Abstract: Du Fu is a great realistic poet in China, and has the reputation of "poet sage". His poems not only provide historical truth, but also truly reflect the broad life picture during the Anshi Rebellion, so they have the nature of "poetic history". To study the ideological content of Du Fu's poems, we must base ourselves on the turning point of the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty and discuss it in connection with Du Fu's life. Referring to Mr. Xiao Difei's four-point method for Du Fu's poems, this paper divides his poems into two periods, namely, reading and traveling in the early stage, being trapped in Chang 'an in the early stage, being trapped by thieves and officials in the later stage, and being a wanderer in the southwest in the later stage, and probes into the differences in the main contents of Du Fu's poems in the earlier and later stages and their reasons. The purpose of this paper is to have a deeper understanding of Du Fu's poetic style from expressing personal lofty sentiments and aspirations to expressing people's sufferings, and to have a better understanding and grasp of his feelings of worrying about the country and the people.
Key words: Du Fu's poems, ideological differences between the early and late periods, and analysis of the reasons.
? In the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi put forward the viewpoint that "articles should be written in time and poems should be written in substance", requiring creators to base themselves on reality and reflect reality when creating. At this point, Du Fu's poetry creation coincides with his point of view. Du Fu has created many works that reflect the reality and satirize the facts in his life, which profoundly shows his feelings of wandering and being lonely all his life but caring about national security and people's sufferings. Studying Du Fu's poems is inseparable from his life background and his life experience. Therefore, this paper compares the ideological content of Du Fu's poems in the early and late periods, and discusses the reasons for the differences in the ideological content of Du Fu's poems in different periods.
First, the ideological content of Du Fu's early poems
? Du Fu's youth coincided with the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and the atmosphere of stability and prosperity in the prosperous Tang Dynasty made Du Fu lead a life of wandering north and south and courting horses in his early years. During this period, he traveled to Shandong, Henan, Hebei, wuyue and other places, and met Li Bai, Gao Shi and others. The three of them drank a lot and had a deep friendship. During this period, Du Fu's poems mostly described what he saw and heard while roaming, or expressed his praise and love for the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. Or express patriotic feelings and express enthusiasm for serving the country; Or exchange answers with friends, say goodbye, and express feelings of parting.
(1) Roaming is one of the important themes in Du Fu's early poems.
? Du Fu's roaming experience in his early years increased his knowledge. He traveled south to wuyue, east to Qi and Zhao, then to Liang and Song, and then north to Qilu. Like many poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the roaming experience added many colors to Du Fu's life experience. Good social customs and beautiful mountains and rivers left a deep impression on Du Fu, and also brought him beautiful enjoyment and edifying aesthetic taste. During this period, Du Fu left some poems written during his roaming. For example, there is not a word "Wang Yue" in the poem "Wang Yue" when he roams in Qi and Zhao, but the modality of Wang is everywhere, from far and near, from gazing to overlooking, describing the height, beauty and strangeness of Mount Tai, showing its magical beauty, towering height and majestic weather, and expressing his love for the great mountains and rivers of the motherland and himself. It is one of the important features of Du Fu's early poems to climb high and look far and integrate his broad mind and ambition with the natural landscape.
(2) Expressing feelings is an important part of Du Fu's poems.
? Du Fu had a good family in his early years and was born in a bureaucratic family of "obeying Confucianism and observing officials". The family atmosphere made Du Fu inherit the orthodox Confucian culture and determined to make achievements in his official career. This thought made Du Fu struggle for his career all his life. Even though he failed many times, it still did not dampen his determination and ambition to enter his career. With the ideal of "supreme monarch, Yao and Shun, and then pure customs", he presented books and poems in the hope of attracting them, but all failed. During his ten-year trip to Chang 'an, he "sold medicine to Chang 'an and sent food to his friends", feeling sad and tired. This kind of frustration and hardship in life is directly reflected in his poem "Twenty-two Rhymes for Wei Zuocheng", and in "Twenty-two Rhymes for Shang Wei and Jacky", he also describes that he is empty and talented but frustrated, and has experienced a sad predicament, hoping to get a quotation.
