First, the emergence of love stories.
Xi's family, also known as Xi Zi, was first seen in the classic works of Confucianism and Taoism in the middle of the Warring States Period. There is a saying in "Mencius Li Lou": "If the writing is unclean, everyone will cover his nose." Ceng Yun in Gou Zi Lun: "Metaphorically, people still want to be rich for feelings, but they don't want goods. Beauty is beautiful, and beauty is evil." "Zhuangzi and Tian Yun" also said: "Many people are sick and indulge in it, and the ugly ones see it as beautiful and fascinated." At this time, the stone was only praised as a peerless beauty during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and there is no story to be found. This situation seems to have been maintained until the Western Han Dynasty. According to Historical Records of the Family of Gou Jian, the King of Yue, after the defeat of Huiji, Gou Jian "sacrificed a beautiful woman's beautiful jade to Wu Taizai", but after helping Gou Jian destroy Wu, he "pretended to be beautiful jade and sailed on the sea with his private disciples, but never rebelled." The "beauty" mentioned here is just a general term, not specifically a stone, and there is no love dispute with it. Obviously, in the era of Sima Qian, the history of beauty was not directly related to the dispute between Wu and Yue, and they were still in two independent legend systems.
It was in the Eastern Han Dynasty that the rumors of history were linked with the history of wuyue's struggle, and the love story with him was woven. Feng Ming "magnum romance, Fan Li" cloud:
The more beautiful woman Shi lives in the west of Zhuluo village, so she is called Shi. Those who want to see it lose money first. There is a daughter pavilion in the south of Jiaxing County today. "Wu Yue Chun Qiu" says: "The King of Yue was sent by Five Blessingg to be lascivious, so he made the stone as a gift." Stone had a relationship with Wu, and it took three years to reach Wu. So I gave birth to a son who could speak at the age of one and named him "Daughter Pavilion". "Yue Jue Shu" says: "After Wu's death, the teacher returned and went away because of the five lakes." At the foot of Xishi Mountain, there is a Queen of Huansha.
The Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, recorded historical events from Taibo to Wu of Fucha, from Wu Yu to Yue of Gou Jian, and collected a large number of folklore, which was quite similar to later note novels, and the story of history was one of them. Yue Jue Shu was not written by anyone, while Si Ji Shu was written by Yuan Kang in Han Dynasty, which also recorded the events of Yue Guo in the Spring and Autumn Period, and its writing was similar to Wu Yue Chun Qiu. Through their relevant records, we can know that in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the story of history has begun to take shape. History not only became an important role in wuyue's struggle, but also had a love story of joys and sorrows. Second, the chanting and evaluation of literati in past dynasties
Once the stone story came into being, it attracted the attention of scholars of all ages. The stunning beauty and unique experience of stone have always been the object of chanting by later generations. They may regard him as the embodiment of ideal China and ideal America, and hold him in high esteem. For example, Zhang Huafu in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty said, "Take Xi's weak wrist, and help Mao Zi to bend his elbow." For example, Su Shi's "Rain after Drinking on the Lake": "The water is bright and sunny, and the mountains are empty and rainy. Compared with West Lake and West Lake, it is always appropriate to make up for it. " They may reminisce about the past, such as Xi Shi Yong written by Qing Jinhe: "A brook is like a spring flower, and the east is given to those who enter the palace. Your home may not be colorless, but the wrong one is effective. " For example, Cao Xueqin's "Xi Poem": "A generation of the whole city chases waves, and the Wu Palace misses its son's family. The effect is not to laugh at the women in the East Village, but to wear yarn on Baixi's head. " And more scholars pay attention to the evaluation of historical merits and demerits. The theory of "the female is the bane of the country" has a considerable influence in the feudal history of our country. The so-called "Sister Xia Jie plays, Shang Zhou plays da ji, and Zhou Youzan praises her" seems that the overthrow of every dynasty is attributed to a certain woman. "Women's disaster of national subjugation" has become the usual condom for feudal orthodox historians and scholars when writing history books and evaluating historical events. The evaluation of historical merits and demerits is naturally influenced by this feudal thought. Therefore, in the process of spreading the story, there are various opinions. For example, the eighty-third edition of Feng Menglong's New Biography in the Late Ming Dynasty has been rewritten as:
Gou Jian withdrew his troops to Vietnam and returned with Shi. Lady Yue lurked people out and sank them into the river with a big stone, saying, "What's left of this broken country?" Later generations didn't know about it, and it was rumored that it was loaded into the five lakes, so there was "no intention to carry it in stone?" I'm afraid I'll miss the king by going abroad.
