Guo Moruo's study of Zhouyi looks at Zhouyi from the viewpoint of "emerging science", and on the basis of ancient history debate, it goes deep into ancient thoughts and systems, making traditional Confucian classics a social, cultural and philosophical knowledge. He not only opened up a new field of Zhouyi research, but also became the first door to understand the "ancient principles" with Zhouyi. This is also the value of Guo Moruo's study of Zhouyi. But at the same time, Guo Moruo's study of Zhouyi also has some shortcomings, such as failing to clearly divide the era of materials and drawing wrong conclusions; Explain classic mistakes; The lack of textual research, speculative elements and one-sided criticism are also unavoidable parts in evaluating Guo Moruo's study of Zhouyi.
April 23-25, key words: Guo Moruo; Zhouyi; Gossip; dialectic
On Guo Moruo's Study of Zhouyi. Starting from a new scientific point of view, Guo Moruo deepened the study of Zhouyi into an ancient thought and system, and transformed the traditional study of Confucian classics into a social, cultural and philosophical study, based on the viewpoint of China's ancient history debate school. He not only opened up a new field for the study of Zhouyi, but also became the first person to understand the ancient reality through the study of Zhouyi. It is because of these achievements that his research is valuable. However, his research also has some defects: he didn't know the age of the materials used, so he came to some wrong conclusions; He also used the later annotations to interpret the ancient prose of Zhouyi. He neglected rigid textual research, so his research was mixed with speculation and biased criticism to keep up with the fashion. Looking back on his study of Zhouyi, these defects can not be ignored.
Keywords: Guo Moruo; Zhouyi; Eight or three grams; dialectic
Looking back on the study of Zhouyi in the 20th century, although there are many factions and new viewpoints appear constantly, some of Guo Moruo's study of Zhouyi was completely silent, while others were categorically denied. These practices are all too simple. Judging from the history of modern Yi-ology research, Guo Moruo's Yi-ology research is undoubtedly of pioneering significance. He was an early scholar who studied Zhouyi with Marxist dialectical materialism and historical materialism as the guiding ideology. As Li pointed out in the 1940s, "He was the first person to study ancient China from the perspective of Marxism. He used genius to uncover the mysteries of ancient times one by one, and opened up a road to ancient human society for our reason. Although it may contain some shortcomings and even individual mistakes, its achievements have undoubtedly become the starting point for all follow-up research. " [1] This evaluation is undoubtedly objective. Guo Moruo has two articles devoted to the study of Zhouyi (all the quotations in the article are from Guo Moruo's Social Life in the Period of Zhouyi and the Time of Making Zhouyi, Volume I of Guo Moruo's Complete Works and History, People's Publishing House, 1982, pp. 32 -89, p. 377). ): One is the historical background and spiritual production of Zhouyi, written in 1927. 1982 When People's Publishing House reprinted it, it was renamed Zhouyi Times Social Life. The other is the book-writing time of Zhouyi, written in 1935. The two articles reflect Guo Moruo's research achievements in Zhouyi. This paper wants to make a more objective evaluation of Guo Moruo's study of Zhouyi, and also provide reference for the future study of Zhouyi, so that the study of Zhouyi can advance along the right road. Please correct the shortcomings.
Guo Moruo's achievements in Yi-ology are mainly manifested in two aspects: first, he put forward some convincing and unique viewpoints and solved some extremely important problems in the history of Yi-ology research, mainly as follows:
(A) reveal the main reasons for the mystery of rumors
Guo Moruo believes that gossip is mysterious because it has two secrets: one is the secret of genitals. That is, Guo Moruo believes that the root of gossip is the legacy of ancient reproductive worship, while painting-taking male roots as an example, is divided into two, taking female genitals as an example. This is different from what Qian said: "The original Yi Gua is something from the era of genital worship. The divination of "Gan" and "Kun" is the symbol of bisexual genitalia. [2] Mr. Zhang Taiyan also put forward the theory of male root and female yin, but it is different from Guo Moruo's starting point. Zhang Taiyan started from the concept of Yin and Yang (metaphysics), and Guo Moruo started from materialism, pointing out the material basis of divination painting. The other is the secret of mathematics. This view is very reasonable. Many books in the history of the Book of Changes have studied the Book of Changes from a mathematical point of view. Although we can't impose modern high-tech or mathematical knowledge on Zhouyi, we can't simply deny the mathematical knowledge in Zhouyi. Guo Moruo's double judgment has completely uncovered the mysterious cloak of gossip, which is not only proved by human archaeology, but also recognized by many Yi-ology researchers. It is a famous paper that studies Zhouyi with a scientific attitude.