(3) Giving answers and sending off poems are also important contents of Du Fu's poems.
? In Du Fu's roaming experience for many years, as mentioned above, Du Fu made many like-minded friends, which are reflected in Li Bai and Gao Shi. When Du Fu was thirty-three, he met Li Bai who gave money back in Luoyang. They have established a friendship that has been celebrated through the ages and walked with Liang and Song. After Du Fu wrote "To Li Bai", he expressed his appreciation of Li Bai's life experience and his inability to stand in court, and praised Li Bai's unrestrained and free-spirited spirit and extraordinary noble sentiment. Memories of Li Bai in Spring expresses Du Fu's praise and nostalgia for Li Bai.
? Du Fu met Gao Shi, and Du Li traveled in Liang and Song Dynasties. The three of them drank wine, paid tribute to the mountains and rivers, and were generous and nostalgic. Du Fu also wrote "Journey to the Past": "Before and Korea, it was later than the single father station. In the cold rain, the stone is coming ... "And" Farewell ":"Remembering the Korean generation and talking about wine making ... "Recalling the scene of the heroic journey of the three people.
(4) The embodiment of people-friendly consciousness in early poems.
? Being trapped in Chang 'an, Du Fu experienced the bitterness of life and saw the sufferings of the people, so his thought of caring about people and things became stronger. Among his early poems, there are also famous works that reflect the social outlook that will be in turmoil in the later period of Tianbao, such as Chedian, Nine Poems of Qiandi, Sigh of Autumn Rain, Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian, etc. However, Du Fu's awareness of people's livelihood in this period shows his initial concern for people's livelihood and the transitional period of worrying about the country and the people. In the early stage, I mainly looked at the suffering caused by the war from the perspective of a bystander until "I went to Fengxian from Beijing to recite 500 words".
Second, the ideological content of Du Fu's later poems
? After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, Du Fu's experience can be divided into two stages: being trapped as a thief and being an official, and drifting southwest. At this time, Du Fu fell into the hands of rebels and was escorted to Chang 'an. Later, he left to collect the remains, was demoted, and finally abandoned his official position to go to Shu, and began a wandering life in his later years. The Anshi Rebellion brought countless disasters and brought the theme of war-torn life into the field of vision of poetry. Du Fu exposed the great damage and disaster caused by this war by describing the miserable life of the bottom people extensively and comprehensively. During this period, Du Fu's poems mainly expressed the sad feelings of returning to his native land. Hard-won ambition and loss of mood; The feeling of loneliness in the lost years; Optimism that loves life, kindness that worries about the world. The overall tone of his creation is sad and vicissitudes.
(A) the sadness that it is difficult to return to their homeland
? Du Fu has been wandering all the year round. When he is sad and frustrated, in a difficult situation and frustrated in life, what can bring him the greatest comfort is his hometown in memory. Therefore, in Du Fu's poems, homesickness is particularly sincere and moving, which can move people's hearts most. Du Fu's homesickness is not only nostalgia for his hometown, but also a kind of homesickness. While wandering, he often longs to return to his native land and the imperial court, but this wish is difficult to realize in the turbulent social situation, so his poems are full of tragic feelings. Hope in Spring is the representative work of this kind of thinking about home and country.
(2) Losing the hard-won ambition.
? No matter when and where, Du Fu has always cherished lofty ideals and ambitions, actively joined the WTO, and eager to enter the official career is his lifelong pursuit and long-cherished wish. He abandoned his official position and went to Shu, always hoping to return to the northern court and realize his political ideal. Even though his family is around him, he still misses Chang 'an and the political center he yearns for. He is eager to be with you and help the world. However, when this ideal is difficult to realize, a sense of loneliness, frustration and heavy loss arises spontaneously. This kind of mood is also reflected in his poems, such as "the heart of the sunset is still strong, and the autumn wind is sick to the Soviet Union".
