/kloc-From the middle of 0/9th century to the beginning of 20th century, French art songs started, developed and prospered. Different countries have different names and styles of art songs, such as Germany called Lied, Russia called romance and France called melodie. But in terms of genre attributes, they all belong to the category of art songs, and they are more refined and perfect concert solo songs.
As early as the middle of16th century, many solos accompanied by Lute appeared in France. /kloc-at the end of 0/6, in addition to folk songs and street songs, a dance music accompanied by polyphonic music was popular. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/7th century, romanticism developed rapidly after it was introduced into the main harmony music from Italy. Coupled with the singer's singing and communication, solo songs accompanied by lute, guitar or Harper Secord appeared, and digital bass was replaced by formal notation. There were many kinds of songs at that time, including exquisite court love songs; There are pastoral love songs and lyric songs describing shepherds; Romantic and narrative songs originated from singing poets; Popular songs adapted from city songs; There are dance music and drinking songs, as well as simple and relaxed songs; There are also political satirical songs. /kloc-The famous songwriters in the 0/7th century include P. Guedron, A. Boether, G. Ba Taye, S. Lecamus, M. Barr, etc.
/kloc-in the 0/8th century, due to the advocacy of J.-J. Rousseau, song creation tended to be folk song style. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, in addition to a beautiful and sad "Joy of Love" written by J.P.A Martini, other composers' works, such as P.-A Monsigny, F.A. Filido, N.-M. Dalalay, A.-E.-M. Gretry, etc. 1 At the beginning of the 8th century, indoor oratorios were introduced to France from Italy. J.-P. Mora wrote the famous orpheus composed of three arias and1recitation, and F. coupland also wrote some solo songs. /kloc-During the French Revolution at the end of 0/8, many excellent revolutionary songs were produced, such as Let's Come, La Marseillaise and so on. In addition, professional musicians F.-J. Gossec and E.-N. Mehul also wrote some patriotic songs.
/kloc-the main pioneers of French art songs in the 0/9th century were Swiss-born L. Niedermaier and H. Montpe. They adopted the romantic poems of A de Lamartin, V Hugo and A de Muse. , broke through the old mode of romance (neat and rigid phrases), and created new songs with high artistic quality, such as the former's Lake and the latter's Girl in Andaluz, all of which are masterpieces. Other composers such as E.L. Halevi and A.L. Clapisson all played a pioneering role.
The real beginning of French art songs in the development period of French art songs should be said to have started with H. Berlioz. He is 1 the first person to use the word "melody" to call his songs, and he is also different from German art songs and songs with "melody is everything". It is different from the early French romance, and its structure is no longer limited to symmetrical and segmented creative norms. Piano accompaniment is more independent and expressive. Although his early songs, such as The Trouble of the Shepherd Girl, are still in the traditional romantic form, when he wrote nine Irish songs in French translation by English poet T Moore in 1830, there was no trace of romantic music. Berlioz also wrote some of the best songs, such as Young Shepherd in Brittany, Prisoner of War, Field, I Believe in You and so on. 184 1, Berlioz's vocal suite "Summer Night" composed by T. Gauthie's poems is his most important song creation, among which "People Go to the Empty Building" is the most perfect, and the sad refrain in "On the Shoal by the Sea" is touching, and the other four songs also have their own characteristics.
After Berlioz, G. Meyer published a collection of songs in 1849, and these 40 songs were basically influenced by German art songs. Cournot composed more than 200 songs, most of which were segmented songs in romantic form. His early works are the best, with novel melody, simplicity and elegance, rich harmony and distinctive personality. Representative works include Serenade and Ah! My beautiful rebellion, the first day of May has come again! The grass is green.
G. Bizet wrote 48 songs in his life, among which the most distinctive is the drama Farewell to Arab Mistress, sonnets with distinctive Sicilian rhythm, Qin Liu, pastoral love songs and lullabies.
Delib's songs are lively and exotic. Representative works include Parting, Myrtle Flower, April, Cadiz Girl and so on.
J. Mas followed Cournot's creative style, but it was more refined and emotional. 1866, he wrote an April poem consisting of a prelude and seven songs and an idyllic poem divided into seven paragraphs. He is the founder of French vocal divertimento.
Belgian-born c-a. Franck doesn't have many songs. He was strongly influenced by German art songs, full of romanticism and lacking French temperament. Frank's song works include Wedding of the Rose, Nocturne, Meeting God and so on. Meeting God, which shows the ceremony of celebrating the harvest, skillfully uses the modular melody of the hymn "Praise the Kingdom of Heaven" in its accompaniment, which is particularly novel and unique.
