1. Narrative poems and lyric poems. This is divided according to the expression of the content of the work.
(1) Narrative Poetry: Poetry contains relatively complete story lines and characters, which are usually expressed by the poet's passionate singing. Epic, story poem and poetic novel all belong to this category. Ancient Greek Homer's epics such as Heriat and Odyssey; China poet Li Ji's Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang and other story poems; Don Juan by British poet Byron and yevgeni onegin by Russian poet Pushkin.
(2) Lyrics: It mainly reflects the social life by directly expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings, and does not require complete stories and characters. Such as love songs, carols, elegies, elegies, pastoral songs, satirical poems, etc. There are many such works, so I won't list them one by one.
Of course, narration and lyricism are not absolutely separated. Narrative poetry is also lyrical, but its lyricism requires close combination with narrative. Lyric poems often describe some fragments of life, but they can't be spread out, and they must obey the needs of lyricism.
2. Metric poems, free poems and prose poems. This is classified according to the phonological meter and structural form of the language of the work.
(1) Metric poetry: It is a poem written according to certain formats and rules. It has strict rules on the number of lines, the number of words (or syllables), the tone and rhyme, the antithesis of words and the arrangement of sentence patterns. Such as the metrical poems, quatrains and songs in China's ancient poems and the European sonnets.
(2) Free verse: it is a newly developed poetic style in modern Europe and America. It is not limited by metrical rules, has no fixed format, pays attention to natural and internal rhythm, and uses rhymes roughly similar or without rhymes. The number of words, lines, sentence patterns and tones are relatively free, and the language is relatively popular. Whitman, an American poet (1819-1892), is the founder of European and American free verse, and Leaves of Grass is his main collection of poems. This poetic style has also become popular in China since the May 4th Movement.
(3) Prose poetry: it is a literary genre with both prose and poetry characteristics. There are poetic artistic conception and passion in the works, which are often full of philosophy, paying attention to the rhythm of nature and the beauty of music. The length is short, like prose, and it does not rhyme, such as Lu Xun's Weeds.
Poetry analysis
(1) Analyze the technical features and crack the implied poetic language. The language is concise and the meaning is subtle and tortuous. When appreciating poetry, we should try our best to seek hints, hints and meanings. The most important thing is that poetry uses expressive techniques, which conforms to the stylistic characteristics and aesthetic pursuit of poetry. Using skills can get twice the result with half the effort, see the big from the small and see the far from the near. Common expression skills such as metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, repetition, analogy, symbol, allusion, contrast, etc. It is very beneficial to understand poetry to be familiar with its characteristics and functions. For example, Bixing technique, which is an artistic tradition formed since The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, has been widely used, meaning one after another, and has placed a deep meaning on ordinary things. Look at Li Bai's Sauvignon Blanc:
Sauvignon Blanc, in Chang 'an.
Luo Wei Qiu ti Jin Jinglan, a layer of thin frost shines like a small mirror on my mat.
High light flashing; My desire is getting deeper and deeper. I lift the curtain, sigh and stare at the moon.
Lonely as a flower, rising from the clouds.
There is a clear sky in the world. Below, I see the green and agitation of water.
The sky is high and the land is wide; My sadness flies painfully between them. Can I dream of crossing the mountain gate? .
Sauvignon Blanc destroys the heart and soul.
Literally, the first half of the poem describes the protagonist's lovesickness in Chang 'an, and the second half describes a sleepwalking pursuit, which seems to show the love between men and women. In fact, this is not the case, but it expresses the frustration of the poet in pursuing political ideals.
(2) Understanding the times, major experiences, language style, aesthetic pursuit and mood of writing poetry is helpful to understand poetry and grasp its artistic conception. As the old saying goes, "People have the same heart and the same reason", and people's emotions are both individual and universal. Li Zhengdao believes that art and science "pursue the universality of truth" and "art, such as poetry, painting, music and so on. Use innovative methods to arouse everyone's existing feelings deeply hidden in consciousness or subconscious. The more precious the emotion, the stronger the arousal, the more common the response, and the better the art. "He also stated the universality of poetry by comparing Li Bai's Drinking asking for the moon with Su Shi's When is the Moon:" When reciting these poems, their similarities and differences also touched the readers. Although Li Bai and Su Shi lived in a completely different era from today's society, every poem still arouses strong feelings in people's hearts today. " In this case, when we appreciate poetry, we should go deep into the author's heart, integrate with his thoughts and feelings, and then accurately understand the subtle feelings carefully hidden between the lines. For example, Xiao Zhongshan in Yue Fei's works:
It was cold last night. It's already midnight. Stand up and walk around the steps alone. People quietly hid behind the curtains.
