The life of the character
181811.9 Turgenev was born in an old-fashioned wealthy family in Oreol province, Russia, and his father was the head of a cavalry regiment. Turgenev's mother is very bad. She killed Turgenev's brother after drinking and made him a dessert.
65438-0833 entered the literature department of Moscow University. One year later, I transferred to the Chinese major of the Philosophy Department of Petersburg University. After graduation, he went to Berlin University in Germany to study philosophy, history, Greece and Latin. Turgenev entered Moscow University for one year, and then transferred to St. Petersburg University to study classical literature, Russian literature and philosophy.
1838 Go to Berlin University to study Hegel's philosophy. Turgenev saw a more modern social system in Europe and was regarded as a Europeanized intellectual. He advocated that Russia should learn from the West and abolish the feudal system including serfdom.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/843, Turgenev and his earliest master Li Gen published the narrative poem balasa, which marked his transition from romanticism to realism. Turgenev's long narrative poem Balasha was well received by belinsky, and they established a profound friendship. After that, Turgenev gradually turned to prose creation. The first prose work is the novella Andre Kolosov. Then he published the narrative poem The Landlord and the novella Bitu Skov, all of which showed the influence of naturalism and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol. He also wrote many plays, including Dinner, Banquet of the Noble, The Bachelor and so on. , mainly reflects the life and customs of the nobility.
19 novellas published in the early 1950s, such as Diary of a Redundant Man and Yakov Pa Sinkov.
1847-1852 He published his famous work Hunter's Notes in the progressive journal Modern People. The anti-serfdom tendency of this work angered the authorities, who arrested and exiled Turgenev because he published an article commemorating Nikolai Gogol and violated the censorship regulations. During his detention, he wrote the famous anti-slavery short story Jiang Mumu.
1In the autumn of 852, Turgenev enjoyed the novel Childhood written by a teenager. Later, through his appreciation and encouragement, he gave the boy great confidence and made him become an artist and thinker with a world reputation: lev tolstoy.
1855, Turgenev published the famous play January in the Village, and began to pay more attention to the conflict between intellectuals and nobles. /kloc-published the novel "Luo Ting" in 0/856, which created an image of a little aristocratic rebel with revolutionary passion but lack of action. 1859, Turgenev published The Noble House. 1860 published the novel Eve, which created the image of a revolutionary Englishman, Salo. Dobro Lyubov attached great importance to this novel and published a famous comment "When will the real day come?"? -Turgenev asserted that "the eve is always not far from the next day" and described the eve of the revolution. Turgenev disagreed with this assertion and hoped that Necrasov would not make this comment. Necrasov's disagreement led to Turgenev's break with Modern People magazine.
1862, Turgenev published "Father and Son", in which Bazarov, the hero, was arrogant and attached importance to action and scientific experiments. It is a fictional new image of the author, but it has been attacked by Democrats.
In the late 1960s, he lived abroad for many years. He met many famous foreign writers, such as George Sha, Flaubert, Dude, Zola and Mo Bosang. He introduced Russian literature to Western Europe, especially the works of Pushkin and lev tolstoy. From 65438 to 0867, he wrote the novel Smoke.
In 1970s, Turgenev settled in France. During this period, he created a series of "nostalgic novellas" such as King Lear on the Grassland, Puning and Babuning, and Spring Tide. 1877, he published his last novel, Virgin Land.
In the last few years of his life, Turgenev, who was far away from his motherland, wrote 83 prose poems on his deathbed to express his feelings in his later years. Prose poetry is a summary of his life and art, which combines the characteristics of his life creation: patriotism, democratic spirit, pessimism, sincerity and kindness; Keen, lyrical, philosophical and concise. It is not only a portrayal of his personality, but also the crystallization of his art; It is not only the resume of his thoughts and feelings, but also the outline of all his creations.
1883 died in Paris on August 22nd. According to his living will, his body was transported back to Russia and buried next to belinsky's tomb in volkov cemetery in Petersburg.