(3) the feeling of loneliness in the lost years
? Du Fu has been far away from the political center all the year round, losing his home and the power to realize his ambition, which makes him feel that life is not so valuable and meaningful. He has always used poetry to express his concern for the country and the people and to find some comfort in his heart. In his later years, Du Fu was more lonely, wandering and helpless all his life. Coupled with the death of old friends and the separation of siblings, his loneliness in life is even deeper. In his later years, Du Fu was sick all the year round and became very sensitive to the passage of time and the decline of his life. Words such as "decline", "old age", "disease", "hoary head" and "gray hair" often appear in his poems, which are full of loneliness and sadness that the poet's life is about to die.
(4) Worried about the goodness of the world.
? Throughout his life, Du Fu was able to uphold the belief that "those who live in temples worry about their people, and those who live far away in rivers and lakes worry about their kings", and he was full of pursuit and admiration for Confucian benevolence and righteousness. This is mainly manifested in Du Fu's love for the people. First of all, he strongly opposed the blackmail of the rulers; Secondly, it is manifested in opposing the unjust war that has brought great suffering to the people; Finally, it expresses deep sympathy for the Lebanese people in dire straits. Taking "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" as examples, Du Fu described the inhumanity of officials in his poems, exposed the cruelty of rulers, reflected the profound disasters brought to the people by the Anshi Rebellion, and expressed the poet's deep sympathy for the working people.
(5) An optimistic attitude towards life
? Although Du Fu drifted for a long time in his later years, it was difficult for him to return to his old country and his ambition was hard to pay. But in the face of all kinds of disappointments in life, he can still overcome difficulties with tenacious perseverance and vitality, endure the pain and despair of wandering life, and face life and difficulties with positive spirit and optimistic attitude. In the predicament, Du Fu is good at discovering the joy in life and finding a resting place that can make the mind quiet. Du Fu lived in Du Fu Caotang in Chengdu in his later years. He lived and worked in peace and contentment, enjoyed his hardships and wrote a lot of pastoral poems. Du Fu's positive and optimistic attitude towards life is worthy of recognition.
Thirdly, the analysis of the reasons for the differences between Du Fu's poems in the early and late periods.
? Du Fu's poems are bounded by the Anshi Rebellion, and the style and content of his poems have changed greatly. This paper attempts to analyze the reasons for the great differences between Du Fu's poems before and after.
(A) changes in the social environment
? Du Fu experienced a changing process from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu's early social and economic prosperity, political prosperity, relatively stable social life and relatively affluent people's lives formed a brilliant atmosphere in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In the later period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he indulged in debauchery and profligacy, practiced Buddhism and Taoism, and ignored state affairs, which led to the relegation of the power of the ruling and opposition parties, domestic troubles and foreign invasion, and finally triggered a great turmoil, namely the Anshi Rebellion. After the Anshi Rebellion, the mountains and rivers were broken and the country was in turmoil. In this environment, Du Fu wandered around and began a life of drift from place to place. After suffering, he saw the sufferings of the people under the background of social unrest. Therefore, he described the sufferings of the people during the war in a panoramic way through his poems, which contained far-reaching connotations.
(B) changes in life experience
? Du Fu lived in a bureaucratic family in his early years, and his living conditions were relatively good. This laid a material foundation for his early travel to mountains and rivers and study abroad. Therefore, Du Fu's early life was relatively comfortable. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, Du Fu was adrift and lived in great distress. Old age is not only poor, but also full of diseases, which is very bleak. Although I was often supported by relatives and friends when I was in Shu, I couldn't change this embarrassing living situation, and I was still often hungry and cold. Such a life made Du Fu miserable. He feels embarrassed and helpless for his family's life, but he is unwilling to accept other people's relief. Wandering life, the desolation of relying on others, and the pain of unfulfilled ambition are mixed in Du Fu's heart and expressed through poems, reflecting the social panorama of this period.
