Thesis is a question that every friend who wants to publish a paper will ask. How to write the introduction of the paper, here is how to write the introduction of my finishing paper, welcome everyone to read for reference.
How to write 1 1 in the introduction of the paper, and the introduction should contain general contents.
Introduction, as the beginning of the paper, briefly introduces the writing background and purpose of the paper, the origin and realistic requirements of the research, as well as the preliminary work and research survey in related fields, and explains the relationship between this research and the preliminary work, the current research hotspots, existing problems and the author's work significance, which leads to the theme of this paper and guides readers.
The introduction can also point out the theoretical basis, experimental basis and research methods of this paper, and briefly explain its research content; A few words foreshadow the results, significance and prospect of this study, but there is no need to discuss it. The preface should include: Why do you want to do this research? What is the theoretical or practical basis for setting the topic? Want to innovate? What is the theoretical and/or practical significance? First of all, it is necessary to introduce the historical background and theoretical basis of this topic, the research progress and achievements of predecessors or others on this topic, and whether there are different academic viewpoints in academic circles. Tell the reader clearly why you want to do this research, and the sentences should be concise and straight to the point. If the research project has never been carried out by others, then the innovation is obvious, and the innovation of the research should be explained. But in most cases, research projects have been carried out by predecessors. At this time, it is necessary to explain the differences and essential differences between this research and that research, rather than simply repeating the work of predecessors.
2. The writing method of preface.
(1), cut to the chase and don't beat around the bush. Avoid long-winded narration of historical origin and research process.
(2) Be concise and focused. We shouldn't talk too much about the common sense content familiar to our peers and in textbooks. When it is really necessary to mention other people's research results and basic principles, we only need to mark them in the form of quotations. In the introduction, when putting forward the work and opinions of this paper, we should make the meaning clear and the language concise.
(3) Reviewing the history should be focused, the content should be closely related to the title of the article, and the background should be introduced around the title, which can be summarized in a few words; Don't write out the methods and results and don't discuss them when prompting the methods used; Although the contents of past documents can be quoted appropriately, they should not be listed in detail, and the preface should not be written as the historical development of research; Don't write the preface as a small summary of the literature, and don't repeat the common sense content already in the textbook or known by researchers in this field.
(4) Respect science and seek truth from facts. In the preface, we should properly evaluate the value of the paper, seek truth from facts and use scientific words. For the innovation of this paper, it is best not to use inappropriate self-evaluation such as "This study is the first report in China", "Filling the domestic blank", "High academic value", "This study has not been reported in China" and "This study is at the leading level at home and abroad".
(5) The content of the preface should not be the same as that of the abstract. Pay attention to using polite expressions, such as "a little knowledge", "limited level", "please correct me" and "throwing a brick to attract jade". It is best not to discuss the preface in sections, not to illustrate and list, not to deduce and prove formulas.
(6) The preface should not be too long. Too long will bore readers, too short will be difficult to explain. For a 3 000-5 000-word paper, the number of words in the preface should generally be 200-250.
Writing content and format of introduction
(1) Explain the theme, scope and purpose of the paper.
(2) Explain the cause, background and brief historical review of related fields of this study (what have predecessors done? Which ones have not been solved? How's it going so far? )。
(3) Expected results or the significance of this study.
(4) The introduction is generally not segmented, and its length depends on the content of the paper. The introduction of papers involving basic research is long, and the clinical case analysis should be short. The introduction of most foreign papers is relatively long, generally around 1000 words, which may be related to the strict limitation of the number of words in foreign domestic journals.
The so-called introduction is to set a topic for the writing of the paper, with the aim of leading to the following. Only when the "proposition" is established, it is necessary to continue writing the paper, otherwise the writing of the paper will lose its meaning. The general introduction includes two meanings: first, the background of "topic selection", which explains the position and role of topic selection in this discipline and the research status, especially the existing or unsolved problems in the research. The second is to establish the problems to be solved in this paper according to the existing research situation, which leads to the following. There are two problems in the introduction writing of the general author.
1) The article is irrelevant and general. Some authors seem to regard the introduction of the paper as a form and a dispensable part, and separate the writing of the introduction from the writing of the text just to add a hat to the paper. It is a common phenomenon to discuss the importance of research in general, even from the position of the industries involved in technology in the national economy, just like the leader's speech. It is the theme of research, and it is also from macro to micro, staying in general terms. Obviously, as a result, readers can't accurately judge the specific value of "thesis proposition", and they also lack the summary and introduction of the research status quo. I wonder what is the difference between the author's research and previous research work? Therefore, the introduction of scientific papers must explain the background of research work and generally discuss the current situation of research problems. The discussion of the research status is not only to examine the author's possession and familiarity with the materials, but more importantly, to judge the significance and value of the research work and the credibility of the research results from the comprehensive degree and the old and new degree of the materials.
