, the third word is changed from flat in the sentence, that is, by the method of "flat", that is, a sentence is inconsistent, and a word in a specific position of the sentence is also changed as a remedy. Such a difficult rescue is called rescue punishment. The alternative sentence pattern of "occasionally flat" should pay attention to the rescue of sentences.
According to "one, three don't care", the sentence pattern of "Pingping" can also be modified to "Pingping" or "Pingping", which is a semi-contradiction that can be omitted in the sentence.
2. it's plain
This sentence pattern can be changed to level tone.
Such as Li Bai's five laws, the first couplet and the neck couplet of Su Xun Shu Jia:
I stayed for five nights, and it was flat.
Lonely and unhappy. Just plain, just plain.
Kneel in the carved rice, even and even.
Bright moon board. Just plain, just plain.
The first word of the couplet between the first couplet and the neck couplet should be flat, and then it will be lonely, so the third word should be flat, which is the rescue of loneliness and belongs to "this sentence saves yourself."
3, flat and even
This sentence pattern can be changed to "flat and flat", that is, the flat and flat positions of the third word and the fourth word are interchanged.
This format is common in ancient and modern metrical poems and has become a common format.
For example, Du Fu's five-law "Moonlight Night" couplets and the ending couplets:
For our boys and girls, poor little baby, plain.
They are all too small to know where the capital is. It is flat.
When can we lie on the screen again, flat and faint.
Look at the bright light and stop crying? . ○ even.
Another example is the sentence at the end of Mao Zedong's "Seven Ways to Answer Friends":
I hope my dream is broad and even.
The land of hibiscus is sunny and flat.
Another example is the last sentence of Mao Zedong's Seven Laws, "Send the sorrow to God" (Article 2):
Excuse me, where does Wen Jun want to go? Ping, ping, ping.
A paper boat burns a candle into the sky. Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
This kind of format is mostly used in sentences with end-links, but it is not entirely the case. As mentioned above, Du Fu's poems are also used in couplets. This format is also used in the first sentence "I have heard about Dongting Lake for a long time" in his "The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower". But the first word of this sentence can be pronounced flat, because the first word of the five-character sentence is "flat and flat" and the third word of the seven-character sentence is "flat and flat", which must be kept flat and cannot be changed to flat.
4. Very mediocre
This sentence pattern is generally only a variant of the first word, and it has become "flat and flat". Example sentences can be found everywhere, and they are not listed one by one.
Judging from the flexibility of the above sentence patterns, "two, four and six are distinct" is not completely accurate. The levels of the first, second and fourth words above have changed. It can be summarized as follows: the second word of a five-character sentence must be clear, and the fourth word can be changed from one or three words above; The second word and the fourth word of a seven-character sentence must be distinct, and the sixth word has one or three variants mentioned above.
Difficult to preserve
(1), (Five words: Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping. Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping This treatment is still in line with the law. The isolated hopeless sentence is equal to the variation of the flat-footed sentence, and its format is (five words: flat and flat, seven words: flat and flat);
* The fourth word (or three or four words) of this sentence pattern (five words: Gongping, seven words: Gongping) has a weak pronunciation, so it can be used in the sentence when it is difficult to save (the same is true for the next sentence). However, remember not to create "four consecutive lines" (the first word of the rule is not eclectic);
* In sentence patterns (five words: flat and even, seven words: flat and even), the third word of five words and the fifth word of seven words are ambiguous, which is called "semi-cadence".
* There are some unusual ways to save people, which basically belong to the sentence pattern of variant forms. Practitioners can have a preliminary understanding of them and avoid misunderstanding their metrical patterns when reading ancient poems.
Detailed examples are as follows:
* This sentence saved yourself.
1, pentatonic sentence
(1) Even-even sentence, one word is awkward, three words are omitted, and it becomes: even-even sentence, that is, the above two kinds.
(2) The parallel sentence, with three words and four words saved, becomes: parallel; But the first word must remain flat, that is, the above three.
2. Seven-syllable sentences
(1) The word "Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
(2) A flat sentence, with an awkward word, cannot be saved, or it can be saved as a flat sentence.
(3) The sentence is flat, and the word is awkward. You can not save it, or you can save it as: flat, flat, or flat.
* Save each other's lives
1, pentatonic sentence
(1) The first word of a flat and even sentence is awkward, and the first word of the sentence is omitted and becomes: flat and even. It is limited to alleviating the economic depression.
(2) If the sentence is flush, such as the third word, omit the third word of the sentence and change it into: flush, flush. This situation is semi-intractable and cannot be saved. But if the fourth word is awkward, the third word of the sentence will be omitted and become: average, average.
2. Seven-syllable sentences
Adding two words before the five-syllable sentence, the first word is awkward, but it can't be saved; The following five words are the same as five-syllable sentences.
* This sentence saved himself and another sentence.
1, pentatonic sentence
The sentence is flush, the sentence is flush, and the sentence is flush.
2. Seven-syllable sentences
It is flat, and the first and third words are difficult to save: flat, and the sentence is saved as: flat.
What has been described above is only the general situation of the flexibility and difficulty of flat format. Beginners can master the above methods of flexibility and difficulty, and there is already a lot of room for manoeuvre in mastering the peer format. There are some unusual variations, which are relatively rare and belong to individual variations, so I won't describe them in detail. We beginners only need to master the "solitary and difficult to save" commonly used in the topic (1). As for other difficult methods, it is more complicated, so it is best not to dabble in this exercise.
Classical poets' modern poems (metrical poems and quatrains) are generally harmonious. Sometimes it seems illegal, but it is actually saved by flexible rules. Reading modern poetry, learning to write modern poetry, and being familiar with Pingping's flexibility and difficulty will be of great help.
(2) The flat sentence pattern of the metrical sentence (five words: flat, seven words: flat) The third word of the five words and the fifth word of the seven words cannot be flat, otherwise the last three words are flat-voiced "three-tone" which is a taboo in metrical poetry;
(3) French sentences and sentence patterns (five words: flat and flat, seven words: flat and flat) The third word of five words and the fifth word of seven words are like "3"
In a word, the "metrical poem" of modern poetry is a strict metrical poem, which is not allowed to be used in other places except for deviation and difficulty in preservation. It is best for beginners to write completely according to the specification (there will be no awkward sentences in writing according to the specification); After being familiar with it, according to the needs of making sentences and refining sentences, we should appropriately use difficult-to-save, special-shaped and so on.
It is a kind of freedom given to the author by the poetic method, which is equivalent to the "proviso" of the law and is an integral part of the meter. It is conducive to writing fluency and reducing the pain of "cutting your feet to fit your shoes".
* Five-character sentences and seven-character sentences each have a commonly used variant sentence pattern.
1, five words are flat and flat, and the grid is flat and flat. After the grid changes, the flat feet become flat feet. Such as Meng Haoran's "Sleeping in Jiande", "The boat is moving forward in the fog"
2. Seven words are even, and the grid is even. For example, why should a strong flute complain about a willow? Xiao: Rusheng (Wang Zhihuan Liangzhou Ci).
This variant sentence pattern is mostly used by poets in Tang and Song Dynasties. Rhyme is often used at the end of the sentence, and quatrains are used in the third sentence, which makes the whole article neat and changeable, such as koi fish's Double Waves.
When using inflection, we must pay attention to the first word of five words and the third word of seven words, and use a flat voice.