(C) the direct impact of Confucianism
? Du Fu was a famous poet in Jin Dynasty, and his grandfather Du Yu was a famous poet in early Tang Dynasty. The family cultural tradition of being loyal to Confucianism and abiding by the law influenced Du Fu's thought of being loyal to the monarch and loving the people. As the inheritor of Confucianism, Du Fu always takes Confucian classics as the standard, Confucianism as the norm, and Confucianism as the way of life. His poetry creation can also show his conversion to Confucianism. In Du Fu's poetry creation, he pinned his unfulfilled desire to be an official, expressed sympathy for the sufferings of the people and yearned for the establishment of a world of great harmony, all of which are concrete manifestations of Confucianism. Only in its early days, this Confucian thought deepened into a desire to become an official, and in its later days, it was more deeply manifested in caring for the Li people.
(4) The influence of Buddhism and Taoism on Du Fu.
? For a long time, Du Fu's thought has been fixed in the category of Confucianism. Indeed, Du Fu wrote many poems containing Confucian orthodoxy. But it is undeniable that his thoughts are more or less influenced by Buddhism and Taoism. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was highly respected by the emperor, and Buddhism also developed during this period. Scholars in this period were also deeply influenced. They pursued immortals, such as Li Bai, Li Shangyin and He. Du Fu mentioned in his poem "To Li Bai" that "Ge Hong is not ashamed of cinnabar" and there are many traces of seeking immortality. However, in his later years, Du Fu was able to adjust himself actively and maintain his inner balance even though he went through hardships. From this perspective, Du Fu was also influenced by Buddhism and Taoism.
? To sum up, Du Fu has been wandering all his life, and his poems are full of wandering pain. This kind of consciousness is mainly manifested in the poet's difficulty in returning to his hometown, his loss of ambition, his helplessness and sadness at the passing of life. The poet experienced the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the middle Tang Dynasty before and after the Anshi Rebellion, and saw through the ups and downs of the Tang Dynasty during this period, and saw through all kinds of evil deeds of the rulers who were heartless and plundered the people. He mercilessly exposed this social reality through his poems, and also wrote his own life feelings to express his pain and helplessness with many people. "Andrew has tens of millions of buildings, and the poor people in the world will make a big splash" is his most straightforward cry. Du Fu is great. His greatness lies in his courage to face history, life, vagrancy, dissatisfaction and protest in real life, and to stand on the United front with the Lebanese people and expose the cruelty of unjust war. It is precisely because of this dark and chaotic era that the realistic spirit in Du Fu's poems was discovered, which prompted his poetic style to change from romantic and heroic to depressed and frustrated, and the content of his poems changed from expressing personal lofty aspirations to describing the sufferings of the people, showing his feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Therefore, the "poetic history" nature of Du Fu's poems has been forged.
References:
[1] Yuan Xingpei. China literature history [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 20 14:6.
[2] Zhu Dongrun. Literary works of past dynasties [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 20 10.4.
[3] Ge Xiaoyin. Fifteen lectures on Tang poetry and Song poetry [M]. Beijing: Peking University Publishing House, 20 15:5.
[4] Xiao Difei. Du Fu Studies [M]. Jinan: Qilu Bookstore,1980:15-31.
[5] Fu Gengsheng. On Du Fu's Poetry [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1985.
[6] Wang Shijing. Poet Du Fu [M]. Zhengzhou: Henan University Press, 2011:11.
[7] Zhu Dongrun. On Du Fu [M]. Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 198 1: 1.
[8] Zhang Xin, Bai. On the wandering consciousness of Du Fu's poems [J]. Hebei Vocational and Technical College of Building Materials, 20 16(05).
[9] Ocean. Du Fu's early poems and his concern for the people [J]. Journal of Xi 'an University of Arts and Sciences, 20 12.
KaRen Yang. The influence of Du Fu's wandering life on his poetry creation [J]. Essay on Aesthetics, 20 16(07).
[1 1] Han Chengwu. Poet Saint: Du Fu in the Worried World [M]. Baoding: Hebei University Press, 2000: 1-3.
[12] Zhang Zhonggang. Selected poems of Du Fu [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2005: 12 1