2) Citations are listed and lack of analysis and generalization. The introduction should not only reflect the breadth of the background, but also examine the author's understanding of the research background. Generally speaking, the author has no deep understanding of the problem studied. When introducing the current research situation, he often lists a large number of references, lists different practices and conclusions of different researchers, lacks the author's analysis and induction, fails to summarize the research results and existing problems, and some even list some documents that are not directly related to this research, unilaterally emphasizing the richness of information possession. Although some people think that different magazines have different requirements for the introduction of research status, from the perspective of paper writing, the purpose of introduction is to explain the significance of the thesis proposition, not to summarize the research data, although summary provides convenience for readers to find information. Therefore, we should use the author's own language to summarize the current research situation, especially the existing difficulties and shortcomings, thus leading to the theme of the paper.
Introduction is generally similar to abstract, but it focuses on the intention and reason of writing and has the function of leading out the text. The structure is generally as follows:
1, the intention and reason of writing
2. The overall research content of the paper.
3. Main methods and measures
4. Simple research conclusion
How to write an argumentative essay is a style in which the author analyzes and comments on a certain issue or thing, and shows his own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and opinions. Argumentative writing has three elements, namely argument, argument and argument. The basic requirements of an argumentative essay are: correct viewpoints, serious generalization, practical significance, and proper comprehensive use of various expressions; The arguments are basically: true and reliable, fully typical; The basic requirement of argument is that reasoning must be logical.
When writing an argumentative essay, you should consider the argument, what to use as an argument to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. You can put forward a general argument first, then discuss it separately, analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene first, and then analyze the facts layer by layer and draw new conclusions. This way of writing is called total score, which is commonly used by middle school students. You can also ask a question that everyone cares about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step, which is a difficult way to write. It also requires the author to compare two different things in the opposite way, and then draw a conclusion, which is comparative writing.
Argumentative writing is a style that uses logic, reasoning and proof to explain the author's position and viewpoint. This kind of article either puts forward some views and opinions from the front, or refutes other people's wrong views. Comments in newspapers, essays or feelings in daily life all belong to the category of argumentative essays.
Argumentative writing, also called argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By stating facts, reasoning and distinguishing right from wrong, the author can determine whether his point of view is right or wrong, and establish or deny a proposition. Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic.
First, the three elements of argumentative writing
Argumentative writing mainly includes three elements: argument, argument and argumentation method. The argument must be correct. This argument is used to illustrate this argument. It should be reliable and sufficient. Facts speak louder than words and are the best argument. Arguments can also be accepted truths and philosophies that have been tested by practice. There are many ways to demonstrate, and the commonly used methods are:
1. induction
From the typical analysis, that is, the analysis of individual things, find out the similarities and differences of things, and then draw conclusions.
2. Reasoning method
Starting from the general principle, explain and analyze individual things, and then draw a conclusion.
3. Inspection method
Compare all the facts and aspects, then analyze them and draw a conclusion.
4. Refutation method
First list the wrong views, then refute them one by one, and finally clarify your own views.
Second, the characteristics of argumentative writing
The structure of an argumentative essay generally consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion sentence. Generally, an argument is put forward in the introduction part, that is, the theme of the article, and favorable facts are put forward in the body part. After strict argumentation, the conclusion is finally drawn according to the previous arguments.
Third, the writing of argumentative essays.
To write a good argumentative essay, we must pay attention to the following points:
1. Determine the argument.
Arguments are usually put forward in the first paragraph of an article.
2. To have sufficient arguments, you can cite examples from your life.
This argument should be strictly logical.
All facts, reasons and reasons should be closely linked with the conclusion.
Get up.
4. The level should be clear.
5. Sincere and friendly attitude, because the argument focuses on being reasonable and convincing.
Argumentative writing focuses on discussion, but sometimes it also uses explanation, narration and description. The explanation in the discussion often creates conditions for the discussion, or supplements the discussion; Narration and description in argumentative essays should provide basis for arguments. Therefore, the narrative should be general and the description should be brief.
6. The argument should be sufficient
You must have enough evidence to prove your point. The author can cite facts, show data, provide examples, use common sense or personal experience.
Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation
(1) argument: it is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing.
1. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave.
2. How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers.
(2) arguments:
1. factual argument: the role of facts in argumentative writing is very obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article.
2. Reasoning and argumentation: Argumentation is always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society. They are the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts.
(3) Argumentation: Arguments and arguments in argumentation are organized through argumentation. Argument is to prove with arguments.
How to write a good thesis is one of the important links in the teaching process of colleges and universities, and it is also an important symbol for students to complete their majors and graduate smoothly. In order to further help you write your thesis, attach some questions that should be standardized:
1. What is a dissertation?
Dissertation is an article that graduates of colleges and universities apply for the corresponding degree and put forward as an examination and evaluation. Dissertations are divided into three grades: bachelor, master and doctor.
