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How to appreciate ancient poetry (1)
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Ningbo Wanli International School Senior High School Chinese Lesson Preparation Group
1. Clarify the appreciation requirements
The requirements for appreciation of ancient poetry in the "Examination Instructions" are: 1. "Appreciate the image, language and expression skills of literary works"; 2. "Evaluate the ideological content of literary works and the author's opinions and attitudes" .
2. Distinguish the categories of ancient poems
To appreciate ancient poems well, you must distinguish poems with different themes and be able to make accurate judgments on specific poems. Common poems with the following themes include:
< p>1. Love poems, which are poems with the theme of love (including mourning of death), are also called "love songs" and "poems of boudoir". Love poems have a long history since the Book of Songs. They mainly describe the admiration and love life of men and women, or express the feelings of parting and missing each other. Such as "Jianjia", "Far Far Away Altair", "Untitled" ("It's hard to see each other and it's also hard to say goodbye" Li Shangyin), "Magpie Bridge Immortal" ("The delicate clouds are clever" Qin Guan) and so on. The 2004 Zhejiang volume "Bodhisattva Barbarian Li Bai" also belongs to this category.2. Satirical poetry, which is a poem that exposes the darkness of society and the harshness of the world in a satirical or persuasive way, and expresses the voice of the people or upright people. It is also called "satire" and sometimes "political satire" poetry". Satirical poetry also has a long history and has never disappeared from the Book of Songs to modern times. Such as "Shuo Shu", "Cutting Sandalwood", "Bee" (Luo Yin of the Tang Dynasty), "Inscribed on Lin'an Residence" (Lin Sheng of the Southern Song Dynasty) and so on. "Xinsha" by Lu Guimeng, who was included in the 2004 Spring College Entrance Examination in Beijing, falls into this category.
3. Philosophical poetry, which is a kind of poetry that embodies or elaborates a certain philosophy through description and discussion of specific things. Some point out the theme, and some are subtle and make people think. Famous ones include Su Shi's "Inscriptions on the West Forest Wall" and "Qin Poems". In addition, some poems themselves are not philosophical poems, but some of them are full of philosophical lines, such as "Mountains and rivers are full of doubts, and there is no way, and there is another village with dark willows and bright flowers", "The green mountains cannot cover it, after all, it flows eastward", etc. Enter the category of philosophical poetry.
4. Farewell poems, which are also one of the earliest and most common themes, mainly express separation and hatred, or are used to encourage and exhort, or to express deep friendship, or to express the sorrow of separation. . Because farewell is often associated with mountain climbing and facing water, it is also called "landscape farewell poem". Such as "Farewell to Du Shaofu in Shuchuan" (Wang Bo), "Farewell to Meng Haoran in Guangling" (Li Bai), "Two Poems of Farewell to Dong Da" (Gao Shi), etc. "Fu De Mu Yu Sends Li Zhou off" (Wei Yingwu) in the 2001 National Volume belongs to this type of poem.
5. Travel poems are also called travel poems and travel poems. Such poems may describe personal travel experiences, or express homesickness, combining narrative and lyricism. The description of its content is inseparable from the landscape, so it is also called "Landscape Poetry". This is slightly different from pure landscape poetry, which is mainly "recording lines and expressing emotions". For example, Du Fu's "Sentiments on a Night Journey" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn Thoughts" are only written poems and cannot be regarded as landscape poems. "Listening to the Flute in Luocheng on a Spring Night" (Li Bai) in the 2002 National Volume belongs to this type of poem.
6. Frontier poems, which are poems whose basic content is to describe the scenery of the frontier and reflect the life of the soldiers on the frontier. Famous frontier poets in the Tang Dynasty include Gao Shi, Cen Shen, Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, Li Qi, etc. Gao Shi's "Yan Ge Xing", Cen Shen's "Baixue Ge Sends Magistrate Wu Back to the Capital", Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci", Wang Changling's "Out of the Fortress" and Fan Zhongyan's "The Proud of the Fisherman" ("The autumn scenery under the fortress is strange"). "), etc., are all well-known masterpieces. The 2004 Jiangsu volume "Zheng Ren Yu Liu Zhongyong" also falls into this category.