The ending of the historical story described here is obviously different from the folklore recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue, which represents the thought of feudal orthodox literati that "women are in trouble for the country". A similar situation also appeared in the fictional novel Bean Shed Gossip. The second book is Fan's Water Buried Beauty:
Dr. Fan's heart is different from Japan's. In the future, the king of Yue did not reveal it, but pursued it. If he still released the means of seeking the country, he only said that he should watch moonlight and make up at night. He waited to come out and raised his glass to the moon to mourn the future. Unexpectedly, Dr. Fan deliberately calculated, looked at the cold place, took him by surprise, pushed his chest and went straight to the Crystal Palace.
Contrary to the feudal orthodoxy mentioned above, since the Tang and Song Dynasties, many scholars with progressive historical views have chanted poems. They believe that the rise and fall of a country depends on many social factors, and its fatuity is the most important cause of failure. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty argued for history: "If you kill Wu, history will fall into disrepute" ("Xi Poetry"); Yin asked confidently, "If Wu State is destroyed, who will destroy Yue State?" (Xi Stone) In the Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi even hit the nail on the head and pointed out: "I hope that if the king kills Xi Stone, there will be Xi Stone in the palace" (Zaixi). In the Song Dynasty, Zheng Yi even listed stone as the primary hero of destroying Wu, and thought that a golden statue should be cast to worship the stone: "If Wu was destroyed first, gold would only cast stone together" (stone). These poems, based on the progressive view of history, strongly refute the theory of "female disaster for the country". Third, the compilation and performance of "Huansha Ji"
The most detailed and vivid love story about history is Liang Chenyu's legendary drama "Huansha Ji" in the middle of Ming Dynasty. According to "Poems of the Ghost", "Liang Chenyu, a native of Kunshan, is an elegant lyricist. Jiangdong Zizhu is a wonderful book. A native stonemason can make a sound in his throat, changing Yiyang, Haiyan and Hu into Kunqu opera, and Bolong filled in the "Huansha Ji" to pay for it. " (See Textual Research of Novels edited by Jiang Ruizao, Volume III).
"Huansha Ji" was originally named "Wu Yue Chun Qiu", with 45 parts, and the plot is as follows:
In his spare time, Fan Li, a doctor from the State of Yue, took advantage of the season of "beautiful spring, bright future" to remain anonymous and travel around the mountains. Wandering around, I came to the boulevard at the foot of Zhuluo Mountain, and happened to meet Xi Shixi, a girl who plays the role of Huansha in Zhuluoxi Village. I fell in love with him at first sight when I saw that he was born beautiful and extraordinary. Shi is also interested in his "romantic and handsome figure". So the two took a wisp of "the yarn of the stream" as a token of love and forged a century-old friendship. Fu Cha, the prince of Wu, revenges his father, and he is more and more handsome as the "teacher of a hundred thousand water rhinoceroses". The Vietnamese army was outnumbered, fighting three wars and three north, and both the monarch and the minister were besieged on Huiji Mountain. Fan Li offered a plan to Gou Jian, the king of Yue, "Please be a minister, please be a concubine" and humbled himself to paralyze the king of Wu; At the same time, he also sent two beautiful women and thousands of gold coins to pay tribute to Wu Taizai, alienating Wu Jun and Chen. Fu Cha, the prince of Wu, was tricked into surrendering. Since Shi met him by the stream, there has been no news of him, so he turned to resentment, "making him worry all night and have a cavity of spring illness." At that time, Fan accompanied the Yuewang couple to the Stone Chamber of the State of Wu, and was ashamed to raise a horse as a husband's tea, suffering from human suffering. One day, when Fu Cha, the king of Wu, was hunting, he happened to pass by the stone room. He saw from a distance that Gou Jian's people "did not lose the demeanor of the monarch and his wife in this time of drift from place to place, hardship and hardship", so he felt pity and forgiveness. It happened that Fu Cha was occasionally indifferent, so Gou Jian listened to Fan Li's plan, personally asked Fu Cha about dung, and impressed Fu Cha with his death. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, endured three years of "dog and horse suffering" in the State of Wu, and was finally pardoned and returned to China. After returning home, I worked hard day and night, and I tasted courage; Reorganize the country for revenge. The genre provides advice: "Choose a beautiful woman to be the king of Wu. When you see my feelings of service, you will move your decadent ambition, use evil spirits and be loyal and suspicious." While the initiative to recommend the teacher. Under the strong persuasion, he finally agreed to Shi's request and entered Wu for the sake of national plans. Before entering Wu, Mrs. Yue personally taught singing and dancing in Xitucheng Bieguan. After learning, "move your lips, the sound will fly, and the rhyme will fly." Although it is Qin Qing and Han E, it is nothing more than that; "When you turn around, you will rise in a strange way. You will be surprised by Youlong, but that's all." When he entered Wu, Fu Cha really fell in love at first sight, thinking that "maids are the best in the world". Since then, I have been happy and extravagant, abandoning politics and being good; Treacherous court officials took advantage of the situation, loyal officials were forced to commit suicide, and Wu's power gradually declined. At the same time, Gou Jian, the King of Yue, after "ten years of reunion, ten years of lessons, well-fed soldiers and strong horses", vowed to attack the State of Wu when Fu Cha, the king of Wu, crossed the river and competed for hegemony with the State of Jin. Fu Cha failed to save him in one fell swoop, died of suicide and was equally killed. Wu perished. Let's talk about the palace welcoming the waiter, boating on Taihu Lake, and taking the south wind to Qi.
