Relationship between Poetry Appreciation and Scenery

The relationship between scenery and emotion in classical poetry is "the classic of emotion". This is what was said in Wen Xin Diao Long. Cai Qing ". Therefore, it is hard for us to imagine what kind of form art without feelings will be. For poetry, especially lyric poetry, the expression of feelings is more important and direct. The lyricism of China's classical poems generally falls into two categories: direct lyricism and indirect lyricism. Indirect lyricism is often used in lyric poetry. The arrangement and design of emotion and scenery in poetry, or painting emotion by scenery, or writing emotion by scenery, or sending affection to things, or sending affection to scenery, or melting into scenery, or melting into scenery, so scenery gives birth to emotion, emotion gives birth to scenery, emotion gives birth to scenery, emotion gives birth to scenery, emotion has scenery, and emotion is outside the scenery, reaching the poetic realm of blending scenery and touch. Distinguish the structural relationship between emotion and scenery: 1. Scenery precedes emotion and expresses emotion by scenery (lyric by scenery). When a poet feels something about a scene or an objective thing, he puts his feelings and thoughts in this scene and expresses them by describing this scene and this thing. This lyric way is called borrowing scenery or borrowing things to express feelings. In China's ancient poems, pines, bamboos, plums, orchids, rocks, streams, deserts, ancient roads, border crossings, sunset, jathyapple, cool breeze, drizzle and weeds are often the objects for poets to express their feelings. Some lyric poems about scenery do not take the scenery described as the main body of the poem, but focus on expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings arising from the scenery described, and even describe the poet's thoughts and feelings arising from touching the scenery, shaping the poet's own image, creating artistic conception and expressing the theme. For example, Bodhisattva Man, written by Xin Qiji after stoma in Ganzhou, remembers the old shame of the country in the face of the flowing water of the Ganjiang River and laments the difficulties of the country: how many pedestrians shed tears under the fishing drum platform in Qingjiang River. Looking at Chang 'an in the northwest, there are countless poor mountains. Castle peak can't cover up, after all, it flows east. In the evening, the river is gloomy and there are partridges in the mountains. When I first saw the flowing water of the Ganjiang River under Yugu stage, I couldn't help thinking of the southern nomads who invaded and killed the people in exile. I feel that the flowing water is full of the blood and tears of the exiled people. Combined with the scenery, express your thoughts and feelings: "Looking at Chang 'an in the northwest, lamenting countless mountains", lamenting that great rivers and mountains are still occupied by the enemy; Castle peak can't be covered, after all, it flows eastward. "There are patriots in grief and indignation, and it is difficult to pull down the country; The river is worried at night, and the mountain is deeply aware of the partridge. "It's really hard to worry about state affairs. It can be seen that the poet's inner image is national humiliation and worrying about the country and the people, creating a gloomy and boundless artistic conception and expressing his deep patriotic feelings and resentment towards the corrupt and incompetent rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty. Another example is Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain: the wind whimpers from the vast sky, and birds fly home to the clear lake and white beach. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. I came from three thousand miles away. Sadness has been ill for more than a hundred years now and in autumn. Hardship, pain, hatred, heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. The first four sentences of this poem describe the scenery, and the last four sentences are lyrical, promising, affectionate and integrated. The whole poem is full of energy and emotion. The intention is tortuous, but the airflow is exhausted. When the poet faces the vast river, he can hear the cries of apes in his ears, see the birds inhabiting infinitely, the Yangtze River rolling and the trees falling, how can he not arouse the poet's sense of life experience? In the last four poems, the poet condensed the new worries and old hatreds, and the uneven levels were full of hundreds of words. Looking back at the first four sentences from the last four sentences, we can see that the whole poem is harmonious and seamless. Love is the love in