Liangzhu culture is an important ancient culture in Taihu Lake Basin in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Named after Mr Shi, the former West Lake Museum, it was first discovered in Liangzhu Town, Yuhang City on 1936. About 5300-4000 years ago.
After more than half a century of archaeological investigation and excavation, it is preliminarily found that there are more than 50 Liangzhu cultural sites with Mojiaoshan site as the core in Liangzhu, Anxi, Pingyao Town and other places in Yuhang City. Villages, cemeteries, altars and other remains are diverse, rich in connotation, extensive in scope and dense in sites. Since 1980s, high-platform mounds such as Fanshan, Yaoshan and Guanhui Mountain have been combined with the altar sites. The discovery of a large number of tombs dedicated to dignitaries and the discovery of large-scale building sites in Jiao Mo indicate that Liangzhu site has become one of the areas with the largest scale and level to show the history of Chinese civilization for more than 5,000 years, and will become the holy land of oriental civilization.
Experts pointed out that the dawn of Chinese civilization rose from Liangzhu. Liangzhu Site has become one of the areas with the largest scale and level to show the 5,000-year history of civilization in China, and it is the holy land of Chinese nation and oriental civilization.
Archaeological research shows that during the Liangzhu culture period, agriculture has taken the lead in entering the era of ploughing and rice cultivation; Handicraft industry tends to be specialized, especially jade carving industry; The appearance of large-scale jade ritual vessels opened the prelude to the ritual society in China. The division between noble tombs and civilian tombs shows the intensification of social differentiation; The "original writing" on unearthed cultural relics is considered as a prelude to the maturity of China writing.
The "Liangzhu ruins group" distributed in Yuhang is the center of Liangzhu culture. National Cultural Heritage Administration pointed out: Liangzhu site group will become a sacred place to prove the 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization. Liangzhu cultural sites are sites in the late Neolithic period, with a total area of about 34 square kilometers. It has a wide range and rich connotation, with Jiaomoshan site as the center and distributed in more than 50 places. Among them, the Anti-Mountain Mausoleum, Yaoshan Altar and Jiaomo Mountain Earth Pyramid are the most important. There are dense villages, cemeteries, altars and other relics in the ruins group, and a large number of exquisite jade ritual vessels are the most distinctive unearthed objects. The discovery of these relics shows that Liangzhu cultural relics group has become one of the regions with the largest scale and level in confirming the history of Chinese civilization for 5,000 years.
Meaning:
The discovery of Liangzhu cultural site is of great academic value for studying the origin of civilization in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Characteristics, nature and influence
The material culture in Liangzhu culture is very developed, with tripod, bean, dish, double-nose pot, flowing pot, flowing cup, statue and reed as typical vessels, and the jade used for sacrifice is more developed, and the tomb specifications and settlement layout reflect strict grade differences. Liangzhu cultural sites are mainly distributed in Shanghai in the east and Qiantang River in the south. It is bounded by Maoshan Mountain and Tianmu Mountain in the west, south of the Yangtze River near Daning Town in the north, and it is roughly triangular around Taihu Lake, and its sphere of influence reaches eastern Zhejiang, southwestern Zhejiang, southern Anhui, southern China, Shandong and northern Jiangsu.
Liangzhu culture originated from Songze culture, and the main body of Liangzhu culture declined rapidly due to the failure of northward advancement and floods. People and city sites in Liangzhu culture can be displayed. Judging from the characteristics of social form, the third phase of Liangzhu culture has entered the primitive civilized society. Liangzhu culture stimulated the great development of primitive civilization in the Central Plains, brought about drastic changes, and finally formed a prosperous early civilization in China. In the etiquette system of Xia and Shang civilization, the characters of Cong and Yue and the face of God, man and beast all come from Liangzhu cultural factors.
Hongshan Culture
Inner Mongolia Institute of Archaeology has discovered a large settlement site in Hongshan Culture 6000 years ago during the ongoing rescue archaeological excavation of Laoniucaogou site along Chifeng-Daban-Baicheng Railway. It is reported that this is the first time since Hongshan Culture was discovered in Chifeng Hongshan on 1935 that such a settlement site in Hongshan Culture, Fiona Fang, with pure cultural level, relatively complete preservation and rows of houses and an area of15000m2, has been discovered in Inner Mongolia.