C. Shengsang is a prolific writer with diverse styles. Although deeply influenced by Germany, his songs have a spontaneous lyrical temperament, colorful imagination and exquisite brushwork. His Cicada, Ant and March of the Army by the King are all excellent works. 1872' s songs with oriental colors are also original.
Frank's student V Dandy's works have a strong purpose, and the music color is slightly dim, which has a considerable influence on the French composers at that time. The song "Song of Sailing" written by him for his poems vividly depicts the rough scene. Although the expressions of these three masters are different, their unique endowments, personalities and styles are all French. They all occupy an important position in the development history of French art songs.
G. Foley wrote until the 20th century, but his works still belong to the category of19th century. He composed more than 100 songs, and won the world reputation for his achievements in acoustic music. His songs are beautiful and smooth in tune, simple and symmetrical in structure, profound in emotion and rich in imagination, and have the unique exquisite, delicate, chic and elegant demeanor of the French from content to form. His early works were slightly influenced by Cournot, but he soon showed unique and novel skills. For example, in his early masterpiece "Lydia", the use of triple tones to develop melody is an example. He is good at setting off lyric melody with subtle changes of harmony and ingenious changes of rhythm in accompaniment, and is good at organically combining musical melody with the stress of lyrics, such as "The Water's Edge". He is better at composing original pictures with common materials, such as the picturesque song "Moonlight" with antique characters and varied customs and the vivid watercolor "Mandolin". Foley's musical temperament is very consistent with the delicate and slightly sad lyrics of the poet P Welland. He clearly expressed the wonderful artistic conception of the original poem with colorful musical language. Besides, his Dream Chasing, Nair, Our Love, The Rose of Isfahan and the divertimento Good Songs are all masterpieces. At this time, French art songs have made remarkable progress in creation, techniques, genres and forms, and achieved new achievements and reached a mature stage.
H Composed by deepak 1868 ~ 1884. His songs are full of deep feelings and artistic appeal, such as melancholy nostalgic songs, complaining sighs, implicit and affectionate expectations, and some of them are imitated by R Wagner in harmony. Thurmond's Manor is a dramatic and unique work. Fedelli is an imitation of medieval folk songs, originally written for mezzo-soprano. The whole song consists of three paragraphs and 1 overlapping songs. Overlapping songs are the main motivation of the whole song, and each repetition implies that the hostess of the castle has spent another night from sunset to dawn, waiting for the right person. Deepak's most perfect songs are Invitation to Travel and Old Life written by C. Baudelaire. These two songs are full of oriental fantasy and yearning for a quiet life.
Debussy mostly used the lyrics of his contemporaries' poems. Some of his songs are not as enthusiastic as Foley in melody and deepak in emotional expression, but he is good at making melody lines conform to the ups and downs of lyrics and intonation, organically combining music with French rhythm and stress, and making poetry, music and language a harmonious unity. Piano accompaniment is as important as human voice in his songs. His early songs include famous songs such as Beautiful Dusk. He composed 18 songs with Vilander's poems, and the mandolin composed by 1882 is his best work. Mandolin was written before Foley's work of the same name. He completed this elegant and poetic serenade by using the comparative techniques of staccato and Legato, triplet and Legato, major and minor, harmony color and volume. The vocal divertimento "The Forgotten Little Aria" was written on 1888, in which "Looking Forward" misses lovers in summer dusk; There is "My heart is full of tears" listening to the monotonous sound of raindrops by the window; There is a story about a hungry poor man riding a merry-go-round in an amusement park to forget his loneliness, poverty and troubles. He also composed three songs of Pyreths with P. Ruiz's famous prose poems, which is also his successful work. 19 10, his Three Ballads of Fran? ois Veyron is different from other works, which is more vigorous and dramatic in temperament. Debussy wrote ghosts with S. Malaheim's poems in 1884, and wrote three Malaheim's poems with his poems in 19 13. Debussy's last 1 Christmas song for homeless children expressed the composer's deep sympathy for French children displaced in the First World War.
E. Xiao Song is Frank's disciple, and he has composed nearly 40 songs. His works are often influenced by sentimentality and romance. His early works include Butterfly, Bee and Charm. Nanni, composed by C.-M.-R. leconte de Lille, is the best work of Xiao Song, and its emotional expression is implicit and sincere. His Italian serenade is actually neither a serenade nor a boat song, but a beautiful lyric song. Although the score of nocturne is marked with □ beat, the piano accompaniment part gives people the feeling of □ beat, so keep the rhythm accurate and even when singing. Song of Eternity was written on 1898, less than a year after his death. The whole song is full of despair and has a gloomy and turbulent atmosphere.
