1. What are the main spiritual clues that run through the history of modern literature in China? There are five main spiritual clues: the mainstream of realism, the literary theme interwoven with enlightenment and national salvation, the combination of "transforming tradition" and "transforming the west", the subjective innovative spirit and stylistic consciousness, and the opposition and complementarity between elegance and vulgarity. Second, briefly describe the literary trend of thought in the late Qing Dynasty and comment on its historical relationship with the literary movement in the May 4th period. The introduction of literary thoughts in the late Qing Dynasty is discussed in the textbook. Its historical connection with the literary movement during the May 4th Movement lies in providing nourishment for it, such as translating novels in the late Qing Dynasty, preparing for it, providing atmosphere, such as the "Three Realms" revolution in the late Qing Dynasty, and providing opportunities for reflection, that is, how to break through traditional thinking and further dialogue with the West. 3. The literary revolution has made an unprecedented literary innovation movement in the history of China. What does it mean? What is the significance of the literary revolution? The unprecedented literary revolution lies in that it is an enlightenment movement, which evaluates the value of traditional culture and absorbs western culture extensively, and provides a new direction for the development of literature from form to content. The significance of literary revolution lies in the popularization of vernacular Chinese, the influx of foreign literary thoughts and the rise of literary societies, the achievements of literary theory construction and the remarkable achievements of creation. 4. Why did prose achieve the greatest success in the early May 4th New Literature? 1, a literary proposition that China literature has always been based on literature, authentic articles, and articles containing Taoism, still played a huge role in the development of May 4th prose. It affects people invisibly in thought. 2. Prose creation has an invisible team of authors, which is unmatched by other styles. Poets don't necessarily write novels, and playwrights don't necessarily write poems, but they all write prose, which leads to the invisible growth of the team, the advantage of the number of works, and relatively high achievements. 3. The May 4th Movement was a period of great ideological emancipation, with unprecedented freedom of thought. Prose can best adapt to the characteristics of the times at that time. It can be serious or relaxed, but it can be big or small. These aspects determine the greater achievements of prose. Explain the main features and shortcomings of Yang Shuo, Qin Mu and Liu respectively. Yang Shuo wrote prose into poetry, emphasizing artistic conception. Qin Mu's prose is a combination of essays and essays, focusing on knowledge. Liu's prose integrates revolutionary passion into the description of natural beauty and emphasizes passion. In addition to their own shortcomings, the shortcomings of the three men are the lack of ability to face reality and subjective strength. Such prose can easily become the beauty of the times. 1. Try to explain the main factors that form the "Beijing flavor" of Lao She's works, and talk about your views on "the more national, the more cosmopolitan". The main factors that form the "Beijing flavor" of Lao She's works are language, regional customs, character temperament and cultural style, that is, the cultural value orientation revealed in the whole works. The view that "the more national, the more cosmopolitan" is a subjective issue, but different people have different views, as long as it makes sense. 2. Taking the concrete works of Lu Xun (or Ba Jin and Shen Congwen) as an example, the relationship between the construction of new literature and traditional literature is firstly the relationship of rebellion and transcendence. In fact, the development of traditional literature in the late Qing Dynasty could no longer reflect the reality, so the new literature surpassed and denied the traditional literature. Secondly, we must see that there is also an inheritance relationship. From the ideological level, this inheritance is the inheritance of traditional ethics-political and cultural spirit, the inheritance of realistic aesthetics (Shen Congwen may highlight the traditional pastoral poetic aesthetics), the inheritance of people-oriented thought, the inheritance of strong national self-improvement psychology and collective psychology from the psychological point of view, and the China and nationalization of language, narrative, chapter and structure from the literary form. There is a lot of room for free play on this topic, so we should fully express our opinions. 3. Tang Shu, a poetry critic, once listed July Poetry School and China New Poetry School as the two peaks of "New Generation Poetry" in the 1940s. Do you agree with this view? Whether the specific explanation is to agree or disagree is a matter of subjective judgment. Therefore, we should first make an accurate summary of the two "new poetry generations" of July Poetry School and China New Poetry School, and then make a subjective discussion on whether we agree with them. To answer this question well, it is necessary to have a sense of history, that is, to compare the poems of these two schools with the previous ones, so as to draw an appropriate conclusion. 4. What are the new features and uniqueness of Qian Zhongshu's Fortress Besieged in describing the character and fate of intellectuals? Why does Fortress Besieged have some profound reflections and philosophical implications? From Lu Xun to Qian Zhongshu, modern writers always pay attention to the character and fate of intellectuals and always associate their character with national character. 1, from Lu Xun to Qian Zhongshu, modern writers have seen the importance of intellectuals' awareness of change and their awakening. Zijun and Juansheng in Lu Xun's works have awakened, as have Fang Hung-chien and others in Qian Zhongshu's Fortress Besieged. Their pursuit is very important to the country and the nation. 2. From Lu Xun to Qian Zhongshu, modern writers have seen that intellectuals also have their own limitations and shortcomings. One of the most important things is that they can't integrate themselves into society. Therefore, no matter how awakened Zijun and Juansheng are, no matter how enthusiastic the intellectuals described by Qian Zhongshu are, their ending will be failure and nothing will be achieved. Fortress Besieged is reflective and philosophical: 1, reflecting on the fate of intellectuals, with a taste of retrospective summary; 2, rising to a philosophical significance, describing not only the nation, not only the intellectuals in the 1940s, but also the weakness of the whole human race; Throughout his life, Fang hung-chien walked from one besieged city to another. He is restless and never satisfied, so he is always upset. He has always wanted to get rid of difficulties, but they are everywhere and he will never get rid of them-life is full of besieged cities. 