Oboro Ming. Whitehead is fame. Old mountain pine and bamboo are old, which hinders the return journey. I want to talk to Yao Qin. Few bosom friends, broken strings
Who is listening?
This word has a low emotional appeal, which is quite different from the author's famous emotional appeal of "Man Jiang Hong". Some people commented on these two words, thinking that "Man Jiang Hong" has a high emotional appeal and is far better than "Xiao Zhongshan". Mr. Miao Yue, who knows people and talks about the world, pointed out that "all they want to express is his ambition to fight against gold and recover the Central Plains, but because of the different time and mood of writing lyrics, there are inevitably differences in practice, which is actually the same", and reminded readers that "the general's excellent works are famous all over the world, and the road to fame is eight thousand miles." A strong mind can be borrowed, and you can read Xiao Zhongshan carefully. "
(3) Appreciating poetry from images should be good at capturing images, trying to figure out the meaning of images, and then understanding the author's meaning. For example, the common emotion of "worry" is invisible and colorless, but excellent poets can shape it into tangible and colorful, vivid and unique, full of images with the wonderful pen of flowers. Li Yu's Yu Meiren (When is the Spring Flower and Autumn Moon): "How much sorrow can there be, just like a river flowing eastward." Compare sadness to "a river of spring water". He Zhu's Jade Case (Ling Bo doesn't cross Hengtang Road): "If you ask leisure, how much is it? Yichuan tobacco, flying in the city, plum yellow rain! " Compare sadness to grass all over the ground, catkins all over the city and drizzle all over the sky. Li Qingzhao's Wuling Spring (the wind has stopped the dust and the fragrant flowers have run out): "I am afraid that the ship will not carry much sorrow." I'm too worried to lift the boat. Yu Guangzhong's Homesickness compares the homesickness of different times to "a small stamp", "a narrow boat ticket", "a small grave" and "a shallow strait" respectively.
(4) Contact context refers to the environment of verbal communication, and its scope is wide and narrow. The narrow sense of context only refers to the environment, that is, the oral word order and the written language context; The generalized context also includes the background, natural environment and social environment of both sides. In a specific context, a sentence expresses a certain explicit meaning, which often contains the implicit meaning given by the context. Reading out of context is very difficult to understand. To appreciate poetry, only by grasping the specific context provided by language can we deeply and accurately understand the thoughts and feelings of the works. The more fully we observe the context, the higher the level of reading comprehension. "For example, Du Fu's famous" On Going Downstream when Encountered "is common in Qi Wang's family, but it has been heard several times before Cui. Never thought, in this Jiangnan scenic area; It is the season of falling flowers, and I can meet you, an old acquaintance. How do you understand the phrase' falling flower season' here? Someone linked the third sentence "Beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River", so he said that it was spring when Du Fu met Li Guinian again. At that time, spring was just right, all the flowers were in full bloom, and some had begun to wither. Some people further contact the first sentence and the second sentence, thinking that Li Guinian used to be a singer favored by princes and ministers such as Wang Qi and Cui Jiu, but now he lives in Jiangnan, indicating that his heyday has passed and now it is his' down and out season'. Others contacted Du Fu, saying that Du Fu got his name as a teenager. When he was 14 or 15 years old, he went in and out of Qi Wangfu and Cui Tangjiu, full of ambition, but he was always unable to display it, wandering around and dying. This time, I really sighed for my misfortune. Others think that it is not enough to focus only on Du Li's life experience. Although they were all wandering in different places, the situation was bleak, but after the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the peaceful situation in the Kaiyuan era was gone forever. Therefore, the falling flower season also contains infinite feelings about the country's poverty and the depression of people's livelihood. Some people also advocate combining the above understanding, saying that it is unspeakable that Du Li met in a dead end, the sadness of each other's life experiences and the sigh of the rise and fall of the country, but only in the beautiful spring, the word' falling flowers' is even more sad and unspeakable. The above understanding is good, but the depth is quite different. The reason is that the understanding and mining of context are different. Some people have a narrow understanding, while others have a broad understanding. It can be seen that the more thorough the observation of context, the higher the reading comprehension level. "
