Including: (1) article layout: symbolic metaphor, imaginary virtuality, combination of reality and fiction, associative deduction, setting off, comparison, suppression, care, seeing the big from the small, comparing the advantages and disadvantages, and using allusions to show ambition; (2) Expression techniques: lyrical and descriptive; (1) lyric methods: direct lyric (direct expression of feelings) indirect lyric-lyric ② description (description of scenery) methods-frontal description, side description, combination of reality and reality, combination of point and surface, comparison, rendering, setting off, movement contrast, detail description and sketch (3) rhetorical devices: metaphor, analogy, exaggeration and sketch. 2. Deliberately describe the contrast and contrast from the side as a foil to make the things described more vivid and prominent. 3. Associative imagination is like wild imagination, which combines whimsy with the truth of nature. 4. Classical poetry is concise in language and rich in content, which increases the vividness and implicitness of expression and enhances the expressiveness and appeal of works.
5. Symbolic images are vivid and concrete, turning reality into emptiness. 6. Reduplication plays an important role in enhancing the sense of rhythm. 7. Holding objects to express their wishes and feelings, and expressing obscure expressions are implicit and implicit. 8. The details are true, accurate and vivid. 9. Sketch is vivid and profound without rendering, and sketched with rough brushstrokes. 10. The meticulous details are vivid and rhetorical. Turn abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete, and make the depicted image more vivid. 2. Replace complexity with simplicity and reality with virtuality. 3. Contrast bright colors, portray images and express rich meanings. 4. Exaggerate the essence and give people inspiration. Set off the atmosphere and enhance the appeal; Enhance association and create an atmosphere. 5. Duality is beautiful in music, concise in expression and lyrical. 6. Rhetorical questions emphasize tone. 7. Ask questions, attract attention and inspire thinking. 8. Puns are meant to imply, while others are implied. Pay special attention to the following six common descriptive skills of NMET (1). Dynamic and static contrast, silence is better than sound, and the music scene is sad. (2) Compared with various rhetorical devices, it is more vivid. Metaphor is to make things personalized, exaggeration is to emphasize and highlight, and antithesis is to enhance the musical beauty of poetry, express ideas concisely and express lyricism. (3) Dynamic and static combination pays great attention to the contrast between dynamic and static scenery, which can be combined with dynamic and static, and can also be written with static and dynamic. Sometimes the two complement each other to form a rendering contrast, thus highlighting the center.
(5) color rendering. Color rendering can convey a happy mood, but also set off a sad mood. (6) Observe the change of angle. Looking down, looking up, overlooking, looking close, from far and near or from bottom to top. Answer steps: (1) Point out exactly what technique was used.
(2) Explain why this technique is combined with poetry. (3) This technique effectively conveys the poet's feelings.
2. Classical Chinese reading skills Classical Chinese reading skills: Step 1: Quickly browse the topic Extracurricular classical Chinese reading questions have a feature: some topic options show the meaning of some keywords in the text; Some topics hint at the main content of classical Chinese.
Browsing topics helps students understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay.
The second step: carefully analyze the topic Generally speaking, the reading paragraphs of classical Chinese after class will give topics, and most of the topics themselves summarize the main contents of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extra-curricular reading article in the classical Chinese "Chu People Learn to Boat".
The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese.
Step 3: Read the full text with notes quickly. Read articles in classical Chinese after class, and some difficult words in classical Chinese are generally annotated. These notes help students understand the main content of classical Chinese accurately.
So, don't ignore these notes, but take them with you to read the full text quickly. In addition, it should be noted that in the process of reading the full text, don't stop and think hard, but continue reading.
In short, read the full text quickly, not completely, but understand the main idea of the article. Step 4: Answer the question with the right medicine.
There are three types of reading problems in extracurricular classical Chinese, namely, word interpretation, sentence translation and content understanding. Use different methods to solve different problems: (1) Word explanation questions: This kind of questions mostly examine the phenomenon of polysemy of words in classical Chinese, which are basically learned by students in classical Chinese in class.
When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer. (2) Sentence translation: The translated sentence should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation.
First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); Then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, we should pay attention to the following problems: ① Proper nouns such as year number, person name, place name, official name, object name, book title and country name should be kept as they are, and no translation is needed.
For example: "In the spring of four years (year number), Teng (name) was ordered to guard Baling County (place name)". In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Teng was demoted to Baling County Order.
For example: "Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people are also". "Who? Also "table judgment, nonsense, should be deleted.
Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng. ③ Some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese (such as verb inversion, preposition object and adverbial postposition). ) Different from the word order of modern Chinese, appropriate adjustments should be made in translation.
For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "Your mental deficiency is too serious. (4) If the translated sentence is an ellipsis, the omitted elements should be supplemented.
For example: "Naidan Shubo said' Chen' (omitting the subject)." They wrote the word "Chen" on the silk with vermilion.
(3) Content comprehension questions. There are three ways to solve this kind of problem: one is to quote the original sentence to answer; Second, extract keywords from the original text to answer; Third, organize written answers in your own words.
Among the three methods, the first and second methods have higher accuracy.
3. The intertextuality of writing skills in ancient Chinese is one of the unique figures of speech in ancient Chinese. It is a rhetorical device in which words in corresponding positions complement, permeate and imply each other in two or more parallel phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure. The application of intertextuality can enrich the content of the article and make it more profound.
award
Fu is the basic technique of ancient poetry, also known as Bi Xing. Chen Fu, a pavement. Paving is the abbreviation of paving and finishing. In a long poem, exposition and parallelism are often used together. Layout is a series of closely related landscape images, events, characters and behaviors, which form a group of sentences with basically the same structure and tone in a certain order.