(2) Deny the theory of "Four Saints of the Book of Changes" and point out that the Book of Changes is the original book of ancient divination.
Guo Moruo thinks that the so-called "Four Saints of the Book of Changes" is only to increase its mystery, and Fuxi's theory of painting hexagrams and Duke Zhou's theory of emphasizing hexagrams are unreliable. He believes: "The Book of Changes is the original book of ancient divination, just like the spiritual incantations of various modern shrines, its author does not need to be a person, and the writing period does not need to be an era." This view is undoubtedly correct, and later some scholars followed suit. For example, Wen Yiduo thinks: "The two words of divination are not written by hand, but made in an instant. There are countless examples of divination in the book. " [3] Through the analysis of divination, Li believes that Zhouyi is a book of divination, and Li's Exploration of Zhouyi. "Book of Changes Textual Research" on page 70) [4]
(3) It comprehensively expounds the social life in the Yijing era.
Since the ancient historians pulled Zhouyi down from the altar of theological classics, restoring its true colors has become a new topic in the research field of Zhouyi. However, the school of ancient history debate only took the first step-doubting the ancient and distinguishing the false, and restored the classics to historical materials, but did not go deep into the study of China's ancient thoughts and systems. Guo Moruo's research is better than the ancient history debate school. He revealed the economic foundation, political system and social thought of the society at that time hidden behind the historical materials, and went to the field of "archaeological evidence history", thus having a deeper understanding of the Book of Changes. Based on the principle of "Let the Book of Changes speak for itself", Guo Moruo started from the hexagrams, starting from the basis of life (fishing and hunting, breeding, business travel, farming, crafts, etc.), social structure (family relations, political organization, administrative affairs, class, etc.). ), and spiritual production (religion, art, class, etc. Revealing all levels of ancient China society reflected in the Book of Changes provides a new way for people to know ancient China, and breaks through the old road of wandering about image number and righteousness. It is also different from the simple interpretation of the text, and even more different from the interpretation of the classics, which makes the study of the Book of Changes go deep into the ancient ideological and cultural level, transforms the traditional study of Confucian classics into the study of social and cultural thoughts, and makes more studies of the Book of Changes in later generations.
(4) The simple dialectical views in Zhouyi and Yijing were expounded earlier.
Guo Moruo analyzed the simple dialectical view in the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes in the article Social Life in the Book of Changes. He believes that many contradictory words can be found in the Book of Changes, such as good or ill luck, good or ill luck, distance, access, advance and retreat, gain and loss, etc. In the Book of Changes, there are also some viewpoints summarized by people, such as "from small to large, from large to small, from stepless to inferior, from endless". These are the dialectical viewpoints summarized by the ancients from their life experiences, and they are the Book of Changes. The author's analysis accords with the objective reality of the Book of Changes. On the basis of analyzing the Book of Changes, Guo Moruo further analyzed the development of dialectical view in the Book of Changes: a. Dialectical world view; B. the change of dialectical view; C. eclectic ethics; D. refer to daxue, the doctrine of the mean and yi zhuan. Guo Moruo's analysis is very innovative. Although it can't be said that there are materialist dialectics in Zhouyi and Yi Zhuan, the simple dialectical view contained in them is undeniable. This is beyond the reach of previous Yi-ology researchers.
Another aspect of Guo Moruo's Yi-ology achievement is that he has a scientific method to study problems. This is mainly manifested in:
(A) the theory of dialectical materialism and historical materialism
This is one of the scientific methods of Guo Moruo's study of Yi-ology. Commenting on his own research, Guo Moruo said: "This is something that has existed since the initial period of' studying and interpreting history from a scientific historical point of view'." [5] It is with the scientific method as the guiding ideology to look at and study some problems in Zhouyi that his research results are convincing. For example, according to the theory of male roots and female yin, Zhouyi was not written by one person at a time and place, and its analysis of social life and social structure in the Zhouyi era. Through the historical analysis of historical materialism, people have a deeper understanding of the social form, production and living conditions and superstructure of the Yijing era. This is also the ideological essence that we should learn from and absorb in the future study of Yi-ology. It is also by using the scientific view of history that Guo Moruo opened up a new research angle and reached a scientific conclusion. This once again shows that the scientific method of historical materialism is the method we must abide by when conducting research.