3. Qian Zhongshu's description of intellectuals is different from Lu Xun's, which is more humorous and teasing, and touches heavy themes with relaxed brushstrokes. Mao Dun once commented in Midnight that "Wu Sunfu's tragedy is tragic". Do you agree with this comment? According to the analysis of the work, explain the reasons why you agree or disagree. Agree (or disagree, if not, explain the reasons). Cause: 1, tragic significance. Because tragedy is generally used to affirm the object, that is, Wu Sunfu's behavior contains some historical regularity, he is not a completely denied figure. 2. Image analysis. First of all, analyze Wu Sunfu's tragedy (his character, behavior, ideals, etc. ), and then analyze his duality as a national capitalist; Finally, analyze his positive side. 3. The value of literary history. As a unique "this one" in modern literature, Wu Sunfu has considerable literary history value. 6. What are the poetic personalities of obscure poets Kosuke Kitajima, Shu Ting and Gu Cheng? How to locate misty poetry in the history of literature? The individual characteristics of Beidao, Shu Ting and Gu Cheng's poems are shown in the textbook and are omitted here. To locate the literary history of misty poetry, we should consider its breakthrough in pre-literature, its influence and innovation in post-literature, its aesthetic pursuit and personality characteristics, and its own literary innovation. 7. What is the "direction of workers, peasants and soldiers" of literature and art? Combined with the creative trend of thought in the liberated areas, talk about your knowledge and understanding of this direction and its literary practice. The connotation of "the direction of workers, peasants and soldiers" is discussed in the textbook. Zhao Shuli is the representative of creative thoughts in the liberated areas. The answers to "knowledge and understanding" include practical significance, historical significance and positive and negative evaluation. 8. Taking Ding Ling, Zhang Ailing and Wang Anyi as examples, this paper talks about the influence of the trend of the times on the formation of women's creative themes in China in the 20th century, and the writers' creative personality formed under this influence. Ding Ling represented women's creation in the 1920s and 1930s, Zhang Ailing represented women's creation in the 40s and Wang Anyi represented women's creation in the 1980s. Therefore, we should first briefly summarize the characteristics of women's creation, and then analyze the influence of ideological trends in different times on these creative characteristics, such as the influence of the May 4th Movement on Ding Ling, the influence of urban citizen culture on Zhang Ailing, and the influence of the culture in the 1980s on Wang Anyi. Finally, talk about personality characteristics. The personality here is not only the writer's own style characteristics, but also the historical personality. 9. Why does literature in the new period form one literary climax after another in the form of overall transformation (scar literature-reflection literature-root-seeking literature-modernism literature), and what influence does this surge of literary development have on the construction of literature itself? Firstly, the form of overall transformation (scar literature-reflective literature-root-seeking literature-modernist literature) (including representative writers' works) is briefly described. Secondly, the reasons for transformation (internal and external reasons for literary development) are analyzed. Thirdly, the literary concepts (such as realism and theme supremacy) and literary pursuits (such as innovation and participation in reality) of literature in the new period are analyzed. Finally, the construction of literature itself is analyzed. There are many aspects to this gain and loss. For example, the development characteristics of tidal literature may cover up the lack of individual creative ability with overall creation. Once the overall living atmosphere dissipates, the development of literature will fall into a depression. For another example, the expansion of one discipline after another, on the one hand, leads to new people's eyes and ears, on the other hand, leads to no further exploration in various fields. After the development of the subject field, what can attract people's attention has become a problem, exposing that the literature of the new era is reliable. What major changes have taken place in the evaluation of farmers and their culture in 10, The True Story of Ah Q and The Marriage of Xiao erhei? Please talk about the influence of this change on literature with two works. Thinking of answering questions: First, the specific aspects of the difference between them are summarized, such as numbness and ignorance and hard work and simplicity, dark despair and optimism, criticism and praise, enlightening the masses and workers and peasants, comedy and tragic atmosphere. Secondly, talk about the specific attitude-1,Lu Xun: Lu Xun saw the tragic fate of farmers in China for many years and gave him deep understanding and deep sympathy, but his description focused on arousing people's sober understanding of the reality of farmers in China, especially focusing on the numbness, ignorance and backwardness of farmers, and mercilessly exposed and criticized this character, such as medicine and happiness; 2. Zhao Shuli: The writer's description of farmers reflects the fundamental change in the description of farmers in the history of modern literature in China since Lu Xun. Both Zhao Shuli and Lu Xun have grasped the essential characteristics of their respective times, and both have sober realistic vision, but Zhao Shuli gives more sympathy, expectation and praise to farmers, and his style is simple, simple, humorous and meticulous. Talk about influence, and finally talk about influence. Influence mainly refers to the positive and negative influence of different value orientations on literary creation. For example, local literature pays attention to the numbness of rural pursuit of modernity, but ignores the motivation and desire of rural pursuit of revolution. Literature in the liberated areas attaches importance to the revolutionary side of the countryside, but obviously lacks a deeper expression of the psychological heritage of rural traditional culture.
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