It can not only write incisively and delicately, but also concentrate on strengthening the language potential, and also render a certain environment, atmosphere and emotion. In Fu style, especially in Fu Lihua's Meihan Fu, Fu method is widely used. Some five-character poems in Han Yuefu and Han Dynasty also interacted with Han Fu. What's more, they combined parallel prose with parallel prose and brought out the best in each other.
compare
Walking in Fu Bi is one of the three traditional techniques in China, and metaphor is the most basic and commonly used one. Generally speaking, the figurative things used for comparison are always more vivid, concrete, vivid and simple than the ontological things being compared, which are recognized by people and easy for people to associate and imagine.
Promote/start/get up/maybe/last name/interest
Xing, say something else first, in order to cause the lyrics to be sung. From the characteristics, there are two situations: direct prosperity and comparative prosperity; In terms of use, there are two forms: initial prosperity and rising prosperity.
Writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)), which are commonly used: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, suspense, care, association, imagination, combination of suppression, combination of point and surface, combination of static and dynamic, combination of narration and discussion, blending of scenes, comparison and contrast, bedding, expressing meaning with objects and describing details. Contrast, rendering, dynamic and static contrast and writing belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)), and the common ones are: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, association, imagination, combination of suppression and suppression, combination of point and surface, combination of dynamic and static, combination of narration and discussion, blending of scenes, comparison and contrast, care before and after, and expression of ambition. Virtual and real, real and virtual writing, support, poetry and so on. Expression is common narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (In fact, it also belongs to artistic expression). Rhetoric is a common metaphor, contrast, analogy, duality, metonymy, exaggeration, intertextuality, pun, rhetorical question, repetition, irony and quotation.
4. In ancient Chinese, there are examples: (1) In the Qin Dynasty, the moon was closed in the Han Dynasty, and people didn't return it on the Long March-Qin and Chinese sentences were intertextual.
(2) Bashan Chushui is desolate, and I have given up on myself for 23 years-Bashan Chushui is an intertextuality.
(3) The smoke cage is colder than the water, sand and moon, and it stays near Qinhuai Restaurant at night-smoky moon.
4. Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness-
⑤ The male rabbit's feet are complex and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred-the feet are complex and the eyes are blurred.
⑥ Mass access and dedication: "In great success, fun is also harmonious." When Jiang came out, he sent a blessing: "In addition to great success, the fun was also vented." Zuo zhuan. Five years of seclusion.
⑦ Shen Zhou said, "Zheng is deaf." -opposites complement each other.
5. The division method of sentence rhythm in classical Chinese: 1. There should be a pause after the auxiliary word (also called the first word of the sentence) and the related word; 2. There were two monosyllabic words in ancient times and one disyllabic word in modern Chinese, which should be read separately; 3. Pause in linguistic order, that is, pause according to "subject-predicate object" and "adverbial predicate". The pause between subject and predicate, verb and complement (there is generally no pause between attribute and head word) makes the meaning obvious. Fourth, read adverbial nouns and headwords continuously, that is, when nouns are adverbials, they usually stop before words, and adverbials and headwords cannot be read separately. If you read it separately, you will mistake the adverbial for the subject and change the meaning of the sentence. Then you can't stop, that is to say, the word "er" can't be read separately from the following words, but you should read it continuously. 1. If "er" is connected with an adjective (or adverb) and a verb in a sentence, that is, "adjective (adverb)+and+verb", then the preceding adjective or adverb acts as an adverbial to modify the following verb and cannot be read separately. Then "er" means sequential connection, that is, the previous action occurs and the latter action occurs immediately. At this time, "er" can't stop, and it should be continuous with the verbs behind it. 3. "Er" connects two words with the same part of speech (that is, two nouns, two verbs and two adjectives), indicating a coordinate relationship, which is equivalent to "He", "You" and "He". It is equivalent to "in addition", "and", "JIU" or no translation. Sixth, the rhythm pause should reflect the original appearance of sentence structure. Seventh, the rhythm pause should reflect the ellipsis. Eighth, we should know the ancient country name, year number, official position, title, historical facts and place names, otherwise it will easily lead to reading pause errors. Ninth, "Ye" is used to indicate pause in a sentence. Pause after reading aloud. If you are an auxiliary at the end of a sentence, don't stop. 10. Pause should reflect the jurisdiction of keywords. 1 1. Four words, five words, six words, seven words and so on. You can read with the same pause when reading in neat sentence patterns. Make the tone convey in one breath. There are three rules to divide the rhythm of classical Chinese sentences: one is to determine the reading rhythm (subject, predicate and object) according to the grammatical structure of classical Chinese sentences; Second, determine the reading rhythm according to function words or summary words such as head words, modal particles and related words; Third, there is a pause when the sentence is inverted. It is also important to understand the meaning correctly, because it determines the pause rhythm of classical Chinese.
6. There are many ways to recite classical Chinese quickly, but the best way is to like classical Chinese. It only took me 65,438+00 minutes to recite Peach Blossom Spring in junior high school. Classical Chinese is a wonderful language in Chinese, which can express many feelings that are difficult to express through ancient Chinese, and it is very implicit. It is very useful. So first of all, I hope you like it. Secondly, let me talk about the methods: first, to understand the meaning of the text, if you want to recite ancient Chinese, you must first know what each sentence is saying. You must be able to translate all the words. After understanding the meaning, there are many similarities between ancient prose and modern prose, which will be much easier. Second, if you read more ancient Chinese, you will have a sense of language. The so-called inverted sentences and ellipsis are understood, and you can recite them quickly. Third, read more books.