1 observation method
The learning process is essentially a cognitive process. The cognitive process begins with perceptual knowledge, which is mainly obtained through observation, so observation is the primary learning method. Observation methods mainly include sequential observation, comparative observation, dynamic observation and observation while thinking.
(1) sequential observation sequential observation has two meanings. Generally speaking, the observation method is to use the naked eye first, then the magnifying glass, and finally the microscope. Microscopic observation is also low power first, then high power. For example, observing the root tip of a plant means observing the young root with naked eyes, distinguishing the four parts of the root tip according to color and transparency, then observing the root hair of the root tip with a magnifying glass, and finally observing the longitudinal section of the root tip with a microscope to understand the cell characteristics of each area of the root tip. Generally speaking, from the observation direction, the whole is first followed by the part, from outside to inside, from left to right and so on. For example, to observe a flower, we should first observe the shape and color of the flower as a whole, and then observe the flower, corolla, stamen and pistil in turn from outside to inside.
(2) Comparative observation Comparative observation is conducive to quickly grasping the * * * and personality of things, so as to grasp the essence of things. For example, to observe the structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts, we must first seek common ground while reserving differences: they all have double-layer membranes, which contain granules, matrix, enzymes, a small amount of DNA and RNA. Then seek differences from the same: the mitochondrial inner membrane folds into a cell, while the chloroplast inner membrane does not fold inward; Mitochondria have enzymes related to respiration, which are distributed in intima, granules and matrix. However, there are enzymes related to photosynthesis in chloroplasts, which are distributed in grana layer and matrix. Chlorophyll exists in chloroplasts, but not in mitochondria.
(3) Dynamic observation The observation of living habits, growth process and reproductive development of organisms belongs to dynamic observation. The key to dynamic observation is to grasp the development and change of the observed object. For example, observing the growth of roots, in the process of continuous culture after drawing equidistant ink lines on young roots, the key point is to observe the change of the distance between each ink line, so as to draw the conclusion that roots grow by the apex.
(4) Thinking while observing is the basis of thinking, and thinking can promote the in-depth observation, and the two are inseparable. Therefore, we should observe with questions, while thinking and observing.
2. Method of taking notes
Mr. Lu Xun said: "In any case, as long as you continue to collect information and accumulate it for ten years, you can always become a scholar." Summarizing the experience of many scholars at home and abroad, it can be said that taking notes is a way to become a talent. There are many ways to take notes. In biology learning, there are mainly three kinds: reading notes, listening notes and observation notes.
(1) Reading Notes
If you want to store what you have learned for a long time, extract it at any time and use it freely, you should take reading notes at any time when you are reading. There are mainly the following kinds of reading notes. (1) Copying notes is divided into full copying and excerpting. When making such notes, you should pay attention to proofreading after copying to avoid mistakes, and then indicate the source for future reference. (2) Card comments, the content of the card is not limited, and varies from person to person, but generally it should have information category, number, source, author's name, text and other contents. It should be noted that each card should write a content, which should be classified and filed in time or bound into a book. 3 comment notes, that is, in the margin of the page, write down your personal views and experiences on the original text. (4) Symbol notes, that is, symbols are marked between the original texts to deepen the understanding of the original texts. Common symbols are black dot, circle, straight line, curve, double line, dotted line, arrow, box, triangle, exclamation mark, question mark and so on. Two points should be paid attention to when taking notes on symbols: First, the meaning of symbols must be clear and consistent; Second, symbols should not be too dense, otherwise it is difficult to highlight the key points. (5) Summarize notes, that is, summarize and write the key contents of a book or an article in your own language.
(2) Listening notes
That is, listening to reports, lectures and lectures. The prominent contradiction in taking such notes is that the speed of taking notes can't keep up with the speed of speaking. Therefore, it is necessary to make "three notes and three no notes", that is, notes with key issues and difficulties that are not in the book; Small problems, understandable points, some of which are not remembered in the book.