Although "Huansha Ji" tells the story of the rise and fall of wuyue, it takes Heshi as the core figure and organizes the plot around the joys and sorrows of the hero and heroine. Shi is the daughter of an ordinary people who lives in seclusion and poverty. She is beautiful and infatuated. Waving the tulle by the stream, I suddenly caught a glimpse of Fan Li, a charming teenager, and my love could not help sprouting in this girl's heart. Therefore, when Fan Li showed her identity and proposed to marry her for a hundred years, she was moved by Fan Li's "not abandoning poverty" and attracted by Fan Li's "romantic and chic posture" and nodded and agreed without hesitation. When I left and there was no news, I suffered from lovesickness and only secretly felt hurt:
[Gleditsia sinensis] Frowning at the peak is lazy and even, and the waist is wide. The strange face faded a little, and the melancholy years were shocked in an instant. Who has pity on me? I went to Ren Qiulai in spring, with flowers in the clouds, dim and bitter rain, and I was warm alone? Endless tears, sad for a reason, thin and lonely, fragrant and fragrant, when can we settle down. (See Sixty Poems, Zhonghua Book Company, 1958, the same below)
Three years later, I was finally reunited with Shi, and Shi was very happy. Only to say that he would give her to Fu Cha, the prince of Wu, Shi could no longer hold back her anger for three years:
After three years of alliance, centenarians plan to celebrate. Remember to fold the card twice by the stream. Wen Jun stayed in Wu Ting, which made his heart ache all night. A wisp of yarn was once lit. Why? I am really unlucky. I have never been to the ends of the earth. At that time, foreign countries fell, and there was no news. I fell into a deep well.
After a painful contest between emotion and reason, Shi finally gave up his affair, forced a smile and gave up his life in Wu. At the same time, Shi's character has also been sublimated, from a weak spoony girl to a strong and unyielding heroine, admirable and amiable.
Fan Li is another important role in the play. Although he holds an important position in Yue, he is indifferent to fame and fortune, thinking that "poverty is like dirt, wealth is always a floating cloud" and longing for "when to brush clothes and return to Jingnan Dream Zeyun". Therefore, when I first met her, I was deeply moved by her fresh and simple posture and was cited as a confidant and lifelong companion. When Gou Jian, the King of Yue, was trapped in Huiji, he worked hard and devoted himself to exhausting his wisdom, assisting Gou Jian in striving for strength and revenge. To this end, he reluctantly gave up what he wanted and persuaded Jean Shi to enter Wu.
If we can float across, the country can survive and my body can be guaranteed. See you later. I don't know. If I persist in not doing it, my country will be destroyed and my body will be destroyed; At that time, although we are married in-laws, dear, you and I will be ghosts of a ditch together, so why bother to seek happiness for a hundred years?
He is not a heartless person, but he can put national interests above personal love and happiness at critical moments; When he achieved great success, he was able to retreat from the torrent and retire from the rivers and lakes, which was indeed a valuable quality among the officialdom literati in feudal society.
The writing style of Huansha Ji, which expresses the feelings of rise and fall with the help of students' love, has a far-reaching influence on the legendary creation of later generations. The Palace of Eternal Life by Hong Sheng and Peach Blossom Fan by Kong both inherited this creative style to some extent.
Huansha Ji is a legendary drama, originally sung by Wei Liangfu's improved Kunqu Opera. For the first time, it successfully applied "Ink and Wash Music" to the stage, which played a great role in the spread of Kunqu Opera. Some of its outstanding works, such as Back to Camp, Turn the Horse, Attack the Surrounding, Enter the Stone, Tour the Lake, etc., have always been famous songs of Kunqu Opera. All kinds of drama works in later generations, such as the Han drama "Sleeping on the Salary and Taste the Gallbladder", the Sichuan drama "The Spring and Autumn Period of Wu Yue" and the Qin drama "Visiting History", are also adapted according to the "Huansha Ji".