the scene, and the scene is the scene that should be in love. Liu Xizai's "Introduction to Art" said that "elegant people are deeply impressed, and they use the scenery to express their feelings. If you don't talk about the scenery, it's just spring and winter. What's the point? "This kind of language seems ordinary, but it is essentially from a new perspective, emphasizing that poetry creation must express abstract feelings in time and space with concrete scenery, which has a high theoretical generality and conforms to Eliot's theory of' objective correspondence' or' things should be right'. Second, love the scenery first, and use the scenery to settle the feelings. " Situational language is used to knot feelings "(Song, Zhang Yan) is one of the important structural ways of classical poetry. The so-called "bonding feelings with scenery" is to use "scenery" to convey, refract and imply (metaphorically) the author's feelings, sustenance and ambitions, that is, to bond "affection" with "taking things". The advantage of this is that the image is implicit and chewy. Such as (Ming) "This is the way it is": "What is the extreme feeling of Chu, Qin's death is not fair. Magnificent and clear, the setting sun is bright. I will pay for my family and country, and I will fight to the death. Hu Weiwei has always hated it, and he has been near the city for a month. "One of the three poems directly expresses the ambition of resisting the enemy and rejuvenating the country. The other two poems describe the tragic scenes of heroes, and the scenes blend together to form a unique series of poems, which is the most convenient to express the poet's inner sadness and unforgettable hatred for his home country. At the end of the article, the feeling of "a bright moon approaching the city" is more poetic, which seems to combine the poet's ambition to save the country with the hatred of his home country, and the noble spirit permeates between heaven and earth. Another example is Li Yi's Bianhe Qu, and the conclusion is that "the wind blows flowers and worries about killing people". With flowers floating in the wind and flying all over the sky, he conveyed the author's deep historical and political feelings about reality. In the conclusion of Yuan Zhen's "Wen Letian Awarded Jiangzhou Sima", the author's feelings of regret, resentment and grief are all contained in the situational language, which is implicit and obscure. It is indeed "the feeling of life experience, the worries of the monarch and the minister, hidden in it." "Another example is Fang Ting, a man from the Qin Dynasty:" The mountain wipes Wei Yun, the sky sticks to grass, and the horn sounds like a broken door. Suspend the collection, talk about * * * drinking. How many Penglai past events, empty looking back, misty. Outside the sunset, Western jackdaw in the west counts, and the water flows around the lonely village. Ecstasy! At this time, the sachet is dark and the ribbon is light. Winning a brothel is lucky in name only. When can I see you here? There are tears on the sleeves and in the air. At the injured place, the high city looks broken and the lights are dusk. "The word" injury "in the next film evokes the last two sentences:" Be careful in Gaocheng. The lights are dusk. "These nine words are famous sentences that combine emotion and scenery. They are what the ship saw in the river, suggesting that the passage of time echoes the opening two sentences, showing the speed of parting. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Shen Yi floating in Yuefu Finger Fan said: "Every sentence should be put out, with endless meanings, and it is best to knot feelings with scenes. "The conclusion of the above poem is far-reaching and intriguing. Three, into the scene (empathy into the scene), the scene into the scene is to melt feelings into specific natural scenery or life scenes, through the description of these natural scenery or scenes to express feelings. It is an indirect and implicit lyric way, which can also be called "empathy into the play". This kind of poem, literally speaking, is about scenery, but actually about love, just like Wang Guowei said, "All scenery words are love words. In the history of literature, there are many excellent articles that integrate emotion and scenery, achieving the unity of scenery and water. Sailing alone in the blue sky, I can see the Yangtze River flowing in the sky. " (Tang, Li Bai, "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou") The whole poem says nothing about parting, fireworks are full of sorrow, lonely sails carry regrets, parting is endless like the Yangtze River and parting is endless like the blue sky. Emotion contains scenery and images, which has infinite artistic charm. Du Mu's "Jiangnan Spring" is also a classic that has always been praised by people. "Thousands of miles of warblers crow green and reflect red, and the flag wind of fruit wine in Shuizhai Mountain. Four hundred and eighty halls in southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy. "When we read this poem, we first came into contact with the beautiful scenery of nature in the south of the Yangtze River and the bustling scene of people's life in spring, which can be said to be the first meaning contained in the work; Next, the Buddhist temple in the misty rain reminds people of the futility and stupidity of the rulers of the Southern Dynasties who wasted manpower, material resources and financial resources to teach Shinto, causing ridicule and forming the second meaning of the works; From the legacy of temples and the disappearance of dynasties, the feelings of historical rise and fall are born, which is the third meaning; Finally, it is another meaning to think about the rise and fall of the dynasty in connection with the eternity of nature and human life, and then realize a certain philosophy of life. In just four sentences, there are such complicated thoughts and feelings, which germinate layer by layer and get deeper and deeper. The poem adopts the method of blending feelings into the scenery, and the multi-level meanings are all contained in the characteristic scenery (such as the spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, the social economy in the village and the wine flag in the country, and the temple tower as a witness of the abuse and decline of the previous dynasty, all of which have distinct characteristics). The content is complex and profound, and the lyric is euphemistic and implicit. The example of integrating feelings into the scene is not limited to the scene fusion throughout, but more is the scene fusion in one sentence. For example, Li Bai's Sitting Alone in Jingting Mountain: "Seeing each other late, only Jingting Mountain" conveys the poet's inner loneliness and unspeakable loneliness. Du Fu's "Spring Hope": "The petals have been like tears, and the lonely bird has sung grief. "It's not that flowers and birds are not cute, but that the poet is concerned about the country and the people, so it's said that' tears in flowers' and' birds are surprised',' sense of time' and' hate farewell' are written about feelings. There are scenes, feelings and scenes in one sentence. Another example is the Song Dynasty's Du Dayu Ling: "The soul follows the southern birds, and the tears follow the northern flowers. "The poet compares his feelings of exile in Lingnan to geese flying south, and expresses homesickness with plum blossoms on the ridge. Another example is Li Bai's "Early Autumn in Taiyuan": "The dream goes around the border town and the heart flies to the old country building. "The first sentence is about the feeling of being a guest in the border city of Taiyuan, and the second sentence is about the feeling of missing a new home and settling down. Poetry with a blend of scenes makes people feel as if they are in their own place and feel the same. The scenery is limited and the feelings are infinite, and the finite and infinite are unified. Fortunately, it is "near and not taking, far and inexhaustible." This can often be done as Mei said: "The scenery that is difficult to write is like now, and there are endless opinions", "The author has his heart and the viewer knows", thus realizing the beauty brought by creation and appreciation. Distinguish the internal relationship between emotion and scenery 1. Emotion, scenery and scenery are positively corresponding. In poetry, beautiful scenery is used to express happy mood, while sentimental scenery is used to express inner sadness. (1) Appreciate Syaraku's love for Meng Jiao's After Graduation: "It used to be not boastful enough, but now it is debauchery. Spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease, and you can see Chang' an flowers in one day. " The last two sentences of the poem vividly describe the poet's high spirits and express his triumphant pride. The beauty of these two sentences lies in emotion and scenery, which vividly depicts the poet's proud scene of galloping on Chang 'an Road with blooming spring flowers. (Song) In "The Song of the Wind (The Wine Shop)": "Long spring fee, drunk by the lake every day. Yu Qian used to know West Lake Road and was arrogant in front of the restaurant. Singing and dancing in the fragrance of red apricots, swinging in the green Yang Ying. The spring breeze is ten miles beautiful, and the flowers on the head are biased. The original boat carries the spring home, and I pay for the lake smoke. Help the drunkard tomorrow and find the flowers on strangers. " It