Guan Hanqing, whose real name is Zhai, is also a Zhai. Han Qing is his word, and he is a famous drama master in Yuan Dynasty. Born in the late Jin Dynasty (about 1229- 124 1) and died in the early years of Yuan Chengzong Dade (about 1300). Dou E's Injustice, Saving the Wind and Dust, Wangjiang Pavilion, Moon-worshipping Pavilion, Lu Zhailang, One-Knife Meeting and Adjusting the Wind and Moon are his representative works.
Bai Pu, whose original name was Heng, whose word was Renfu, and later changed his name to Park, was born in Yizhou (now Hequ, Shanxi). Born in Zheng Da for three years in Jin 'aizong (1226) and in Dade for ten years in Yuan Chengzong (1306). Since then, his whereabouts have been unknown.
According to Zhong Sicheng's Ghost Record, Bai Pu wrote 65,438+05 kinds of plays, namely: Autumn Night Rain by Tang, The Story of Dong Xiuying's Flower Moon East Wall, Tang's Visit to the Moon Palace, Han Yuliu's Red Leaves, and Xue Qiongxi's Moonlit Night.
Chu Zhuangwang banquet, worship of Cuihu Lake, high-impedance Gui Zhuang, autumn water, Yuanyang and Phoenix boat wall, Xiao Yizhi earned Lanting, and Yan Shidao sailed the river. Plus the remnants of "Li Keyong's Arrow Shooting Two Carvings" recorded in "Shi Sheng Xinsheng", * * * * 16 volumes.
Ma Zhiyuan was born in 1250 and died in 132 1. He was a famous playwright in Yuan Dynasty. Most (now Beijing) people. Ma Zhiyuan's ci is thousands of miles long, and it was named "Dongli" in the evening to express Tao Yuanming's ambition.
There are sixteen kinds of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju, among which there are seven existing ones: Tears of Sima Qing in Jiangzhou, The Lonely Goose in Autumn in the Han Palace, The Three Drunken Yueyang Tower in Lv Dongbin, The Monument of Thunder at Midnight, Ma Danyang Being a Wind Child Three Times, Opening the Altar to Interpret Dreams, and Sleeping in Chen Tuan on the West Huashan Mountain.
Zheng Guangzu, whose real name is Dehui, was born in Xiangling, Pingyang (now Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province), and his date of birth and death is unknown. According to scholars' research, Zheng Guangzu wrote 18 kinds of drama scripts in his life, all of which have been preserved to this day, such as Lost Young Woman's Soul, Sweet Grass Deceiving Hanlin, Wang Can Climb the Building, Assisting the Duke of Zhou in Power, and Hulao Pass's Three Wars Lyu3 bu4.
Yuanqu system:
The rise of Yuanqu represented the highest achievement of literature in this period. As far as it is concerned, it is because Yuanqu established and perfected the system form. Flexion system is embodied in the following six aspects:
1. Gongdiao: Gongdiao refers to the mode of ancient music in China. Quhe Gongdiao originated from Yan Yue in Sui and Tang Dynasties. There are five palaces and four tones commonly used in North and South music, commonly known as Nine Palaces or South Nine Palaces, including Gong Zheng, Lv Zhong Palace, Lu Nan Palace, Lv Xian Palace, Huangzhong Palace (Five Palaces), Broad-faced Tone, Double Tone, Upgraded Tone and Yuediao Tone (four tones).
The number of opera episodes and Sanqu episodes in Yuan Qu is connected by two different tunes in the same palace tune.
2. Qupai: commonly known as "Quzi", it is the general name of various tunes, each with a proper name, such as Dianjiang Lip and Shanpo Sheep. There were 335 Qupai in North China in Yuan Dynasty, and each Qupai had a certain tune and singing method. At the same time, it also stipulates the number of words, syntax and level of songs.
Accordingly, you can fill in new lyrics. Most of the lyrics come from the folk, and some of them are developed from the lyrics. So the name of the lyrics is the same as the lyrics, but the content is not exactly the same. There are also music cards specially designed for performances, but most of them only have tunes without lyrics.
3. Rhyme: In terms of rhyme, Yuanqu strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of Zhongyuan Rhyme, which are divided into flat, upper and lower. Rhyme has the following characteristics: level tone, not avoiding heavy rhyme, one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme and lack of rhyme.
4. Elegance (zè): Qu is more strict in using words than poetry, and pays special attention to the plainness at the end of each sentence.
5, antithesis: the antithesis of songs requires more freedom, which can be flat and even, that is, flat and even. There are thirteen dual forms in Qu, such as "word pair", "head-tail pair" and "line pair", which have many characteristics in language use and word order combination.
Mainly manifested in: there are workers' pairs and wide pairs, but the phenomenon of wide pairs is more common; Self-righteous in the sentence; Intricate pairs or inverted sentences, such as "loyal ministers are not afraid of death, and fear of death means disloyalty to them"; Say yes in the common saying.
6. Links: The most significant difference between songs and words is whether there are links, songs with links and words without links. The so-called "interlude" refers to the words added beyond the number of words required by the melody. Not limited by melodies such as phonemes, parallelism and sentence patterns, lines are generally used at the beginning of sentences.
There are more than 220 writers of Yuan Qu, and more than 4,500 works (collections and parts) have been handed down to this day, including more than 3,800 poems (including singers), more than 470 collections and more than 60 zaju (books)/kloc-0.
Among many writers, Yuan Haowen, who made a pioneering contribution to the formation of Yuan Qu, was born at the time of the war in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and was a superstar in the poetic circles of Jin and Yuan Dynasties. His works are clean and handsome, which has played an enlightening, guiding and standardizing role in Yuan Qu creation.