(3) Observation records
That is, the records made when observing biological forms and life phenomena inside and outside biology classes. When making such notes, we should pay attention to details, contrast, process changes and grasp the characteristics.
3. Thinking method
Thinking ability is the core of all kinds of abilities, and thinking method is the key to thinking ability, so thinking method occupies a core position in learning methods. The common thinking methods in biology learning include analysis and synthesis, comparison and classification, systematization and concretization, abstraction and generalization.
(1) analytical synthesis method
Analysis is a way of thinking that decomposes a whole knowledge into various parts for investigation, while synthesis is a way of thinking that combines all parts of knowledge into a whole for investigation. Analysis and synthesis are important methods often used in biology learning, and they are closely related and inseparable. If the analysis is not comprehensive, you will only see the trees but not the forest; If we only make a comprehensive analysis, we will see the trees but not the forest. In practical application, we can analyze first and then synthesize, analyze first and then analyze, and synthesize while analyzing.
(2) methods of comparison and classification
Comparison is a way of thinking that compares related knowledge to determine their similarities and differences. Comparison generally follows two ways: one is to find out the similarities between knowledge, that is, to seek common ground in differences; The second is to find out the differences on the basis of finding out the similarities of things, that is, to seek differences from the same.
Classification is a way of thinking that classifies knowledge according to certain standards. There are two kinds of classification methods commonly used in biology learning: one is scientific classification method, that is, from a scientific point of view, according to the essential characteristics of biology; The second is practical classification, that is, from a practical point of view, according to the non-essential attributes of organisms to classify.
Comparison and classification are prerequisites. On the one hand, only by comparing and understanding the similarities and differences of organisms can we classify them. On the other hand, only by classifying organisms can we compare them. Therefore, we should organically combine the two in the process of biology learning.
(3) Specific methods of the system
Systematization is a way of thinking that arranges all kinds of related knowledge in a certain order or system. Systematization is not only the classification of knowledge, but also the systematic arrangement of knowledge, forming a relatively complete system. In the process of biology learning, we often use the methods of writing an outline, listing solutions and drawing charts to systematically sort out what we have learned.
Concretization is a way of thinking that applies theoretical knowledge to specific and individual occasions. In biology learning, there are two ways to apply concretization: one is to apply what you have learned to life and production practice, and to analyze and explain some life phenomena; The second is to illustrate the theoretical knowledge of biology with some concrete examples in life.
(4) Abstract and generalized methods
Abstraction is a way of thinking to extract the non-essential attribute or essential attribute of knowledge. Abstraction can be divided into two levels: one is the abstraction of non-essential attributes; The second is the abstraction of essential attributes.
Generalization is a way of thinking that links the non-essential attributes or essential attributes of related knowledge. It also has two levels: one is the generalization of non-essential attributes, which is called perceptual generalization; The other is the generalization of essential attributes, which is called rational generalization.
Abstraction and generalization are also prerequisites and complement each other. In the process of learning, we should consciously generalize abstractly, so as to achieve a correct and in-depth grasp of knowledge.
4. Memory method
Memory is the foundation of learning, the storehouse of knowledge, the companion of thinking and the premise of creation. Therefore, according to the characteristics of different knowledge, with appropriate memory methods, learning efficiency and quality can be effectively improved. There are many ways to remember. Here are only the most commonly used ones in biology learning.
(1) Simplified mnemonic method
That is, by analyzing the teaching materials, find out the main points and simplify the knowledge into regular words to help remember. For example, the molecular structure of DNA can be simplified as "5432 1", that is, five basic elements and four basic units, each unit has three basic substances, and many units form two deoxynucleic acid chains, which become a regular double helix structure.
(2) Associative memory method
That is, according to the content of the textbook, skillfully use association to help memory. For example, remember that the composition of plasma can be associated with food in the kitchen, just remember water, eggs, sugar and salt (water is water, eggs are protein, sugar refers to glucose, and salt represents inorganic salts).