says here that when the spring is bright, among the apricot blossoms and poplars, tourists take a boat trip, drink, sing and dance. Let readers fully feel the joy of spring outing. (2) Write a sad story with a sad scene. Liu Zongyuan's "The fig leaves in Liuzhou have fallen": "The official feels sad, and the spring is half-autumn. The mountain city is full of rain, and the banyan trees are full of leaves. " Liu Zongyuan's My Topic is a work that combines things with my feelings. When the poet wrote this poem, as a guest, he was far away in a foreign land, with an independent courtyard and a bunch of feelings. In February of spring, the poet saw the unusual autumn scenery, and his poems "follow things" and "swim with the heart". The world in the eyes is in harmony with the sad and confused feelings in the heart. (Tang) Jiang Wei's "Title of Jinling Map": The rain falls on the river and the grass is neat, and the birds in the Six Dynasties are like dreams. Ruthlessness is a willow in Taicheng, but it is still a smoke cage. When the poet saw the rain and grass growing in the river, he saw a desolate and declining scene, and he was very sad to think that the luxury of the Six Dynasties had passed like a dream. But when he came to Taicheng, he saw that ten miles away, the spring was bright, catkins were flying and smoke cages were lingering. He thinks that the natural scenery is still so beautiful, and the personnel are all wrong. The glory of the past is gone forever, and there is another sadness. Therefore, this little poem has both background and contrast. In this way, the combination of the two enhances the appeal and effect of the poem, which is a very successful work. (Song) Fan Zhongyan's "Fisherman's Passion" (Qiu Si): "The scenery in Qiu Lai is different, and Hengyang geese leave inadvertently. The four sides are connected with each other. Thousands of miles away, the long smoke closes. A glass of turbid wine is Wan Li's home, but Ran Yan hasn't come home yet. The pipe strength is covered with frost. People are not sleepy, and the general has white hair and tears. " At that time, Fan Zhongyan was sent to Yan 'an to guard the border and defend Xixia. This word is his personal experience. Xiaxia, Autumn, Biansheng, Zhang Qian, Long Smoke, Sunset, Lonely City and Guanqiang are all bleak and bleak, full of cold air. What you have seen and heard gives people a sad feeling. The general and the recruiter left home in Wan Li, and when they saw the geese flying beyond the Great Wall, they heard the sad sound and Qiang Guan, hoping for a great victory. However, if the war situation has not progressed for a long time, it is inevitable to miss my hometown and dream of my wife and children. Patriotism and strong homesickness are intertwined, which constitutes their complex and contradictory feelings. The sad scenes written in the ci fully fit people's ambivalence at that time, and the scenes blended, making the artistic conception of the whole ci desolate and tragic. Second, the contrast between emotion and scenery (1) Write sadness in music scenes. In China's classical poems, the scenery he wrote sometimes contrasts psychology from a negative angle, and he uses the contradiction between sadness and its instantaneous beautiful atmosphere to write sadness in music scenes, but it can receive good artistic effects. Such as Yuan Zhen Palace: In the faded old palace, the peony is red, but no one comes to see it. Several white-haired footmen were sitting around talking about the emperor of the Tang Dynasty. This poem uses this technique. What the poem wants to express is a sad mood, but it deliberately depicts the red palace flower. Red flowers usually show lively scenes and set off happy emotions, but they play an important role in setting off here: the blooming red flowers set off sparse palaces and strengthen the sense of ups and downs that change with time; The red flowers in spring set off the white hair of ladies-in-waiting, showing the feelings of life that beauty is easy to get old; The beauty of safflower contrasts with the sad mood, which highlights the sad mood of the maid-in-waiting being confined. Red flowers have played a great role here. This is to use the contradiction between good scenery and bad mood to highlight the central idea, that is, Wang Fuzhi's "Jiang Zhai Shi Hua" said "writing sorrow with joy", which doubled his sorrow. Bai Juyi's "Shang Yang White Haired Man", "Gong Ying is worried about happiness, and Yan Liang is jealous in both places", which can also be said to be based on happiness. However, Bai Juyi's writing directly reveals the contradiction between music and sadness, while Yuan Zhen's Palace is a more subtle contrast with music and has more aftertaste. In