Among the types of literary works, realistic literature bears the brunt, and realistic literature is a literary state that pays attention to reproducing objective facts in a realistic way. Its most important and basic characteristics are reproducibility and fidelity. Reproduction refers to a realistic description or simulation of external objective reality. It requires literature to base itself on reality and face reality directly. Realism means that literary works should be based on objective reality and reproduce the contradictions and essential laws of reality. For example, Lu Yao's Ordinary World is a typical realistic literary work. Ordinary World is set in China from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s. Through complicated contradictions and entanglements, centering on Sun Shaoan and Sun Shaoping, it depicts the images of many ordinary people at all levels of society at that time, including labor and love, frustration and pursuit, pain and joy, daily life and huge social conflicts. .......
Ordinary World is a literary work that eulogizes ordinary workers in a warm and realistic way. It has a high degree of humanity, and Lu Yao turned suffering into spiritual power. There are many writers who describe suffering in the new period, but few writers really turn suffering into a spiritual motivation, and Lu Yao is one of them. Lu Yao's Ordinary World also fully embodies the reality and vividness of the society, vividly portrays and simulates the objective reality in the past ten years, makes the readers live in the scene, vividly depicts the realistic contradictions at that time, and embodies the basic and main characteristics of realistic works.
Secondly, in literary works, what needs to be described is ideal literature, which is a literary state that focuses on expressing subjective ideals in a direct lyric way. Its basic works are expressive and illusory, which are basically contrary to realistic works. Realistic literature is based on reality and highlights reproducibility, while idealistic literature transcends reality and highlights expressiveness, with obvious idealism. Realistic literature realizes the true description of objective things by realistic methods, while idealistic literature makes full use of exaggeration, deformation and fiction, and does not seek the truth of appearance, but follows the logic of emotion and pursues the truth of emotion.
For example, Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Into the Wine", but I didn't see how the water of the Yellow River moved out of heaven and into the ocean, never to return, and I looked not far from the Yellow River, so I looked up and was full of interest. The Yellow River has a long history and a great gap, such as falling from the sky, spilling thousands of miles and entering the sea eastward. Such a magnificent sight is absolutely invisible to the naked eye. The author is a fictional artistic conception with exaggerated words. The first sentence describes that the river is coming and unstoppable, and the second sentence describes that the river is gone and irreversible. Li Bai's Into the Wine expresses the poet's feelings by expressing his mind directly. Li Bai directly expressed his broad-minded, optimistic and confident spirit and anger at social reality with bold language, instead of quietly hiding his feelings. Moreover, Li Bai has excavated all the materials that can be seen in life, and the water flowing through the Yellow River has been treated, giving it a unique exaggerated and distorted color.
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Finally, symbolic literature, which is a literary state that pays attention to aesthetic implication in a suggestive way. Scott's basic characteristics are suggestibility and obscurity. Symbolic literature is somewhat different from literary works. Implicitly speaking, realistic literature focuses on reproducing reality, idealistic literature focuses on expressing emotions, and symbolic literature focuses on containing some connotation beyond its original meaning. Moreover, symbolic literature is also hazy, and its indirect expression makes it hazy to some extent. Vagueness means that words contain a variety of uncertain meanings. Symbol is the comparison between abstract things and concrete things, and its meaning is implied by essence.
For example, Kafka's Metamorphosis, in this work, the author mainly describes the intensification of competition, the weakening of feelings and the deterioration of relations between people, that is, this relationship is absurd and difficult to communicate. Kafka didn't just explain the facts through novels, but rebelled against the world and pursued the perfection of human nature. It implies the social environment, economic depression, social unrest and people's lives in dire straits in the West at that time. A dark reality, a painful life. Kafka's artistic technique embodies the suggestibility and obscurity embodied in symbolic works, better embodies the typicality of symbolic literary works and better reveals people's inner world.
In addition, Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, eunice's The Bald Singer and Shu Ting's To the Oak all embody the basic characteristics of symbolism literature.
The basic genre of literary works is determined by the different structural forms of the discourse system of literary works, and literary works form basic genres such as poetry, novel, drama, prose and reportage.
