Romance of the Three Kingdoms is very popular among ancient people in China. Song and Yuan dynasties came to the stage, and Jin and Yuan dynasties performed more than 30 kinds of Three Kingdoms operas. From Yuan Dynasty to Zhinian, the Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms published by Yu's family in Xin 'an came out. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong synthesized folklore, drama and scripts, combined with historical materials such as the History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou and Notes by Pei Songzhi, and based on his personal understanding of social life, he created the well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The earliest existing edition was published in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, commonly known as "Jiajing Edition", with a total of 24 volumes. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Mao Zonggang, the father and son of Maureen, collated historical events, added or deleted words, and revised them into the current 120 Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
There are many versions of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, mainly including: Ming Hongzhi version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, with simple words and simple content; Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a commentary added or deleted by Mao Zonggang in Qing Dynasty, was written in the early years of Kangxi, and it is the most widely circulated book in the society. People's Literature Publishing House reprinted many times.
author
Luo Guanzhong (1330- 1400) was a popular novelist in Ming dynasty. His native place is Taiyuan (now Shanxi) and Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), so he is not sure. According to legend, Luo Guanzhong was a screen guest of Zhang Shicheng, a peasant uprising army at the end of Yuan Dynasty. In addition to the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he also wrote popular novels such as Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties and plays such as Meet the Dragon and Tiger of Zhao Taizu. In addition, quite a few people think that the last thirty chapters of Water Margin are also his works.
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author
There are three views about the author of Water Margin:
All the books are written by Luo Guanzhong.
Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong wrote it.
Shi Naian wrote the whole novel by himself. This view is the most familiar to everyone.
The earliest statement was put forward before the Ming Dynasty. Some people who support this view think that Shi Naian is a fictional character and does not exist in reality.
People who hold the second view also have the following two opinions:
Some people think that the first seventy chapters of Water Margin were written by Shi Naian, and the last thirty chapters were written by Luo Guanzhong.
The Book of Hundred Rivers, a Confucian scholar in Ming Dynasty, called Water Margin "The Book of Qiantang Shi Naian, edited by Luo Guanzhong". In other words, it was mainly written by Shi Naian and edited by Luo Guanzhong. This view is quite influential in academic circles.
Another view is that Water Margin belongs to cumulative mass creation. Undoubtedly, Shi Naian referred to, used for reference and absorbed a lot of materials in the process of creation, including historical records, notes, some complete novels, opera works or some fragments of them, but Shi Naian's creation cannot be denied.
Shi Naian (1296- 1370), China novelist. The author of Water Margin, one of China's four classical novels. Born in Jiangsu generation, Xinghua baijuchang people. There is some controversy about the correctness of his biographical data. Some people say that there is no such person. The author of Water Margin is controversial. It is verified that the book was not written by Shi Naian at all, but by Luo Guanzhong. In the TV series Water Margin filmed by CCTV, the authors were written as Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong.
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Academic controversy about the author.
The author of The Journey to the West is generally regarded as Wu Cheng'en of the Ming Dynasty. All The Journey to the West editions published now are signed by Wu Cheng'en. However, since the advent of The Journey to the West, there has been controversy about his author.
The Journey to the West, which was circulated in the Ming Dynasty, has no signature in various versions. In The Journey to the West, the king of Qing Dynasty suggested that The Journey to the West was written by Qiu Chuji in Southern Song Dynasty. After this view was put forward, most scholars in Qing Dynasty agreed with it. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Ji Yun and others began to doubt this theory, thinking that The Journey to the West described the customs and habits of the Ming Dynasty in many places, and Qiu Chuji was a person at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty (a dynasty before the Ming Dynasty); In addition, Huai 'an dialect is used in many places in The Journey to the West, while Qiu Chuji has lived in North China all his life and never lived in Huai 'an. There are also Taoist priests and literati in Ming and Qing Dynasties who think that The Journey to the West is the book of Taoist alchemy.