7. Epic poems are poems that chant or comment on historical stories and historical figures to express feelings and satirize current events. They usually narrate first and then discuss; there are also some that only narrate without discussing. Let readers think for themselves. Among the poems with the theme of "Ode to History", Ban Gu's "Ode to History" and "Eight Poems in Ode to History" by Zuo Si of the Western Jin Dynasty are famous early masterpieces. Since then, it has continued to develop, and more epic poems have appeared, such as Zhang Jie's "Book Burning Pit", Li Shangyin's "Jia Sheng", Du Mu's "Ti Wu Jiang Pavilion", Wen Tingyun's "Jing Wu Wen Yuan", etc., all of which are named articles. The 1996 national volume "Ode to History" (Sanqu by Aruwei of the Yuan Dynasty) also falls into this category.
8. Poems about objects, which are poems that express thoughts and feelings by chanting about natural or social things. Symbols and comparisons are common techniques. This type of poetry had appeared before the Qin and Han Dynasties, and after the Tang Dynasty, there were more and more excellent works. For example, Wang Wei's "Lovesickness" ("Red beans grow in the South"), Li Bai's "Egret", Du Fu's "Guiyan", Lu You's "Bu Suanzi: Yong Mei", Yu Qian's "Lime Song", etc., are all borrowed from Natural things, a famous poem that expresses one's own thoughts.
9. Chanting poems. This is a poem with the theme of chanting personal ambitions and reflecting or satirizing society. Paraphrasing, symbolism, association, etc. are its main techniques. Poetry about feelings also originates from the Book of Songs and is one of the most important poems in ancient poetry. For example, Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" and "She Jiang", Li Bai's "The Journey Is Difficult", "About to Enter the Wine", Chen Zi'ang's "Dengyouzhou Taige", Lu You's "Book of Anger", etc., are all touching. Chanting famous works.
10. Nostalgic poems, which are poems that generate associations and imaginations by paying homage to historical sites, arouse emotions and express feelings and ambitions. Nostalgia poems can be classified into the category of poems about the past, but they have unique characteristics; poems about the past are slightly different from poems about the past. Poems about the past are about expressing emotions and aspirations while visiting the historical sites of old places, while poems about the past do not need to go to the historical sites in person. You can write in it. Nostalgic poems such as Du Fu's "The Prime Minister of Shu", Liu Yuxi's "Stone City", Li Bai's "Ascend the Phoenix Tower of Jinling", Su Shi's "Nian Nujiao·Nostalgia on the Red Cliff", "Shanshan Sheep·Tong Guan Guan" and so on, all have left a lasting legacy. 1996 National Volume
11. Landscape poetry, also known as landscape pastoral poetry, this type of poetry takes natural scenery as its theme and expresses emotions by describing mountains, rivers, plants and trees and other natural scenery. Commonly used metaphors Feelings come from the scenery, using scenes to express feelings and other techniques to express one's thoughts and feelings. This type of poem is the most common in ancient poetry and is the one that appears most frequently in college entrance examination questions. For example: Wang Wei's "Passing Xiangji Temple" in the national volume in 2003, Du Fu's "Man Cheng Yi" in 1999, two poems in 1998: Liu Yuxi's "Looking at the Dongting", Yong Tao's "Inscribed on Junshan", Beijing in 2003 The volume includes Zhao Gu's "Old Feelings of Jianglou" and so on.