Writing style
Overall style
Turgenev's creation has distinct characteristics of the times and strong critical spirit. His creation began with poetry and ended with prose poetry, and he has made great achievements in poetry, drama and novels. Among them, his six novels are remarkable. His works are faithful to the principle of realism, good at grasping the pulse of the times, keenly discovering new major social phenomena, mainly paying attention to the life and fate of aristocratic intellectuals and civilian intellectuals, and are famous for being good at portraying female images. His works are distinctive in theme, rigorous in structure and beautiful in language. He is especially good at depicting the ever-changing natural scenery and endowing it with poetry and philosophy. He also made outstanding achievements in the psychological description of characters. One of the most fundamental tendencies of his creation is not to follow a certain social trend of thought, but to describe and construct the unique humanistic customs, ethical concepts and distinctive national character of the Russian nation. This has had a good influence on the development of Russian literature.
Almost all Turgenev's short stories can be regarded as the combination of poetry and prose, which is a typical new form of the combination of Russian poetry and Russian prose. In other words, it is a new form of combining typical Russian romanticism with typical Russian realism.
Turgenev's psychological, lyrical and poetic short stories, in general, are a new style in which poetry permeates prose in an all-round way; But specifically, that is to say, from its various internal variants, it is a very free literary form. Turgenev adopted a very flexible attitude towards this style. He selectively adjusted the breadth, depth and intensity of poetry intervention according to the different themes and characters: for love themes, most of them would strengthen emotional and psychological rendering; For the interesting stories of strange people, most of them will focus on ingenious ideas; For mysterious content, most of them will strengthen the current atmosphere; For Russian Hamlet, we will never let go of their mental journey. For innocent boys and girls, we will vigorously express their feelings of love. Therefore, under the general trend of poetry clothing infiltrating into prose as a whole, the style of Turgenev's short stories has gained various forms.
Turgenev is good at choosing a scene in life, absorbing people and things in the scene, or choosing a certain side of the scene, focusing on a moving link in the story, expressing only feelings and showing them in the scene, and the scenes penetrate each other.
Compared with free and flexible short stories, Turgenev's novels are much more stable. Although the factors of poetry have weakened, not fade away. It always "breaks through the ground" from the narrative gap in time, thus strengthening the narrative effect in all directions. At the same time, the dramatic factors seem to be increasing year by year, which even endows Turgenev's novels with stylized features to some extent, such as roughly the same overall structure, small activity space, short time span, the dialogue between people occupying a central position, indispensable interludes or supplementary narratives, instantaneous foil exciting moments, dramatic deterioration, followed by climax and unique ending, plus moderation and appropriateness interspersed among them. The above is the basic structure of Turgenev's novels, or it can be said that it is a relatively stable and skillfully used program. Therefore, Turgenev's novels tend to be "integrated" with other styles such as poetry and drama, which is the uniqueness of Turgenev, a poet, playwright and novelist.
Love description
Turgenev is an outstanding Russian realistic writer in the19th century. Some famous heroes and heroines in his works have become immortal artistic images in Russian literature, and love description plays an important role in the plot of Turgenev's novels. The love described in Turgenev's novels is pure and implicit, emitting fragrant poetry, but it leads to a tragic ending without exception.
In the history of literature, Turgenev was the first person to introduce social ideals into love. Turning over Turgenev's six novels, we can find that the love of the hero and heroine in the works has gone through all kinds of difficulties and struggles, and finally they are not married. Turgenev has said many times: "I am mainly a realist;" What interests me most is the vividness of people's faces. Accurately and forcefully expressing the truth of life is the author's highest happiness, even if it doesn't conform to his personal hobbies. "This tells us that the writer's loyalty to real life has overcome his preference for women. The love story he wrote ended in tragedy, which was decided by the Russian social reality in the 1940s and 1970s. This is the tragedy of the times and society.
Turgenev is brave and shows the germination, emergence and development of the hero's love in detail, but the external details of love between men and women are very concise, not to mention malicious peeping. Therefore, love and hate in Turgenev's works, whether it is the germination of love or the exchange of love, are particularly solemn, rational, profound and poetic.
His works are implicit and poetic. Of course, Turgenev did not absolutely avoid the detailed description of body movements in his love description, but wrote something measured. This description will not be less poetic than the sexual description in some European and American literary works.
humanitarianism
Turgenev has a deep love for mankind, which is not only manifested in his praise and praise for people with noble virtues such as kindness, courage and tenacity, but also in his deep sympathy for human suffering. He always tries his best to help those who suffer, and his hatred and condemnation of those who cause such suffering. These are fully reflected in his works.
Turgenev, starting from humanitarianism, mercilessly exposed and profoundly criticized the inhuman social system. All his works reflect this uncompromising spirit, which shows that he has completely broken with the aristocratic class from which he came.