(3) Comparative memory method
In biology learning, there are many similar nouns that are easily confused and difficult to remember. For such content, you can remember it by comparison. Comparative method is to list the relevant nouns, and then compare them from the scope, connotation, extension and even words to find out the differences. This contrast is sharp and easy to remember. For example, assimilation and alienation, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, hormone regulation and nerve regulation, material circulation and energy flow.
(4) contour memory method
There are many important and complicated contents in biology that are not easy to remember. The core content or key words of these knowledge can be extracted as the outline of knowledge, and grasping the outline is beneficial to the memory of knowledge. For example, the material metabolism of higher animals is very complicated, but there are certain rules to follow. No matter what kind of organic matter is metabolized, it usually goes through five processes: digestion, absorption, transportation, utilization and excretion. These ten words become the outline of memory knowledge.
(5) diffraction memory method
This method takes an important knowledge point as the core, and establishes as many connections as possible with other related knowledge through the divergent process of thinking. This method is mostly used to summarize or review chapter knowledge, and can also be used to link related knowledge scattered in various chapters. For example, taking cells as the core, we can diffract the concept, discovery, theory, type, composition, structure, function and division of cells.
Besides, we should pay attention to the combination of theory and practice. The theoretical knowledge of biology is closely related to nature, production and life. In biology learning, we should pay attention to combining these realities. First, we should contact nature and reality; Second, we should contact the actual production; Third, we should contact the reality of life. The combination of learning and application is not only conducive to a solid grasp of biological knowledge, but also conducive to improving their ability to solve problems.
English:
Practicing basic skills is a necessary condition for learning English well. Without a solid English foundation, it is impossible to continue learning, let alone achieve something. If you want to have solid basic skills, you must concentrate on listening carefully, do a good job in each class, improve classroom efficiency, and do the following "five things" step by step:
First, "the heart is here." In class, we should concentrate and never slack off. Our brains should always be in a positive state and our thinking should be active and open. We should follow the teacher, understand every word, grasp every link, understand every knowledge point, associate more and think more, in order to get the message.
Second, "hand to". When learning English, you must take class notes. Because people's memory is limited, people can't always remember everything. Memory itself is a process of constant struggle with forgetting. As the saying goes, "a good brain is not as good as a bad pen." What the teacher said may be remembered in class and forgotten later, so it is necessary to take notes. English knowledge is also accumulated bit by bit. Every word, phrase and sentence structure you learn is recorded in a notebook, even in the blank or between the lines of the book, which is very convenient for future review and consolidation.
Third, "hearing". In class, it is very necessary to listen carefully, not only to the teacher's explanation of knowledge, but also to the essentials of English pronunciation, such as pronunciation, intonation, stress, linking, loss of speech, sentence breaking, etc., so as to cultivate your pure and authentic spoken English. Hear and understand every knowledge point taught by the teacher, and form feedback in your mind to help you remember; Understand the teacher's questions, so as to answer them quickly, and compare the students' answers to the questions, so as to deepen the understanding of the questions, learn from others and make up for their own shortcomings.
Fourth, "eyes to". While listening carefully, we should also follow the teacher closely with our eyes and observe the teacher's movements, mouth shapes, expressions, blackboard writing, drawing, teaching aid display and so on. The combination of visual information and auditory information formed in the brain will make the impression more profound.
Fifth, "mouth to mouth". You can't learn a language well without opening your mouth. The biggest problem for students is that they don't make any noise when reading, so they are embarrassed to speak. Especially in the morning reading class, students only read with their eyes or silently, so there is only visual information, and there is no feedback of auditory information in their brains. Of course, the memory will not be too deep, and the oral muscles will not be exercised, so it is difficult to practice pure English. So make full use of the clear-headed time in the morning and read aloud; Answer the teacher's questions bravely in class, actively participate in the discussion and debate among students, ask unclear questions in time after class, and overcome your shyness and shyness. Read more texts you have learned, be diligent and take great pains. You can read them with a tape recorder and try to imitate their pronunciation and intonation to correct their pronunciation. You should read them in cadence and fluently, and you'd better recite some classic articles. Seize every possible opportunity to practice oral English, for example, communicate with foreign teachers, participate in "English corner" activities, talk with classmates, tell English stories, sing English songs, perform English short plays and recite poems. Besides carefully reading the model essays in textbooks, we should also read more extracurricular books suitable for our middle school students, which can not only increase our knowledge, but also broaden our horizons and improve our reading level.