During the period of the Republic of China, Lu Xun, Hu Shi and others presumed that the author of The Journey to the West was Huai 'an Chengen according to the records of Huai 'an House in the Apocalypse of the Ming Dynasty and the theories of predecessors. This has become a conclusion.
In the late Republic of China, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after 1980, the research on The Journey to the West's authors has gradually become a hot spot. Some scholars still question Wu Cheng'en's authorship. The reason is that writing Journey to the West has never been mentioned in Wu Cheng'en's poems or friends' words. Secondly, Wu Cheng'en wrote down the fact of The Journey to the West in the Records of Huai 'an Prefecture, which did not indicate that it was romance or official history, but in general, romance and official history were not recorded in local chronicles; Thirdly, The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en was classified as a geographical category in the Bibliography of Qianqingtang written by Huang Yuji, a bibliophile in Qing Dynasty. So some people suggest that The Journey to the West was written by Qiu Chuji, or by his disciples. There are also a few mathematicians who believe that The Journey to the West was written by Li Chunfang, the "Prime Minister of Qing Ci" in the Ming Dynasty. However, due to the scarcity and far-fetched arguments, most scholars do not agree with this statement. On the other hand, the argument that Wu Cheng'en is the author of The Journey to the West seems to be more and more convincing. Mainly: First, Wu Cheng'en's personal situation fully conforms to the characteristics of the creators of Journey to the West. Second, it gives a more reasonable and practical explanation to all kinds of questions. Thirdly, the most convincing is the dialect study in The Journey to the West's text. After 1980, there was a breakthrough in this field, which almost irrefutably proved that Wu Cheng'en was the author of The Journey to the West. (For related research, please refer to Liu Xiuye's works and Yan Jingchang's Poetic Rhyme and Journey to the West. )
Therefore, it is generally believed that religion prevailed in the Ming Dynasty, and biographies, legends, other religious legends and folk stories of Master Xuanzang's voyages to the West in the Tang Dynasty were widely circulated in the society. It is in this social and cultural background that Wu Cheng'en created the novel The Journey to the West based on the above biographies, legends and stories.
After Wu Cheng'en's re-conception, organization and compilation, compared with previous biographies, legends, stories and comments, the novel The Journey to the West is not only richer in content, more complete and rigorous in plot, vivid and full in characters, more colorful in imagination and simple in language. More importantly, the novel The Journey to the West has reached an unprecedented height in ideological realm and artistic realm. Can be described as a master.
Wu Cheng'en (about 1504—— about 1582) is a native of Huai 'an, Jiangsu.
Wu Cheng'en didn't get a one-year-old tribute student until he was about 40 years old. He went to Beijing to wait for an official position, but he was not selected. Because his mother was poor, he went to Changxing as a county magistrate. He was eventually falsely accused and "ran away from home" two years later. In his later years, he made a living by selling prose and lived for nearly 80 years.
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Please see: redology.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the question of "Who is the author of A Dream of Red Mansions" once caused a controversy in China academic circles, which continues to this day. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two theories: first, A Dream of Red Mansions was written by Cao Xueqin; Second, the author of A Dream of Red Mansions is another person.
As for A Dream of Red Mansions itself, in the first chapter, it is said that the real author of this story has been unable to be verified, and Cao Xueqin copied it several times, examined it several times, and added and deleted it several times. Generally speaking, it is a mainstream view that Cao Xueqin is the author of this book.
Cao Xueqin (? 17 15? 17 16? 1724? 1725? —? 1763? 1764? ), real name Zhan, word,no. Xueqin, Qinpu people. My ancestral home is Liaoyang. The ancestors were originally Han Chinese, but later they entered the flag register, which is the Zhengbai flag. China was a famous writer in the Qing Dynasty. The author of the famous novel A Dream of Red Mansions.