According to Yang Chunyi, the leader of the archaeological team in charge of the excavation of the site, this village, which covers an area of about10.5 million square meters, has excavated an area of about 800 square meters. At present, 4 early complete houses and 26 ash pits in Hongshan Culture have been cleared. Six repairable complete pottery and 10 stone tools were unearthed. There are two kinds of pottery: argillaceous pottery and sand-mixed pottery. The decorative patterns are carved, rubbed, serrated and mat.
According to Ji Ping, director of the First Research Office of Inner Mongolia Institute of Archaeology, most of the past site excavations were accompanied by Hongshan Culture and other types of culture. A simple Hongshan Culture site similar to the site of Laoniucaogou was discovered for the first time. The age of Laoniucaogou site is in the early and middle period of Hongshan Culture. It is worth noting that the site of Laoniucaogou being excavated is only 5km away from the site of "China Yilong" Sai Chintala Gacha Hongshan Culture unearthed in Chaowendusumu, Wengniute Banner in197/.
Experts believe that the discovery of the site of Laoniucao further confirms the way of life and residence of human beings during the period of "Hongshan Culture", as well as the state of production, economy and culture and the degree of civilization at that time. It is of great academic value to know the cultural connotation, distribution and age of Hongshan Culture.
☆ ☆ Hongshan Culture ☆ ☆.
Hongshan Culture was named after its first discovery in Hongshan, Chifeng. It is centered on the Xilamulun River and the Laoha River Basin, with a distribution area of 200,000 square kilometers, which is about five or six thousand years ago and lasts for two thousand years. The social form of Hongshan Culture is in the heyday of matriarchal clan society, and the main social structure is tribal groups linked by female blood groups. Agriculture is the main economic form, and animal husbandry, fishing and hunting coexist. Its remains are Neolithic culture, including unique painted pottery and serrated pottery, as well as microliths.
Hongshan Culture is an excellent culture with vitality and creativity, which is produced by the collision between Yangshao culture in the Central Plains and grassland culture in the West Liaohe River Basin. Its connotation is very rich, and the handicraft industry has reached a very high stage, forming a distinctive pottery decorative art and a highly developed jade-making technology. Painted pottery in Hongshan Culture is mostly clay sculpture, with red and black pottery, rich patterns and vivid and simple shapes. Jade products are polished, with smooth surface, glittering and translucent brightness and great charm, and are developing towards specialization, systematization and standardization. Up to now, there are nearly 100 pieces of jade unearthed in Hongshan Culture, among which the big jade pig-headed dragon, with curly body and high snout, is a masterpiece of Hongshan culture jade, and the earliest dragon-shaped jade unearthed in China at present, which is known as "the best in the world". Chifeng is called the hometown of dragons, because there are many jade unearthed in Chifeng. Hongshan Culture's ancestors should be descendants of dragons.
Which dynasty was related to the Yellow River: Xia and Shang.
Heluo culture, Huaxia culture, Huaxia culture and Han culture.
Heluo culture is one of the important sources of Chinese culture, which refers to the regional culture produced in Heluo area and is the mainstream culture of the Chinese nation.
Heluo culture refers to the culture of ancient Heluo area in China. Heluo region refers to the southern bank of Tongguan-Zhengzhou section of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, Luoshui, Yishui and Songshan areas, including Dengfeng in the upper reaches of Shui Ying, generally including the area between 34 and 35 north latitude and110 east longitude, that is, today's western Henan region. Heluo area is bounded by Fangshan and Funiu Mountain in the south, the Yellow River in the north, Qinling and Guanzhong Plain in the west, Yudong Plain in the east, Youyan in the north and Jianghuai in the south. It is the "world" (historical records of Zhou Benji) and the so-called "China" (inscription of He Zun in the Western Zhou Dynasty), which is the transportation center of ancient China.
The appearance of characters is the most important sign that ancient human society entered the civilized era.
