Tsao Zhi's Seven Miscellaneous Poems "There are beauties in the south, and Hua Rong is like peaches and plums. Swim to the north bank of Hebei and stay overnight in Xiaoxiang. The breath of the world looks down on the beautiful face, but who is cypraeae concha's smile? The pitching age will be awkward and the glory will not last long. " This poem describes a southern beauty who looks like a peach blossom. But such a beautiful beauty can't be appreciated by the king, and soon she will be old and yellow, and her beauty and appearance will no longer exist. In this poem, the beauty of the south is the ontology of metaphor. The poet described the noumenon in detail and formed a perfect image. So what is this metaphor? According to Cao Zhi's social background, it is not difficult to see that this metaphor is himself. Cao Zhi was a wise man since he was a child. He pursued political achievements all his life and achieved great success.
He was deeply appreciated and loved by Cao Cao, and he was almost made a prince. His brother xelloss has been jealous of his talent. Therefore, when Cao Pi succeeded to the throne as emperor, he always held a skeptical and repressive attitude towards Cao Zhi and moved him to poor areas many times. Even after Cao Rui succeeded to the throne, he failed to change his situation. Although Cao Zhi has always expressed his willingness to race against his former enemies and serve the country, he has never been able to gain the understanding and trust of Cao Pi and his son, resulting in his useless talents and poor strength. Isn't the beauty's situation and experience a metaphor for Cao Zhi's own situation and experience? This is the application of metaphor art in poetry, and its characteristics are obvious, which is the result of the poet's careful conception and description. This is the poet's clever metaphor of his disappointment with the experience of beauty, so as to avoid being persecuted by his brother again. With his rich and peculiar imagination, the poet created many beautiful, sad, ethereal and illusory images. With the help of these images, the poet refers to a hidden and implicit spiritual world, which is the process of metaphor. Metaphor is widely used in China's ancient poems, which is characterized by choosing an ontology to describe in detail, thus expressing the poet's feelings. The choice of ontology is mostly historical allusions, legends, natural images, characters experience and so on. One reason why metaphors in China's ancient poems are very extensive is that China culture is very rich. For example, "Moon" will remind people of the loneliness of wandering wanderers, and "Willow" will remind people of the departure of friends.
From the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, scholars began to study and apply "Yu". In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Liu Xie systematically summarized and expounded metaphor for the first time in his main work Wen Xin Diao Long. He believes that the existence of metaphor is based on the similarity between ontology and vehicle. At the same time, it is also considered that metaphor is a modification of language form, that is, it is considered as a figure of speech. After Liu Xie, Chen Xun, a Song Dynasty poet, clearly put forward the concept of "metaphor" for the first time and further explained it.
It was the ancient poets in China who used metaphor perfectly. Famous poets in the history of China used metaphors in their poems to some extent. Apart from Cao Zhi's fear of persecution, there are other reasons why poets use metaphors in their poems, such as cultural and geographical factors. Wang Wei, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, often describes the artistic conception of emptiness in his poems, such as "There seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I hear a voice" and "At dusk in the west, thoughts can conquer passion-dragon". Su Dongpo also wrote in the famous Niannujiao
"Red Cliff Nostalgia" sighed deeply that "life is like a dream, and one statue is still on the moon". These poems should be said to have been influenced by some special social culture at that time. Geographical environment will also affect the poet's metaphorical image more or less. For example, West Wind, "
Blown away by the west wind, clean. "
(Xin Qiji's "Man Jiang Hong"). The geographical images of "like a river flowing eastward" and "the green hills can't cover it, after all, flowing eastward" will arouse people's infinite feelings and sighs. "Ask how sad you are? Like a river flowing eastward,
Here, the poet describes his melancholy with the river flowing eastward, and adopts the metaphor that "sadness is a river". Here, with the help of the river flowing eastward, the author describes his various sorrows, turning the invisible sadness into spring water and making the invisible sadness tangible.
Another superb figure who uses metaphor is Li Shangyin. Many of Li Shangyin's realistic works are based on natural scenery such as fog, rain, moon and wind, creating metaphors. The natural scenery in Li's poems embodies the poet's own life feelings and personality characteristics everywhere, reaching the realm of blending scenes, things and me. For example "
Drizzle: "Curtain floats in Bai Yutang, chewing gum rolls. Chu women were interested and cool at the time. " "Bai Yutang" and "Bi's gums" in the poem,
Images such as "Chu's daughter" create an illusory picture of a fairy. Autumn rain is real, while Chu's daughter is a person in myths and legends. The combination of reality and reality and the blending of scenes make readers seem to follow the poet's footsteps into fairyland. There are also many images of flowers and trees in Li's poems, but the poet's description of flowers and plants is mostly dry and decadent, implying their poor fate through their broken fate. Makes the atmosphere of this poem dim. For example, "The sun is setting and cicadas are singing everywhere. How can I get to the clear autumn?" . Why do willows with infinite scenery spend their bleak days in the bleak sunset and sad chilling sound in autumn?
Metaphor is sometimes misunderstood by readers because the characteristics of the vehicle are not obvious enough to show the ontology. For example, the traditional image "Liu" is a symbol of parting, and everyone can understand the original intention of "Liu". But some images are blurred. For example, some poems by Li Shangyin. Most of these works are full of metaphors. Among them, political poems and poems about history are easier to grasp, while poems about objects and untitled poems are mostly obscure and poetic, and even can be interpreted in many ways. Such as "
The silkworm in spring will weave until it dies, and the candle will drain the wick every night. "It can be understood as the poet's" spring silkworm ".
"Candle fire", a pair of sad and tenacious images, refers to the poet's persistent love to death, and can also be understood as his persistent pursuit of a better ideal and a higher spiritual realm. And "
Jinse is even more confusing, controversial and fragmented. The whole poem shows a hazy artistic conception composed of various metaphors, but there is no exact metaphor expression. However, this metaphor makes the work have richer and deeper artistic connotation, and also provides readers with a broader artistic imagination space.