(2) Decentralized divide-and-conquer method.
In his research, Guo Moruo also carried out the idea of dividing and governing classics, which made his research more clear and scientific. For example, when he made a social analysis of the Book of Changes, he pointed out: "Let the Book of Changes tell the Book of Changes by itself, and uncover all the mysterious clothes added by later generations, and you can see what kind of primitive people are dancing naked." "The Book of Changes ranks first, and the degree of simplicity is like the voice of a cuckoo. ..... We can say that the concept of the Book of Changes is to pass on the people's own ideas of the Book of Changes, and he entered the divination sequence with his own ideas ... "He clearly realized that classics and biographies are different, and they represent different social backgrounds and thoughts, so it is unreliable to pass on the interpretation of classics. The idea of treating classics by dividing them is remarkable. Only by dividing the classics can we have a clearer understanding of the essence of the classics and conduct more scientific research. This is a method that we should adhere to and abide by in the study of Yi-ology. Today, many scholars combine Confucian classics with Confucian classics, which makes many simple problems in Yi-ology more complicated. This should arouse our great attention.
(3) Put forward a scientific approach to the Book of Changes-removing its divination elements and taking its philosophical core.
Guo Moruo thinks that the Book of Changes mainly comes from Xunzi's disciples in the article The Book of Changes, and points out the complexity of the book of changes. He pointed out that the authors of Yi Zhuan are uncertain, but the difference between those authors and Zi Gong is that they deliberately use divination to cover up their ideological color. It also points out that the study of Yi Zhuan should abandon the divination component and concentrate on its ideological essence, which points out the direction for the future study of Yi Zhuan. Some viewpoints in the study of modern Yi-ology are consistent with those of Guo Moruo. For example, Li thinks: "Zhuan is an interpretation of Jing, but the author analyzes, synthesizes, extends and develops from the hexagrams, and studies the problems of the universe and life ... Obviously, Yi Zhuan is a philosophical book." (Li Zhu "The Book of Changes". Textual research on the Book of Changes (page 154) [4] Zhu Bokun's Philosophical History of the Book of Changes also pointed out: "Compared with the Book of Changes, the remarkable feature of the Book of Changes is to philosophize ancient divination books." 〔6〕
Secondly, Guo Moruo's study of Zhouyi still has some defects and deficiencies because it is the foundation work. Therefore, after his first article was published, two critical articles by Yu Pingbo and Li Xingke were introduced. Later, Chen and Li criticized the main point of his second article, that is, the Book of Changes was written by an arm and a bow. Objectively speaking, its shortcomings mainly include:
(A) the materials of the times failed to clearly distinguish and draw a wrong conclusion.
For example, Guo Moruo thinks that the opposition between Gan and Kun is the opposition between heaven and earth in the article The Book of Changes, but this concept of the opposition between heaven and earth did not exist before the Spring and Autumn Period. "Bank of China" is the father of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, so it can be inferred that the Book of Changes could not have been produced before the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. In this regard, Chen criticized that the concept of the opposition between heaven and earth has existed for a long time, and there are examples in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. For example, heaven and earth are harmonious and symmetrical, and the bronze inscription also means "if in heaven", that is, heaven and earth. Guo Moruo's view that heaven and earth could not be opposed before the Spring and Autumn Period proved that the view that there was no Book of Changes before the Spring and Autumn Period was untenable. As for "China Bank", Chen pointed out that the so-called "China Bank" can be found in five chapters of the Book of Changes, all of which are regarded as the way, while "China Bank" is still in the way. "Zhong" is an adverb, and "Bank of China" means "in the bank". Oracle Bone Inscriptions proves that we know that "Bank of China" is by no means a name. [7] Li pointed out: Because there are other works of later generations in the same tomb, it is unscientific to conclude that they are works of the same era. (Li's The Origin of the Book of Changes. "Book of Changes Textual Research" page 70) [4] From the evaluation of Guo Moruo by the above-mentioned famous scholars, it can be seen that when Guo Moruo studies some problems, he is confused about the age of some materials and has the problem of jumping to conclusions.
(2) Ignoring textual research, there is speculation.