1, bachelor's thesis:
A bachelor's thesis is written by a qualified undergraduate. The graduation thesis should show that the author can accurately grasp the basic professional knowledge learned in the university stage, learn how to comprehensively use the learned knowledge for scientific research, and have a certain understanding of the topics studied. The scope of the topic of the paper should not be too broad. Generally, one side or a difficult point of an important subject should be chosen to avoid the topic being too small, too old and too long.
2. Master's thesis:
A master's thesis is a thesis written by a graduate student who is studying for a master's degree. It should show that the author has mastered the basic professional knowledge extensively and deeply, has the ability to conduct scientific research independently, and has new independent opinions on the research topic. The thesis has certain depth and good scientific value, and plays a positive role in improving the academic level of this major.
3. Doctoral thesis:
A doctoral thesis is a thesis written by a graduate student who is studying for a doctoral degree. It requires the author, under the guidance of doctoral supervisor, to choose potential research direction, open up new research fields, master profound theoretical knowledge in related fields of this discipline, have quite skilled scientific research ability, and put forward creative opinions on this discipline. The paper has high academic value and plays an important role in promoting the development of this subject.
2. What are the general principles of dissertation?
1, the argument is objective and original:
The basic ideas of the article must come from the analysis and research of specific materials, and the questions raised have certain theoretical or practical significance in this professional field, and I have put forward my own certain cognition and opinions through independent research.
2. These arguments are informative and conclusive:
This paper can be widely quoted and confirmed in many ways, and the arguments used are subjective and indirect. The materials used in the paper should be well-founded, accurate, reliable and accurate.
3. The argument is rigorous and logical:
The author puts forward, analyzes and solves problems according to the development law of objective things, and the whole paper forms an organic whole, which makes the judgment and reasoning orderly and seamlessly connected.
4, clear posture, labeling specifications:
The paper must form the structural pattern of the full text with the formation of arguments, form a complete whole with the contents of multi-party argumentation, and embody the whole article with profound theoretical analysis. In addition, the overall structure and labeling requirements of the paper are standardized and appropriate.
5, accurate language, concise expression:
The most basic requirement of the paper is that readers can understand it. Therefore, the article is required to be clear, clear, profound, thorough and concise.
3. What is the standard format of graduation thesis?
1. Title of the paper: (signature attached below)
Requirements are accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel.
2. Contents
A table of contents is a short list of main paragraphs in a paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents)
3. Summary:
It is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short and concise content. The number of words can be as few as dozens or more.
It is advisable not to exceed 300 words.
4. Keywords or subject words
Keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, which are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract". Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, we should analyze the theme of the paper and convert it into standard words in the thesaurus according to the rules of indexing and collocation. (See Chinese Thesaurus and World Chinese Thesaurus).
5. Text of the document:
(1) Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme.
(2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents:
A. Questions-arguments;
B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments;
C. problem solving-demonstrating methods and steps;
D. conclusion.
Step 6 refer to
Thesis references are the main documents that can be referenced or cited in research and writing, and are listed at the end of the paper. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 "Description Rules of References at the End of Documents". English: Title-Author-Publication Information (Edition, Publisher, Publication Date)
English: Author-Title-Publication Information
The requirements of the listed reference documents are:
The references listed in (1) should be official publications for readers' textual research.
(2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.
Fourth, the way to get the best thesis topic?
1. Choose a subject you are interested in and have expertise in.
2. Looking for topics in unknown areas and unknown areas.
3. Be good at finding new ways and choosing innovative topics.
4. Choose a topic that can find enough reference materials.
5. Seek the opinions of tutors and experts.
6. Be good at using the library; The automation and networking of libraries provide convenient conditions for readers to choose topics.
How to write a thesis? Choosing the right topic is the first step to ensure the success of graduate thesis writing. A good topic selection can not only benefit the author. It can also arouse the interest of readers. Proper topic selection requires the author to have keen intuition, high academic accomplishment and rich experience. In addition, it is also important to understand the relevant format requirements and elements of paper writing and pursue the originality of paper writing.