(5) Borrowing association and imagination Zhu Guangqian said: "When writing and reading poems, we must think and associate. Even the more carefully you think, the deeper the realm of poetry; The richer the association, the more beautiful the realm of poetry. " "Appreciation is also an imaginative activity", "Without imagination, there is no artistic creation, and without imagination, there is no artistic appreciation". For example, when appreciating Du Fu's poem "Boating a Boat in Wan Li", Li Sijing imagined it this way: "After enjoying the snow scene in the western hills of the window lattice, the poet looked out of the window and found another wonder: through the gate of his yard, he saw a boat drifting eastward on the water in the distance. ..... This is another portrayal that conforms to the perspective principle: he pressed the distant' Wan Li Ship' and the entrance of Du Jiayuan on a plane to enjoy it, and took the door as the frame, so the Wan Li ship was actually parked in the door. " Sima Guang once had an incisive exposition on the association of reading poems: "Poetry written by the ancients is more valuable than words, which makes people think deeply. ..... Modern poets are the best poets in Du Zimei, such as "A leopard cannot change his spots, but a leopard cannot change his spots". Where the petals are like tears, and the lonely birds have sung their grief': there are mountains and rivers, but there is nothing; The vegetation is deep and no one is clear; Flowers and birds, things that can be entertained at ordinary times, cry when they see them, and know when they are sad when they smell them. "
(6) Comparing the two poems from the aspects of language, technique, style, thought and artistic conception, and adding the author's life experience, cultivation and interest, it is easy to find the similarities and differences, thus deepening the understanding of the two poems. There are two forms of comparison. Comprehensive comparison is to compare many aspects or even all aspects of two comparisons, and single comparison is only one aspect. Shi Bu Huayun, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, said: "Three hundred articles have a lingering interest, and the Tang people still have this intention. In the same way, Yu Shinan's "high voice, not from the autumn wind" is an Tsinghua people language; Wang Luobin's "His flight is heavy through the fog, and the wind is big and loud" is a person who needs help; Li Shangyin's "pure heart and lack of desire, singing all night" is a grouch. Bixing is different. " This is a comparison of works on the same theme by different authors. You can also compare different works by the same author, such as Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong" and "Xiao Zhongshan". You can also compare the overall characteristics of poetry in different times, such as comparing Tang poetry and Song poetry; You can also compare the poetic characteristics of different nationalities, such as comparing the taste differences between Chinese and western poems.
Although ancient poetry is taken as an example, this appreciation method can be applied to reading any poem. The key is to read more and feel more, so as to have a personal experience.
Rhythm of poetry
First, from the perspective of rhyme, it can be divided into single rhyme (AAOA) and double rhyme (Baba).
1, single rhyme type, including single rhyme, single rhyme and even rhyme.
A, single rhyme.
Example 1: Li Bai's Thought On a quiet night, with such bright light at the foot of my bed, may there have been frost? . Looking up, I found it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly remembered home. "The whole poem has only" light ","frost "and" hometown ",which are tied for the same level and even rhyme department.
B, single rhyme and rhyme. Example 2: Cen Can's "Dream of Spring", "The bridal chamber rose in spring last night, recalling the beauty of Xiangjiang River from afar. Take a pillow and go to Jiangnan, Wan Li. " There are only "qi", "water" and "Li" in the whole poem, and they are all in the same rhyme.
C, single rhyme and flat rhyme (special case). Example 3: For the convenience of operation, put it in the form of double rhyme, as shown in the following example 6.