Guo Moruo put forward the view that "gossip is the inducer of instant writing". In the process of proof, in addition to following the traditional point of view to explain a few words, he also added speculation to the words that could not be explained, such as Gen. "According to Shuo Gua Zhuan, Gen has the image of a door, and even more, he thinks that the words generated by Gen are limited and have the meaning of' door', which is about Gen, and scholars are basically indifferent to it. In Guo Moruo's study of Zhouyi, there are still mistakes in speculating ancient Chinese characters without textual research. For example, when proving that the Yijing era was a matriarchal society with female chiefs, he pointed out: "In matriarchal society, chiefs are mostly women. "Jin" Volume 62:' Jin Ru, Worry Ru, Zhen Ji. I am lucky to know my mother. "The word' Queen Mother' is not a grandmother, nor a king and mother, nor the so-called queen mother of the West, but a female chief. The remaining matriarchal system is the second proof. " For the word "queen mother", the author did not add textual research, and asked him to play the role of female chief. In fact, according to Mr. Yu's textual research: "The word' Empress Dowager', the bronze is called mother or empress dowager, and the king is the name of respecting greatness." 〔8〕
(C) the proposition of innovation and keeping pace with the times
Guo Moruo pointed out that there are dialectical thoughts in the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes, which is very correct. However, he further used dialectics to promote and systematize the simple dialectics in the Book of Changes. He believes that the ideas in the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes come down in one continuous line and are dialectical thoughts in the Book of Changes, but they are inherited and developed into eclecticism, reformism and opportunism in the Book of Changes. All this has obvious trend and color of the times. For example, he obtained eclecticism through "each for his own life, keeping peace and harmony"; "There are too many benefits and too few benefits, and things are equally divided", which leads to reformism; "Profit and loss, keep pace with the times" leads to opportunism. This has obvious color of the times. Guo Moruo also analyzed the defects and deficiencies in his works: "This is something that existed in the early days of' studying and explaining history from a scientific historical point of view'. Although he contributed some new insights to the analysis and criticism of China's ancient social system and ideology, he rashly put forward many wrong conclusions mainly because the materials did not clearly divide the times. " [5] Therefore, when 1982 People's Publishing House reprinted the Complete Works of Guo Moruo, some contradictions were corrected. This spirit of being brave in self-criticism and correcting mistakes is worth learning.
Generally speaking, Guo Moruo's achievements in the study of Zhouyi are enormous. For example, he proposed that Yin and Yang are symbols of female yin and male root respectively, and hexagrams and characters are not written by one person at a time; Classics should be divided and ruled; To Yi Zhuan, we should foretell it and take its ideological essence. In particular, he comprehensively analyzed the social life in the era of Zhouyi with hexagrams, and analyzed the philosophical thoughts of Confucian classics and so on. Of course, his Book of Changes was written by an arm bow in the Warring States period. The view that gossip is the inducer of established figures is also unreliable, which has been evaluated by academic circles. However, Guo Moruo's research on Zhouyi is of pioneering significance in the academic history of the 20th century. After all, he was the first person to study Zhouyi from the viewpoint of Marxist materialist dialectics. Dong Zuobin once commented on Guo Moruo's research and said, "Needless to say, as we all know, the school of historical materialism is guided by Guo Moruo's study of ancient China society. ..... He fused the paper materials in Poems, Books and I Ching with the underground materials in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Zhou, and created the ancient cultural system of China with historical materialism. " [9] Our later studies are all along the road he pioneered, which we must admit when summing up the history of Yi Studies in the 20th century.
Reference: [1] Li. My understanding of Mr. Guo Moruo [n]. Jiefang Daily,1941-118.
[2] Gu Jiegang. Ancient History: Book I [c]. Beijing: Beijing Pushe, 1926.77.
[3] Wen Yiduo. Collection of abnormal syndromes in Zhouyi [M]. Complete works of Wen Yiduo \[Z\]. Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore, 1982.48.
Li chijing. Exploration of Zhouyi [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1978.70,154,70.
[5] The Complete Works of Guo Moruo. History: Volume I [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1982.3.3.
[6] Zhu Bokun. I ching philosophy history [M]. Beijing: Peking University Publishing House, 1986.75.
[7] Chen. The formation age of Zhouyi [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1940.
[8] Yu. New evidence of the Double Sword Book of Changes: Volume II [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1937.
[9] Xie Baocheng. Comment on Guo Moruo's academic thought [M]. Beijing: Beijing Book Publishing House, 1999.338+007.
About the author: Wei Xiaoli (1976-), female, from Hebei, is a master student in the College of Arts of Shaanxi Normal University.