Gao E (about 1738—— about 18 15) was a Manchu writer in Qing Dynasty. The word uncle LAN is a word cloud scholar. Born in Tieling, Liaoning Province, he wrote 40 sequels to A Dream of Red Mansions.
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Cao Xueqin (17 15 ~ 1763) is a novelist in Qing dynasty. Zhan, whose real name is also called Xueqin, Piano Score,. Originally Han Chinese, it later became the "coating" of Zhengbai Banner in Manchuria. During the Kangxi period, Cao Xiqi, grandfather's uncle, inherited Jiangning weaving for 60 years and became a famous family for a while. Later, due to the fierce internal struggle in the Qing palace, his father was implicated, sentenced to cut officials, his family property was copied, and his family property declined. Cao Xueqin's life coincided with the period when the Cao family turned from prosperity to decline. Cao Xueqin moved to the western suburbs of Beijing in his later years, and his life was even poorer. 1762, his youngest son died young, and Cao Xueqin was heartbroken and could not afford to get sick. February 1763, 12 died of poverty and disease (some people say 1764 died).
Cao Xueqin is a poet, and his poems are novel in conception and style, close to Li He, a poet in Tang Dynasty. He is also a painter and likes to paint abrupt and steep stones. Unfortunately, not many of his poems and paintings have survived. Cao Xueqin's greatest contribution is to create the literary masterpiece A Dream of Red Mansions.
A Dream of Red Mansions was written in Cao Xueqin's miserable old age. Formerly known as "Stone Story", it was basically finalized 80 times. It was once circulated in the form of manuscripts. 179 1 year, Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E printed and published the book with movable type for the first time, and the book was 120 times, and the title was changed to A Dream of Red Mansions. The love and marriage tragedy between Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai in the novel shows the rise and fall of Jia, Wang, Shi and Xue, reveals the true inside story of the society that gradually collapsed at the end of feudal society, and reflects the requirements of personality liberation and human rights equality and the initial democratic spirit of that era. A Dream of Red Mansions uses realistic writing techniques to describe and describe the rich real social life naturally and realistically, and creates a large number of typical characters. The author is good at depicting characters according to their status in daily life contradictions, and is good at using artistic atmosphere to contrast the inner feelings of characters. The characters in his works, Jia Baoyu, who is affectionate and full of rebellious spirit, Lin Daiyu, who is narcissistic and sentimental, Xue Baochai, who is kind and considerate, Wang Xifeng, who is fierce and vicious, You Erjie, who is patient and indomitable, are all lifelike. In the description of events and characters, the author uses the method of contrast to complement the descriptions of beauty and ugliness, emptiness and reality, and domination and being ruled, creating a subtle and profound artistic world. The language of A Dream of Red Mansions is concise and pure, accurate and vivid, rich and colorful, reaching the state of perfection. The use of poems and songs in the book has played a very good role in characterization and plot development. The brilliant achievement of A Dream of Red Mansions reached the peak of China's classical novels, which had a great influence on later family social novels.
At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, China's novels entered a new period, especially Zhang Hui's novels entered a perfect stage. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, China's first classical novel with the widest circulation, the deepest influence, the highest achievement and the greatest boldness of vision, was born and swept the world through the pen of Luo Guanzhong, an outstanding novelist who lived in this historical period. He has made great achievements in the history of China literature development. At the same time, it also adds brilliant brilliance to the treasure house of world literature.
Luo Guanzhong, whose real name is Ben, is also known as "scattered people and lakes". The year of birth and death is unknown. Taiyuan Qingyuan (now Qingxu County, Taiyuan City) was born in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, and Luo Zhongxiang was an official in Qingzhou (now Qingxu) in the later Tang Dynasty. Later, due to the flood that originated and the long journey. He settled in Qingyuan, Taiyuan, and then moved to Sigou Village, baimashan (now Baishigou) in the west of the city. His father Luo Jinsheng has six sons, ranking second in Guanxing.