M ravel * * * composed 39 songs, among which 1 1 was a folk song or a traditional song with harmony, and the adaptation was very distinctive. His early works, such as Saint, two satirical short poems by Clemens Moreau and the divertimento Scheherazade, were obviously strongly influenced by Debussy. The latter consists of three songs, 1 Asian music constitutes 1 1 different pictures; The second "Magic Flute" is the most famous, which describes the charming flute sound of an oriental girl and her lover. Finally, 1 The Cold Man describes an oriental girl who tries her best to attract a young man with her beauty. The young man was once tempted, but he left indifferently. Other 1 The divertimento The Story of Nature includes five songs: Peacock, Cricket, Swan, Kingfisher and Pearl Bird. The melody is full of recitation, which is consistent with the change of French tone. Piano accompaniment implies different animal characteristics. Five Greek Folk Songs is a real folk song with clever harmony arrangement. 1932, Ravel composed the last song 1 suite "Don Quixote to Dursi's Nie" with the rhythm of three Spanish dance music, consisting of five songs. Originally written for the soundtrack of the film Don Quixote, it was required to be solemn and dignified when singing, in line with the character.
A. Russell wrote 35 songs with unique styles. His early works are impressionist, and he is good at using traditional polyphonic counterpoint techniques to closely combine exquisite harmony with complex rhythm. The melody line of his works is often interrupted by long pauses, and it is better to make up for the sound with silence than to make it sound. His successful works include Garden in the Rain, The Bachelor of Salamanca, Salabande, Dangerous Heart and three translated songs of China's poems, To a Year.
Sir, the answer from a separated couple and a good wife.
F Planck wrote 146 songs in 40 years. This day and this night, composed of 10 songs, is his best divertimento. Another 1 suite Animal Singing (also known as Followers of orpheus) was written on 19 19. He used G. Apollinaire's poems as lyrics to describe the vivid images of camels, goats, grasshoppers, dolphins, shrimps, carp and other animals, with piano and flute. He wrote five poems, Cold and Hot, a painter's work with a poem by P. Ai Lvya, and two suites with a poem by L. de Vermellin, Fantasy Engagement and Change. Planck's songs are simple in rhythm, and the melody is often composed of notes of equal duration. His songs rarely change in speed, and the dynamic changes are only the comparison between sentences. When singing, he emphasized the use of coherent singing and seldom used narrative methods.
The above-mentioned deepak, Debussy, Planck and others have novel ideas, exquisite brushwork and unique and diverse vocal works, which greatly enrich the treasure house of French art songs.
Contemporary composers such as O 'Messien and Danielle Le Sauer also wrote some songs, such as Three Songs of the former, Songs of Land and Sky and Bright as Day of the latter, all of which are very distinctive French art songs.
Singing characteristics
The main characteristics of French art songs are as follows: ① French national character does not like exaggeration, but likes to express delicate and subtle feelings with simple and diverse structural forms. The simplicity and elegance of French art songs are the embodiment of their nationality. French poets and composers often express artistic conception, artistic conception, suggestion, impression or symbolism or vague feelings with a little melancholy and sadness in their songs, and rarely carry out romantic and violent emotional outbursts. Therefore, it is required to strictly control the voice in singing, not bold and unrestrained, but also natural and smooth, subtle and passionate, fine, pure and not delicate; The division and structural level of phrases should be clear.
The French love beauty, so they also pay attention to the formal beauty of music, and pursue soft and coherent sounds, refined harmony, simple music structure, soft modulation, colorful effects, accurate intonation, rhythm and beautiful melody lines.
③ Linguistic features of French: French includes four nasal sounds, including 15 vowels and 3 semi-vowels. Some linguists still use the original 16 vowel, and with its unique intonation, nasal sound and intonation, French is full of music. The melody of French art songs is basically created with the fluctuation of French intonation, so it is necessary to recite the lyrics repeatedly before singing, and master the rhythm, tone, charm and artistic conception of the lyrics. It is particularly important to note that the usage of continuous chanting is different from that of speaking or singing folk songs at ordinary times. Much use and attention are closely related to performance style, interest, terms and cultural accomplishment.
French art songs have nothing to do with folk songs and pop songs. They often have the elegance of aristocratic temperament and the cultural accomplishment of the intellectual class, but they have little local flavor. In short, everything should be moderate, and any excess or deficiency (excessive control of voice, exaggerated diction, unfriendly tone, indifferent, dull or violent expression, etc.). ) is quite different from the exquisite and elegant singing style of French art songs.