Hutuluo Book is the beginning of Chinese civilization. The Book of Changes says, "Rivers draw pictures, Luo writes books, and saints write them." The Analects of Confucius says, "If the phoenix does not arrive, the river will not draw." In the Chronicle of Bamboo Books, it is said that the Yellow Emperor built an altar in Heluo and got a book of dragons and turtles.
Taiji diagram is a natural phenomenon at the intersection of the Yellow River and Luohe River, because Taiji diagram is like a whirlpool formed by the intersection of the Yellow River and Luohe River. Through this natural phenomenon, the Terran Fuxi created Tai Chi and Eight Diagrams.
Heluo culture created by ancestors in Heluo area is the core and birthplace of Yellow River civilization represented by Central Plains culture. Heluo culture is the cradle of Chinese civilization and the main body of China's traditional culture for thousands of years, so Heluo culture occupies a very important position in the ancient cultural history of China.
The cultural accumulation in Heluo area is heavy, and famous artists come forth in large numbers. This is the birthplace of the book of Hutuluo. People who study the Book of Changes seek roots and worship their ancestors. Which one can't get to the confluence of Heluo? This is the birthplace of Shaolin Boxing, Tai Ji Chuan, Track Boxing and Qijia Boxing. People who want to learn martial arts really have nothing to ask for.
Relying on the advantages of resources, establish Heluo Forum, inherit civilization, innovate and develop!
Heluo culture is the core culture of the Chinese nation
The Chinese national culture we usually talk about now is a multi-ethnic culture with the Han nationality as the main body within the territory of China today. A large number of archaeological discoveries and ancient documents show that Huaxia culture is the mother culture of Han culture and Chinese culture. Huaxia culture mainly comes from China's early Xia-Shang culture and its more ancient Longshan culture. Years of archaeological discoveries and research have confirmed that the Longshan culture in Henan is Xia Wen.
The direct source of cultural formation. Heluo area is an important distribution area of Longshan culture in Henan Province. In this regard, Heluo area can be said to be the birthplace of Xia culture and Huaxia culture and the core area of its formation and development, and it can also be said to be the birthplace of Chinese culture and Chinese national culture in later generations.
At the beginning of the 20th century, a large number of Oracle bones were unearthed in Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan. A group of scholars, represented by Wang Guowei, tried their best to interpret Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and proved that Yin Ruins really belonged to the capital of the late Shang Dynasty by using the "double-certificate method" combining underground unearthed cultural relics with ancient historical documents. Sima Qian's Historical Records Yin Benji is basically credible about the history of Shang Dynasty.
In 1950s, Henan archaeologists discovered Erligang Site in Zhengzhou City, belonging to the early Shang Dynasty. Decades of field archaeological work has confirmed that Erligang site is a large-scale city site in the early Shang Dynasty, including huge city walls, numerous palace building sites, important handicraft workshop sites, and some unearthed "heavy objects"-large bronze ritual vessels. This shows that this site is not an ordinary large-scale city site, but should be one of the early capital sites of Shang Dynasty. In the early 1980s, when the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences cooperated with the capital construction of shouyangshan Power Plant, a well-preserved early Shang Dynasty city site was discovered in Yanshi County and Tazhuang area. Since then, archaeology has discovered the ruins of Miyagi and many palace buildings, excavated the walls and scope of "small towns" and "big cities", excavated the ruins of city gates, warehouses and some handicraft sites, and cleaned up some tombs. Through in-depth, comprehensive and systematic archaeological research on these rich archaeological materials, it is proved that the site of Yanshi Mall is the same as that of Zhengzhou Mall in the early Shang Dynasty, and Yanshi Mall is still the earliest known site of Miyagi and Guo Cheng in China. The archaeological discovery and research of Zhengzhou Shopping Mall and Yanshi Shopping Mall solved the problems of the early Shang Dynasty from archaeology, and made the late Shang civilization of Anyang Yin Ruins find its source in Heluo area.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, archaeologists discovered a large architectural site in Erlitou Village, Yanshi, Henan, which was earlier than the Shang Dynasty site in Anyang and later than the Longshan culture in Henan. Later, dozens of large rammed earth building sites were discovered here, and archaeologists comprehensively excavated the first and second large building sites and other palace building sites. Research shows that this is the earliest known ancient palace building site in China. In addition, the ruins of the city wall around this large rammed earth complex were also found in Erlitou site, and the preliminary study confirmed that this is the remains of Miyagi around the palace complex. Within the scope of Erlitou site, bronze handicraft workshops, noble tombs, important bronze ritual vessels and jade articles were also found. The above archaeological findings confirm that Erlitou site, which is later than Longshan culture in Henan, is not only earlier than Yinxu site in Anyang, but also earlier than Zhengzhou Mall site and Yanshi Mall site. Accordingly, the academic circles generally believe that Erlitou culture named after Erlitou site is "Xia culture". Erlitou site is not only an important and typical "Erlitou culture" site, but also the capital site of Xia Dynasty, which is called "Xia Site" in historical documents. It is precisely because of the archaeological discovery and research of Erlitou site in Yanshi that not only the capital site in the late summer was confirmed, but also the historical position of Heluo area in the origin, formation and early development of ancient civilization in China was more prominent.