Probably because Roche's ancestors were born as officials. The descendants of the Roche family attached great importance to the family history education of "woody water source" for their descendants, and always maintained the family style of "farming and reading, passing on the family tradition, and teaching children by poetry and courtesy". Under the influence of this family heirloom, Guan Zhong loved reading and consulting classics and history since childhood, which laid a good foundation for his later creation. However, the era of Guan Zhong's life is an extremely sharp and complicated era of ethnic contradictions and class contradictions. The cruel rule and oppression of Mongolian aristocrats by the Yuan Dynasty aroused the resistance of the people of the whole country, and the struggle to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty was in full swing. Zhu Yuanzhang, Chen Youliang, Zhang Shicheng and other rebels fought against the Yuan Army and merged with each other. It is said that Luo Guanzhong, who stepped into youth, wandered the Jianghu under the influence of this historical turmoil, joined the uprising army led by Zhang Shicheng, merged into its shogunate and acted as a screen guest. In addition, Chen Shi collected by Wang Qi said that he was "interested in seeking the king" and was a man with political ambitions. This can be seen from his later Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
It seems that Luo Guanzhong's novels should benefit from his political frustration. It is precisely because of this that he has the time and possibility to devote himself to literary creation and become the first writer in the history of China literature to devote himself to novel creation. He has many masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, such as Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Romance of the Five Dynasties of Tang Dynasty, Biography of Three Demons of Sui Dynasty, Fenzhuanglou and the zaju Song Taizu Dragon and Tiger Storm. According to legend, he also wrote the popular romance of the seventeenth history and participated in the writing of Water Margin. Inch Zhai translated the preface to the Popular Romance of the Western Jin Dynasty: "Roche was born at an inopportune time, so his depression could not be exhibited, so he raised the water margin to show injustice."
Guan Zhong's masterpiece Romance of the Three Kingdoms is about his later works. This classic document describes the history of political and military struggles between Wei, Shu and Wu for nearly a century from the Yellow Scarf Uprising in the first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (18) to the unification of China in the first year of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (280). Based on the historical clues and historical figures provided by Chen Shou's The History of the Three Kingdoms, he learned a large number of valuable historical materials preserved by Pei Songzhi, supplemented, prepared for differences, corrected mistakes and argued differences in the History of the Three Kingdoms, and absorbed the rich nutrition of folklore from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty for more than 1,000 years. On this basis, combined with his life experience in the peasant uprising army at the end of Yuan Dynasty, his outstanding artistic talent was brought into play.
In this masterpiece, Guan Zhong entrusted his personal love and hate, and objectively exposed the political, military, open, hidden, legal and illegal contradictions and struggles between feudal ruling groups. It vividly depicts the strategies, tricks and intrigues of the feudal ruling class for fame and fortune, intrigue, intrigue and intrigue. Intentionally or unintentionally, it reveals the real historical background and reasons why farmers can't live, take risks and rebel one after another.
As for the artistic achievements of The Romance of Three Kingdoms, there are many aspects, which fully shows that Luo Guanzhong has amazing skill in characterization. Among the more than 400 characters in the book, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Quan, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Zilong, Huang Zhong, Lu Su, Zhou Yu, Huang Gai, Guo Jia, Xu You, Zhang Liao, Lu Xun, Wang Yun, Dong Zhuo and Lu Bu all have distinct and vivid personal characteristics. In particular, the images of Zhang Fei, Zhuge Liang and Cao are fascinating and lifelike.
Luo Guanzhong's description of the war was extremely successful, which fully proved that he did participate in the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, the thrilling battlefield and the rapidly changing combat situation can be described as ever-changing and unique, showing the diversity and complexity of the war. However, it is precisely because of Luo Guanzhong's experience in participating in the war, Superman's artistic skill and painstaking creation that the description of the war campaign appeared in his pen, with prominent focus, patchwork, density and reality; Overwhelming war scenes, wanton expansion, ups and downs, lightning speed, magnificent; Render the atmosphere of the battlefield, sketch it at will, and make it vivid.