addition, such as Qin Guan's Millennium: "Outside the sand by the water, the spring city is cold. Liu Ying's flowers, the lightness turns, are heard too fast and too thin. Oh, wandering alone, worrying that the wine is getting thinner, it is rare to get drunk. Missing day after day, body and mind have been burned to ashes. Recalling yesterday's Xichihui, Heron Qi Fei. Hand in hand, who is here today? Ah, the ship goes around the sun and the moon, and the dream is broken, only the bronze mirror, and the blushing face is gone. Spring goes and spring comes, flying red like the sea. " The last two sentences are written in the form of flowers shaking warblers, which are vivid and accurate. The words "chaos" and "broken" are used to describe many flowers, but also convey the confusion and vacillation of the poet's mood. It can be said that writing sad feelings with happy scenes gives people a sad feeling. Du Fu's quatrains: "The Jiangbi birds are too white, and the mountains are blue and white. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " The whole poem expresses the feeling of being stranded in a foreign land. The poet reveals the sadness of homesickness through the fresh and beautiful description of spring scenery, and expresses the sadness with music scenes, which has a unique charm. (2) Mourning Syaraku's feelings and "Mourning Syaraku" are rare in both poetry and music. This is probably because, in the old days, literati "often disliked things" and were sentimental when they were sad about the scenery, so they wrote a lot of sad autumn works; Rarely in high spirits. Too much is boring, and even forms a cliche. Therefore, "mourning for Syaraku often gives people a strong sense of freshness". "The setting sun is still strong, and the autumn wind is sick. There are old horses in ancient times, so there is no need to travel long distances. " (Du Fu's Jianghan) Sunset and autumn wind are a bleak feeling, but they are metaphors of the poet in his later years. The metaphor of "old horse" is used to express the spirit of actively entering the WTO and the feelings of being old and strong. A certain grandeur and heroism, with the help of the contrast of mourning, is not enough to double the brilliance. Wang Wei's work on the fortress: "Outside Juyan, Tianjiao is hunted, white grass burns wild, horses are driven when the clouds are empty, and autumn sculptures are shot in the plains." These are the first four sentences of the law poem. When writing about the Xiongnu, the "favored son of heaven" in the Western Han Dynasty, they were shooting and demonstrating outside the Great Wall with white grass and sunset on the wasteland, and the sad scene was very bitter. But don't start the world: "protect the captain of Qiang, ride over obstacles and break the general Lu's crossing Liao at night." The jade target angle bows and beads to rein in the horse, and the Han family gives a prostitute. " These last four sentences are about the high morale, heroic style and lofty spirit of the border guards, which are encouraging and have no sadness at all. However, such lofty sentiments are reflected by the sad scene in front of us. The more desolate the scene, the more indomitable heroism can be reflected. If it is sunny and the spring breeze is calm, it will not set off the grandeur of the weather. Sad scenes are especially used to set off some lofty sentiments. Yesterday, I left, and the willows were reluctant; The road is muddy and difficult to walk, and people are thirsty and hungry. "One or two sentences written in the music scene, three or four sentences written in the music scene, Syaraku's feelings are sad, the scene is a strong conflict, so the interest in music and sadness is more meaningful and far-reaching, intriguing. Wang Fuzhi's "Jiang Zhai Shi Hua" said: "Although there are differences between the heart and the object, the scenery gives birth to feelings, and the feelings give birth to the scenery, ... hiding each other's homes. "The scenery hides and houses each other, that is, the feelings are in the scenery, and the feelings are in the scenery. The former writes scenes suitable for expressing the poet's feelings, so that the feelings are hidden in the scenery; The latter does not write in abstraction, but hides the scenery in writing. Xie Zhen in the Ming Dynasty said in "Poems of Four Things": "Poetry is based on emotion and scenery. ..... scenery is the medium of poetry, and emotion is the embryo of poetry, which is combined into poetry. "Therefore, although the relationship between emotion and scenery has many forms, it is actually integrated. Only when they are integrated with each other can they be called' poetry', which is the high realm pursued by poets in past dynasties.