Learning English, vocabulary memory is essential, vocabulary is the basis of learning English well. Without vocabulary, there would be no sentences, let alone articles, so memorizing words is extremely important for us. There are two keys to remembering words:
First, perseverance: recite a certain amount of vocabulary every day and review it again in a few days, so that short-term memory can become long-term memory and be firmly mastered. It should be noted that once you start, you must stick to it, never give up halfway, and never fish for three days and dry your net for two days.
The second is a good memory method: there are many ways to remember words. There is no fixed learning method, but there are good learning methods. In my opinion, Zhang Sizhong's "centralized word recognition and classified memory" is a good method suitable for middle school students. Collect and classify 3500 words that middle school students should master, pass the word barrier first, then learn the textbook, and use and consolidate the usage in the textbook. There are many classification methods. Words with the same vowel or vowel combination and the same pronunciation are grouped together. Concentrate on memory according to word form, part of speech, synonyms and antonyms; Words or phrases with the same word formation methods, such as root, prefix, suffix, synthesis, transformation, derivation, etc., are listed together to concentrate on memory, which is more impressive and more obvious. So remember 40-80 words every day, persevere, associate more, think more and use more, and the vocabulary problem will be solved. In the process of learning, pay more attention to the usage of words and the collocation of phrases, and remember the word idioms and sentence patterns that the teacher said, which will not only help us solve problems, but also be handy in writing.
Memorizing words, understanding parts of speech and meanings, mastering their fixed collocations and idioms, and memorizing various usages of tenses and clauses are only half done. We still have to apply them to practice. Just like learning swimming and optical theory, not using it in water does not mean mastering this technology. There is no need to engage in sea tactics, but a certain amount of typical exercises are essential to consolidate the knowledge learned. Pay attention to basic exercises first, such as after-class exercises and unit synchronization exercises. These are all consolidation exercises of classroom knowledge, and we should not aim too high, just want to eat a fat man. Some people do some special exercises in grammar and exam questions after mastering the basic knowledge. In particular, students are encouraged to prepare a set of "wrong questions" and record the representative test questions or language points that they are prone to make mistakes at ordinary times, so as to check and fill in the gaps in the future and make the mastery of knowledge achieve twice the result with half the effort.
English is a language. You must either remember words, phrases, sentence patterns and grammar items or learn them well. The key lies in the use of language, so you must pay attention to the all-round development of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation when learning English. English learning is first a process of memorization, and then a process of practice. In any case, learning English is essential. This is a gradual process, which accumulates over time. There is no shortcut, and there is no so-called "quick cure". You can't learn English well if you are eager for success and don't do practical things. Any success depends on your own efforts, you should study step by step, be diligent and earnest, have a correct attitude, and take setbacks and failures seriously. Failure is not terrible, what is terrible is losing confidence in yourself and never recovering. For the failure of the exam, calmly analyze and seriously think, as long as you are full of confidence in the victory, good at summing up experience and lessons, and constantly strive and pursue, the victory will definitely belong to you.
Language:
1 Read more books, write more compositions, keep more diaries, and seize any place where you can learn Chinese. It takes several times longer to learn Chinese than others.
Strengthen the training and cultivation of reading, as the saying goes, practice makes perfect, and it takes a long time to get familiar with reading questions.
If you don't understand, you must ask the teacher and never let go of all the problems!
When you do your homework, take an exam. Don't turn over the books easily!
Communicate with others more (in the way of China's literary talent), so that you can fully express yourself!
6 Chinese depends on accumulation! Remember, remember!
Don't forget to cultivate your interest in Chinese. Interest is the fundamental source of everything. Only by strengthening my interest in Chinese learning can Chinese take off!
Do the above seven points, and your Chinese will definitely improve!