Luo Guanzhong was an outstanding classical novelist in China at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. He pushed the style of Italian novels to a mature stage. Later, many scholars and writers spoke highly of him and compared him with Ma and Guan Hanqing. His great achievements in literary creation have become a valuable asset in the treasure house of China literature and world literature. The well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms written by him is not only a household name in China, but also translated into the languages of more than ten countries, which is popular all over the world and deeply loved by people all over the world. Abroad, his Romance of the Three Kingdoms is called "a masterpiece rich in people's nature", while the Encyclopedia Britannica calls him "the first master of art".
Shi Naian, a native of late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, is generally regarded as the earliest author of Water Margin. There is no definite news about his life. Legend has it that he was born in Yuan Chengzong in the second year of Yuan Zhen (1296) and died in Hongwu, Ming Taizu in the third year (1370). Formerly known as Er, also known as Zi 'an, his ancestral home is Suzhou, and he used to be an official in Qiantang. Others say that he joined Zhang Shicheng's army. But these have yet to be confirmed.
Wu Cheng'en (15 10? —— 1582? ) Ming Dynasty novelist. The word Ruzhong comes from Sheyang Mountain and Huai 'an (Huai 'an, Jiangsu) Yang Shan. He was born in a poor family where a scholar was reduced to a businessman. Wu Cheng'en was brilliant since he was a child. The Records of Huai 'an Prefecture recorded that he was "Minhui, a learned man, who wrote for poetry." However, his scientific examination was unfavorable, and he didn't make up for the "year-old tribute student" until middle age, and then he lived in Nanjing for a long time and subsidized his family by selling literature. In his later years, due to his poor family, he became a county magistrate in Changxing. Because he didn't like the darkness of officialdom, he quickly resigned angrily and died of poverty.
Since childhood, Wu Cheng'en likes reading wild stories and is familiar with ancient myths and folklore. The frustration of the imperial examination hall and the hardships of life deepened his understanding of the feudal imperial examination system and the dark social reality, which prompted him to express his inner dissatisfaction and resentment in the form of strange novels. He said to himself, "Although my title is intellectual monster, I don't know about ghosts, but I actually remember the variation of human beings, and I have a lesson."
Wu Cheng'en's excellent novel The Journey to the West is based on Xuanzang's experience of learning from the West in the Tang Dynasty. On the basis of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty and the Biography of the Sanzang Master by the Tang Dynasty, it was finally written after sorting out and conceiving. With the help of mythical figures, the work expresses the author's dissatisfaction with reality and his desire to change reality, and reflects the political ideal of the author's desire to establish a kingly country of "monarch, saint and god". The novel reflects all kinds of situations in the real world with the help of the eighty-one difficulties experienced by Tang Priest and his disciples on the way to learn from the scriptures. This novel is bold in imagination and novel in conception. It adopts the modeling method of trinity of man, god and beast, and creates immortal artistic images such as the Monkey King and Pig Bajie. The book is well organized, complicated but not chaotic, with lively language, dialects and proverbs, and full of life. The theme dilutes the original religious color of the story, greatly enriches the realistic content of the work, and has democratic tendency and characteristics of the times. This work is both ironic and humorous. It presents a unique style different from previous stories.
The appearance of The Journey to the West opened up a new category of ghost novels. The clever combination of well-meaning satire and bitter satire with serious criticism in the book directly affects the development of satirical novels. The Journey to the West is the peak of romanticism in ancient novels and a masterpiece of romanticism in the history of world literature. Encyclopedia americana thinks it is "a mythical novel with rich contents and brilliant ideas", while The French Encyclopedia says: "The description of the whole story is full of humor and wit, which gives readers strong interest." Since19th century, it has been translated into more than ten languages, including Japanese, English, French, German and Russian.
Wu Cheng'en's poems were scattered, and later generations compiled four volumes of Sheyang Survival Draft.