Xia and Shang Kingdom in Heluo area is an early kingdom in the ancient history of China. Within the scope of China in the same period, no kingdom had a greater and more important influence on the development of ancient history of China than Xia and Shang Dynasties. It is the key to implement the "Tracing Project" of China ancient civilization to find the archaeological culture that directly produced Xia and Shang civilizations. Field archaeology reveals that Heluo Longshan culture is the mother culture of Xia culture.
In recent years, in the study of the origin and formation of ancient civilization in China, due to the new archaeological discoveries of Liangzhu culture in Hongshan Culture, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places in western Liaoning, a multi-regional and pluralistic theory of the origin and formation of ancient civilization in China has become popular, but the key role of Heluo region in the origin and formation of ancient civilization in China has been ignored. In my opinion, archaeological culture and ancient civilization are not equal in academic concept, and the "diversity" of the origin and formation of ancient civilization cannot be deduced because of the differences of archaeological culture in different places. The development of some archaeological cultures reflects the transition from prehistoric times to "civilization", and even the formation of civilization and the emergence of a country can be seen from it. However, most archaeological cultures are "assimilated" and "melted" by advanced archaeological cultures along with the "civilization" process of social history, and a few archaeological cultures tend to be "petrified". In this regard, modern ethnological materials can provide many vivid examples. The historical path of the origin and formation of ancient civilization in China basically follows the above-mentioned historical development process. In recent years, some scholars have suggested that in the process of "civilizing" the ancient history of China, different archaeological cultures and social groups in different regions have basically entered the era of "civilizing" at the same time or slightly successively, forming a situation of "various nationalities" and "various nationalities". However, whether these "nations" and "countries" are really thousands of "countries" in the scientific sense is still a major academic topic that needs further study. As scientific common sense, these "nationalities" and "nationalities" could not have the same influence on the Chinese civilization represented by Xia and Shang Dynasties. In other words, even if the "nationalities" and "nationalities" cultures at that time had an impact on the Xia culture in Heluo area, the Xia culture and Huaxia civilization formed in Heluo area could not have been created by "civilizations" outside Heluo area. This is because the newly discovered archaeological data in recent years show that Xia culture originated from Longshan culture in Heluo area, which means that Xia culture is basically a "native" archaeological culture in Heluo area. We admit that Hongshan Culture and Liangzhu culture have played different roles in the development of archaeological culture in the Central Plains and Heluo region at the same time and later, but the source of the formation and early development of ancient civilization in Heluo region can only be Longshan culture in Henan, not Hongshan Culture or Liangzhu culture, and not other archaeological cultures outside the Central Plains. Therefore, we believe that from the perspective of exploring the origin of ancient civilization in China, Xia culture originated directly from Longshan culture in Heluo area; Judging from the development of China's ancient history after Xia Dynasty, Longshan culture and Xia culture in Heluo area are the core cultures that gave birth to Chinese civilization, Han culture and Han culture.