I. Explanation of Nouns
The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems. 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty (1 1 century BC) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (6th century BC) were collected. The poems in The Book of Songs have been spread all over the world since the Spring and Autumn Period, when they were called "Poems" or "Poems 300". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone. Because of the close relationship between Confucius and The Three Hundred Poems, it is called The Book of Songs.
Second, six arts
According to the different music, the works in The Book of Songs can be divided into three categories: wind, elegance and ode.
"Wind" is music with local colors, also known as "national wind", including,, Longfeng, Longfeng,, Zheng Feng, Qifeng, Weifeng, tang style, Qin Feng, Martin, Qifeng, Bianbian. This is the essence of poetry.
"Elegance" is the music of the area directly ruled by the Zhou Dynasty, which is also the music of "Wang Ji". There are *** 105 poetics, which are divided into "elegance" and "elegance" according to different music. "Confucianism" 3 1 article, used in the later dynasty; There are 74 articles in Xiaoya, which are used for aristocratic banquets.
Ode is a musical song of the ancestral temple. "Ode" is the ancient word "honor", which means performance. There are Zhou Song (3 1), truffle (4) and Shang Ode (5), all written by the upper class, and they are all praises.
"Fu" means direct description, lyricism and description, that is, direct description of its events and simple description of its objects.
"Bi" is a metaphor, a metaphor, "or sound metaphor, or appearance metaphor, or meaning metaphor" (Wen Xin Diao Long * Bi Xing), which makes the image more vivid.
The difference between Xing and Bi is that Bi illustrates this thing by analogy with another thing, and there must be similarities between them. Xing just used something else as an introduction to what he was singing. There is no essential similarity between the two, only if they are looming and irrelevant.
Third, the type
The Book of Songs is divided into sacrificial poems, hymns, resentment poems, love poems and conscription poems.
There are also many poems of political criticism and moral criticism in Guo Feng. Some of these poems are aimed at specific characters and events, while others are of universal significance. Generally speaking, most of these poems reflect the dissatisfaction of the middle and lower classes with the upper rulers. Such as the famous "Sandalwood Cutting":
Kan Kan cut sandalwood, and the river dried up. The river is clear and blue. No crops, no crops, no crops, no crops. Don't hunt, don't hunt, is the court of Hu Zhan going to hang? He is a gentleman, he is not a vegetarian!
In the past, many people interpreted this poem as a rebuke to the exploiters for getting something for nothing, which is probably inaccurate. It should be pointed out that in the era of the Book of Songs, the so-called "gentlemen work hard, villains work hard" (Zuo Zhuan) and "those who work hard govern the people and those who work hard govern the people" (Mencius) are reasonable and reasonable in the general understanding of society. It is a question in itself whether the slaves who were severely enslaved materially and spiritually can clearly deny this principle recognized by the society at that time; Even if some people realized and showed such poems, they could not be accommodated by the princes and music palaces of the Zhou Dynasty, and they became the objects of daily reciting and learning by aristocratic children. The preface to Mao Shi explains this poem, which means "stabbing greed". It should be correct to be greedy in the office and eat for free. In other words, the poet still thinks that "gentleman" is in his place and should do something, and "free eating" becomes a shameless "vegetarian"-free eating. The last sentence "He is a gentleman, but he is not a vegetarian" is an ironic brushwork. In fact, it is common for "gentlemen" to be vegetarian. Using their declared principles to iron out their behavior, this poem is already very profound, and there is no need to exaggerate it, which is out of the original intention.
"Etiquette" is a code of conduct formulated by the rulers themselves, and members of the ruling class indulge in dissolute life, which often destroys this code, so the poet gave them a sharp curse. But at the same time, we should also see that the reason why this poem is so sharp and intense is because the author first stands in the position of maintaining "etiquette", which is also recognized as the "correct" starting point by the society, whether it is true or not. Another example is Shuo, which is also a profound political satire. In this poem, the ruler is compared to an insatiable rat. I feel that I can't stand the heavy pressure of these guys and want to escape to a "paradise". Judging from the sentences such as "I have nothing to eat" in the poem, the author owns his own land property, and his identity may be a lower-class aristocrat or other freemen. This opinion against excessive exploitation is also willing to be recognized by wise rulers and is considered to be worthy of vigilance.
Some of Xiaoya's poems are similar to the national style, the most prominent of which is about war and labor. We will introduce this kind of poetry together with the poems with the same theme in the National Style. Such as Picking Wei, Wandering Du, Why the Grass Is Not Yellow, Broken Axe, The East Mountain of Turtle Peak, pass the parcel and Bo. Different from the epics about martial arts, most of these poems express their experiences and thoughts from the perspective of ordinary soldiers, which show their weariness of war and their yearning for their hometown, and they are very kind to read.
Literary common sense of poetry