Poetry is a literary genre with concise words, jumping structure, rich rhythm, highly concentrated reflection of life and expression of thoughts and feelings. Poetry can be divided into lyric and narrative poetry, metrical poetry and free verse. The basic characteristics of poetry are conciseness, jumping and musicality. Poems such as Mulan Ci and The Past reflect conciseness and jumping, while Du Fu's Spring Watch and Du Mu's Letter to Han Chu, Yangzhou Magistrate, reflect the level and rhythm of poetry, its musicality and rhythm.
Novel is a literary style that focuses on portraying characters and narrating story plots. Novels can be divided into novels, novellas and short stories, classical Chinese novels and vernacular novels, etc. The basic characteristics of the novel are: the characterization is thorough and meticulous, the plot narrative is complete and complex, and the environmental description is concrete and sufficient.
The three elements of a novel are plot, characters and environment. First of all, describing the characters is a remarkable feature of the novel. Poetry and prose can write characters or not, and novels must write characters. Secondly, the plot is closely related to the characters, which is the history of their development. Finally, environmental description is an important means to set off characters and show stories. For example, in A Dream of Red Mansions, there is a psychological description, which goes step by step and is always careful for fear of being laughed at by others. There are also portraits depicting physical cowardice, natural romance, sentimentality and weakness. And the language description of the four books I just read-recognize a few words. My aunt loves to feed me, so she shouldn't have resigned. There are many novels such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms by The Journey to the West, which all embody the basic features of the novels.
The second is the script, which is a kind of contradictory genre that reflects contradictions and conflicts by means of characters' lines. Scripts can be divided into tragedy, comedy and drama; According to the times, it can also be divided into one-act drama and whole drama. Its basic characteristics are: concentrating on reflecting real life, concentrating on expressing contradictions and conflicts, and promoting dramatic actions with characters' lines. The basic characteristics of the script are concentrated reflection of real life, concentrated expression of contradictions and conflicts, and promotion of dramatic actions with characters' lines. For example, Li Yu's Love with Fate emphasizes the simplification of structure and the concentrated reflection of real life, and works such as Liuxiang Companion, Kite Wrong and Meaning all reflect the basic characteristics of the script.
There is also prose, which can be divided into broad prose and narrow prose. Prose in a broad sense includes all literary works except poetry, as well as general scientific works, papers and applied articles. Prose in a narrow sense, that is, prose in the literary sense, refers to a literary style that is juxtaposed with poetry, novels and plays, including lyric prose, narrative prose, essays and travel notes. Literary prose is a literary genre with a wide range of subjects, flexible structure and emphasis on expressing true feelings and situations. Its basic characteristics are: wide and diverse themes, free and flexible structure, and expressing true feelings.
For example, "Flowers at Morning" is the only collection of Lu Xun's essays, and it is the text of Mr. Lu Xun's recollection of his early life. However, "the relationship between a writer's life and his works is not a simple causal relationship", and this work has a deeper and broader significance in terms of the content and emotion of the work, as well as the creative background and creative techniques. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the extra-textual meaning of "Morning Flowers and Evening Picks" from the perspective of the author's creation. Fun-filled herb garden, simple and rigorous study, kind and cordial Chang, and even honest and enthusiastic foreign teachers, these childhood memories have always fascinated the author, and also made every reader have a basic understanding of Flowers in the Morning-warm memories. Moreover, "Flowers in the Morning and Flowers in the Evening" also embodies all the basic characteristics of prose.
Finally, reportage is a literary genre that shapes artistic images based on real people and events and reflects social real life in time. Its basic characteristics are: timeliness, literariness and documentary.
For example, the book "Ten Days that Shocked the World", from the preparation on the eve of the revolution to the sudden uprising; From the declaration of the Soviet government to the hostility of the old forces; From the promulgation of important Soviet decrees to the final suppression of the dying counterattack of counter-revolutionary armed forces; It has never been understood and accepted by ordinary citizens, but it has been fully supported by industrial, agricultural and military alliances ... The book describes in detail the subtle changes in the revolutionary process. Objectivity rather than ideology, sensibility rather than dogmatism, is known as "the most influential and important reportage in the 20th century". Many other works embody the basic characteristics of reportage and are typical of reportage.