2, double rhyme (mostly cross rhyme). Example 4: Wang Bo's "The Wall of Puan Yin Jian" "Jianghan is infinitely deep, and Liang Min is unattainable. When will the wanderer return in the mountains and rivers? " The whole poem has two different rhymes. That is, one or three "poles" and "inner" are opposite; Second, the four "crawling" and "returning" are juxtaposed. Example 5: In Wang Wei's bamboo house, I leaned alone in the dense bamboo forest, playing the pipa and humming a song. It's too light for anyone to hear, except my partner, Mingyue. "The whole poem has two different rhymes. That is, "reason" and "knowledge" are harmonious; Xiao and Zhao are in harmony. Example 6: Lu Tong's "Egret", "Carve it into an egret, I am anxious to catch the scales. People don't know what idleness means when they are not stuck in the sand. "In the whole poem, even and even rhymes and oblique rhymes with rhymes are taken as a pledge. In other words, "Yi" and "Yes" are equal; Urgency and permanence are mutually assured.
Second, from the perspective of rhyme, it can be divided into: full rhyme, half rhyme, mixed rhyme and harmony rhyme.
1, full rhyme, including full rhyme flat (AAaA) and full rhyme oblique (BBbB).
A, the whole rhyme is flat.
Example 7: Li Shangyin's Screen, "Six songs are connected in series in Cui Wei, and a tall building wakes up in the middle of the night. So dense that you don't know when the rain falls and the moon sets. " In the whole poem, the words "Wei", "Shi" and "Zhi" are juxtaposed with the word "Zhe".
B, full rhyme. Example 8: Guan Xiu's "Sushen Village" "Go deep into the village for one night, and the chickens and dogs will make a big year. See the guests at dusk and take the fish pond water under the moon. " In the whole poem, the words "Li", "City", "Xi" and "Water" are all vows.
2. Semi-rhyming body can be divided into semi-rhyming flat-faced body (OAOA) and semi-rhyming oblique body (OBOBOB).
A, half-rhyme flat voice type. Example 9, Li He's "History of Horse" "The desert sand is like snow, and the Yanshan moon is like a hook. When you are a golden brain, step on the clear autumn. " In the four sentences, there are two "hooks" and four "autumn".
B, semi-rhyming. Example 10, Liu's "Jiang Xing", "Shadow hides in the mainland, Ye Chufei. Xiao Xiaochu sailed into the cold and rainy dusk. " , two "Pu" and four "Yu" bet.
3. Mixed rhyme, which can be divided into cross rhyme (BABA) and transliteration.
(1) Cross-rhyme can be divided into homophone cross-rhyme (aAaA) and allophone cross-rhyme (BABA).
A, the same rhyme department crosses. For example, 1 1, Zhu Qingyu's "Boudoir of the Ministry of Water Affairs", "The bridal chamber stopped the red candle last night and waited for Tang Xiao to see menstruation. After putting on makeup, I whispered to my husband, is thrush deep and fashionable? " The voices of "candle" and "husband"; "Gu" and "Wu" are flat tones, both of which belong to the rhyme department.
B, the cross of different rhymes, such as 12, Du Mu's "Guo Qin Zheng Lou", "The name of the Millennium Festival is empty, and Ruth has no inheritance. Only purple moss is partial, and it is covered with gold every year because of rain. " "Being" and "Meaning" in the poem; "Wu" and "Pu" are at the same level, but their rhymes are at the same level.
(2) Change the rhyme. Examples 13, Xu Ling's "Folding Willow" and "Trees on the Wind Bank". Wei is the main business. There are old songs in Jiangling and new voices in Charlotte. My concubine is opposite Changyang Garden. You climbed to Liucheng. See you in spring. The prodigal son is too heartless. The rhyme of "tree" and "song" is transformed into the rhyme of "yuan" and "Jane"; The main rhyme (rhyme), rhyme, rhyme, rhyme and rhyme remain unchanged. For example, 14, Du Fu's "Tanting the Chrysanthemum in Front of the Courtyard", "The chamomile in front of the eaves moves late, and the green core is difficult to pick. What's the advantage of getting drunk in the depression tomorrow? There are many fragrant flowers in the field beside the fence. Pick beautiful flowers to ascend to nave. The mill has grown branches and leaves, and the roots are gone. " The rhyme of "picking" and "benefiting" in the poem is changed to the rhyme of "fragrance", "hall" and "frost". The main rhyme (ending rhyme) has changed, and the two rhymes are bet, but the level tone is still bet. Example 15, Du Fu's "Three Poems of Autumn Rain", a, "Hundred grasses are brilliant in the autumn rain, and the steps are colorful. The leaves are covered with branches and feathers, and countless money is spent. The cool breeze blows you in a hurry, fearing that you will find it difficult to be independent in the future. The scholar in the class is blank, and the breeze smells fragrant and cries. " , b, "ups and downs one after another, the four seas are barren with the same cloud. If you go to Malay cattle, you will no longer be able to tell them apart. What is the difference? The ears of grain are dark and have ears, but there is no news of the farmer. It is better to talk about two sides than to change rice in the city. " , c, "Chang 'an cloth who than number, the nest gate guard ring plug. Old people don't plant Artemisia, and young children can walk in the rain without worry. The whizzing rain urged the early cold, and Hu Yan's wings were too wet to fly high. Qiu Lai has never seen this day. When will the soil dry? "Among these three poems, there are two poems, such as15" a "and15" b ".The first part is flat, and the second part is flat. Example15 "c" has a flat rhyme at the front and a flat rhyme at the back. The main rhyme and the ending rhyme are equally divided.