1, preparation work
First of all, the author should browse or read a large number of articles published in various journals and academic authoritative publications in recent years. For example, China foreign languages. Foreign language, modern foreign language, China translation, language and translation, language teaching and research, foreign language and foreign language teaching, foreign language telephone teaching, English teaching and research in normal universities, foreign language teaching and research in basic education, foreign language teaching and research in primary and secondary schools, foreign language teaching in primary and secondary schools, etc. Through extensive reading, I can understand the current academic frontier and the latest trend of scientific research. At the same time, we should make clear the areas of interest and their research status. Such as: completed projects, research methods and means adopted, research depth, main findings in this field and possible problems or gaps. In order to help graduates choose topics, the School of Foreign Languages of Chifeng University organized XX teachers to provide directions and suggestions for the graduates of the English Department of this school in 2003. Here are some topics:
1) Teaching method direction:
1. Research and attempt to cultivate students' divergent thinking in teaching.
2. The role of demand analysis in autonomous learning mode.
3. Cultivate students' sense of cooperation in English learning group activities.
4. Cultural infiltration and cultivation in middle school English teaching.
5. The essential qualities of English teachers in modern middle schools.
6. How to infiltrate moral education into English teaching?
7. Questioning skills in junior middle school English class.
8. The influence of teachers' beliefs on teaching.
9. The application of communicative approach in grammar teaching.
10, the significance and methods of "English corner" activities in middle schools.
2) British and American literature direction:
1, see you later. Anti-war theme of weapons.
2. On heroism in The Old Man and the Sea.
3. Huckleberry Finn's democratic spirit.
4. Comparison between Imagist Poetry and China Ancient Poetry.
5. On the understanding of Shakespeare's tragic characters.
6. Shaping female roles in Shakespeare's plays.
7. Theme analysis of Paradise Lost.
8. Talking about the history of sentimentalism.
9. The artistic value of Jane Eyre.
10, Swift's satirical art.
3) Translation direction:
1. On foreignization and domestication of cultural factors in translation.
2. Characteristics of trademark names and their translation
3. Translation of movie titles
4. Translation of Chinese-English public signs
5. English news headlines and their translation
6. Loss and distortion of cultural images in translation.
7. Look at the distortion and faithfulness in Chinese-English translation from a cultural perspective.
8. "Context" in literary translation
9. The transformation of different social and cultural information in Chinese-English translation
10. Functional equivalence of English-Chinese idiom translation from the perspective of social semiotics.
4) Writing direction:
1, the transfer of Chinese thematic sentence patterns in English writing.
2. Comparison of English and Chinese sentence expressions.
3. Comparison of discourse structure in English writing.
4. Analysis and countermeasures of mother tongue transfer in English written expression.
5. Correlation between reading skills and writing ability.
6. Different tendencies of English rhetoric.
7. Comparison of English and Chinese nominal body metaphors.
8. Rhetorical features of English and Chinese advertising puns.
9. Cross-cultural differences between Chinese disyllables and English alliteration.
10. The influence of thinking differences between English and Chinese on China students' English writing and its countermeasures.
In addition, there are many topics in six directions, such as linguistics, Britain, America and culture, for students to refer to and help them write their graduation thesis.
2. Draw up a good topic and make a feasibility analysis.
Through browsing and reading the literature, the author will get some inspiration and inspiration. Combined with the direction and suggestions provided, you can draw up your own research topics of interest. At this time, it should be noted that your proposed topic should have certain research value or reflect the frontier development of this discipline.
For example. A cognitive study on the structural differences between Chinese and English double objects. "A Syntactic Study of English Double Object Structure". "The influence of English and Chinese vocabulary concept differences on second language vocabulary acquisition" and so on.
But drawing up a good topic is only an ideal of research, and whether it can be completed on time is the key. Otherwise, it will not only waste time, but also lose confidence. Therefore, we must investigate and analyze the feasibility of this paper from the following aspects.
First of all, we must estimate the time needed to finish the paper. If this topic takes far more than one semester, you should seriously consider whether it is suitable for you. Because the longer the project takes, the easier it is for the author to lose patience and interest, and it is difficult to finish the task on time. Secondly, it is necessary to carefully analyze whether the topics raised by the research are appropriate. There should not be too many topics and tasks.
Such as "Research on College English Teaching Reform". "Research on College Students' English Learning Strategies". The topics such as "Research on English Writing and Rhetoric Teaching Strategies" are too big. The coverage is too large. Because complex topics are often difficult to highlight the focus of research, but also make the article messy.
Graduation thesis is one of the important ways to show college students' learning ability and scientific research ability. So we must strictly control this level. Start small, see big from small, and dig deep. And make some innovations.
Finally. The manpower, material resources and financial resources needed to complete the thesis are also issues that the author should consider in advance. The so-called sharpening the knife does not miss the woodcutter. Take the topic selection in writing seriously. Grasping this level well plays a vital role in the completion of later thesis writing.
3. Composition and requirements of paper.
The research paper should include the following parts:
1) Chinese and English titles. Papers must have Chinese and English titles, and attention must be paid to the consistency of expression. For example, a study on the correlation between receptive skills and productive skills in English learning. A study on the correlation between receptive skills and productive skills in English learning. English topics are not concise and neat enough, which may even lead to misunderstanding. Because "in english learning" generally refers to the learning process of English learners in Chinese, and English in English learning can be easily understood as receptive skills and productive skills, and even related or learning phrases. Expression learning activities in a narrow sense.
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