4, rhyming type, can be divided into:
A, AAOA, for example, 16: Chang Jian's "Looking for Li Jiuzhuang in Three Days", "Yang Lin took a rain break and went boating in Yonghe for three days. So people are on the peach blossom bank until the stream flows in front of the door. " The rhyme "head", "boat" and "flow" of the first, second and fourth sentences in the poem surround the third sentence to form a circle.
B) BBOB, Example 2: Meng Jiao's "Ancient Complaints" "Try my concubine and your tears, two drops of water. Look at the hibiscus, who died for this year. "
C, anti-time rhyme style (OAaA), such as 17: "Several times of spring sleep, screen window fans. In the hazy dream, it is still western Liaoning. " There are two lines in this poem, "Fan", "Li" and "Xi" around the word "sleep".
Thirdly, from the development of phonology, it can be divided into ancient rhyme and new rhyme.
Fourth, according to the density of rhyme, it can be divided into: sentence rhyme, sentence rhyme, sentence rhyme (beginning and end rhyme, waist rhyme, foot rhyme) and sentence rhyme.
1, rhyme, see rhyme.
2. See single rhyme, double rhyme and cross rhyme for each rhyme.
3. The sentences rhyme.
A, rhymes. For example, 18, Juyuan Yang's "Harmony Master Suo Xiucai Liu", "The dust silk at the water's edge of the willow bend will bother you to fold one at once. Only the spring breeze cherishes each other the most, and the diligence blows to the hand. " "water" and "silk" in poetry; "Li", "one" and "branch"; Wei and Wei are the rhymes of this sentence.
B, waist and tail rhyme Example 19, Wei Yan's "Happy New Year's Eve, the imperial palace waits on the imperial palace" "It is not ridiculous to meet an old friend on the lake. In the Ming Dynasty, the back door was still built and bamboo was repaired. " The "new" and "human" in the poem are integrated.
C, foot rhyme. For example, 20, see the above example 18. In "I'll trouble you to break a branch right away", "one" and "branch" are tied together.
4. rhymes outside the sentence. The rhyme outside this sentence. See example 18.
Five, from the repetition of words, it can be divided into: overlapping rhyme and overlapping rhyme.
1, rhyme. Example 2 1, Zheng Gu's "Egret", "The spring pool is full of smoke at leisure, and the reeds are cold when sleeping. After the fisherman returned to Sha Ting late, he was more free to fly down the beach. " , the poem "sou", overlapping words into rhyme.
2. Emphasize the rhyme of words. Example 22, Du Fu's "Three quatrains" "The year before last, Yuzhou killed the history of stabbing, and this year, Kaizhou killed the history of stabbing. Thieves play with tigers and wolves, and cannibals prefer to keep their wives. " The word "history" in the first sentence and the word "history" in the second sentence in the poem are the same, and the words used are very heavy.
(Note: the letter A indicates the flat rhyme of the homophonic part, and A indicates the light tone of the homophonic part; The letter B stands for different rhymes, and B stands for different rhymes. The letter o stands for a word that doesn't rhyme. )
The above mainly takes ancient poetry as an example, but the flexible use of rhyme is suitable for any form of poetry!