12. Leisure poems express personal leisurely feelings by writing about trivial matters in life. This type of poetry has also appeared in the college entrance examination. For example, Jia Dao's "Reflection" in 1998 and Zhao Shixiu's "Yoke" in 2000 are "leisure poems". Most of the "leisure" poems express the poet's mood of "keeping to himself" (Mencius' words) and "leaning against the south window to express his pride, and composing poems by the clear stream" (Tao Yuanming's theory). This type of poetry has a wide range of themes, including music, chess, calligraphy and painting, romance, snow and moon, and everything can be included in the poem. It generally expresses the poet's emotions through description of scenery. "Examination" expresses the poet's leisurely taste, while "Invitation" expresses the poet's anxiety when waiting for guests on a rainy night but the guests have not arrived. Both have a quiet and pleasant style.
With college entrance examination questions
Love Poems (Zhejiang, 2004)
16. Read the poem below and then answer the questions. (6 points)
Bodhisattva Man Li Bai
The plain forest is like weaving smoke in the desert, and the cold mountains are sad and green. It's dark when you enter a high-rise building, and there are people upstairs who are worried. The jade steps stand in the air, and the birds return home in a hurry. Where is the return journey? The long pavilion is shorter than the pavilion.
(1) Classical poetry pays special attention to word refinement. Please briefly analyze the role of the word "empty" in expressing emotions. (2 points)
Answer: ____________________________________________________________.
(2) Regarding the content expressed in this poem, some people think that it is "a wanderer longing to return home", some think that it is "missing a woman and looking forward to returning home", and some people think it is both.
What do you think? Please briefly explain the reasons. (4 points)
Answer: ____________________________________________________________.
Answer: 16. (6 points)
①The word "empty" expresses the loneliness and melancholy of waiting without results, adding to the "sad" flavor of the whole word. Make the theme more vivid.
②The wanderer longs for his return home: The first and second sentences are about the scenery that the wanderer sees in front of him; the third to sixth sentences are about the wanderer being moved by the scene and imagining the scene where his family is looking forward to his return; the last two sentences are about the wanderer lamenting the long journey. There is no timetable to return home, which adds to the sorrow.
The missing woman is looking forward to returning home: the first part is about the missing woman who feels sad when she sees the evening scene; the fifth and sixth sentences are about the missing woman standing on the jade steps, seeing the birds returning and missing the wanderers; the last two lines are about the missing woman thinking about the tourists. The journey back is difficult, and we lament that we will never see each other again.
Both of the two: the whole poem uses the wanderer's longing for home and the missing woman's longing to return to each other, conveying the sentiment of "one kind of lovesickness, two places of leisurely sorrow".
Satirical Poetry (Spring 2004, Beijing)
17. Read the following Tang poetry and complete questions ①——③ (6 points)
Xinshalu Guimeng< /p>
The small dike rises with the sound of the waves, and the seagulls will know after the officials know it.
There are roads in Penglai that teach people how to get there, so they should also tax Zizhi every year.
Note: 楥: sea.
①The appropriate explanation for the content of the poem "Xinsha" is
A A new sand field was formed on the Bohai Sea. After the officials knew about it, the seagulls also knew about it.
B A new sandy field was formed along the Bohai Sea, and the officials invited people from Penglai Island to plant Zizhi.
C A new sandy field formed along the Bohai Sea, and the officials immediately built a road to collect taxes.
D A new sandy field formed along the Bohai Sea, and officials immediately thought of taxing it.
②The following poem is close to the theme of "Xinsha":
After A collects hundreds of flowers and turns them into honey, it will be sweet for whomever you work hard for. (Luo Yin's "Bee")
B In June, the crops have not yet shown, and the officials have built warehouses. (Nie Yizhong's "Tian Family")
C No matter how deep the mountain is, there should be no way to avoid the corvee. (Du Xunhe's "The Widow in the Mountains")
D Cunning officials are not afraid of punishment, and corrupt officials are not afraid of stolen goods. (Pi Rixiu's "Oak Woman's Sigh")
③ Briefly analyze the expression function of the last two sentences of the poem "Xinsha".
Answer: 17. ①D ②C ③Use exaggeration, satire, wit, humor, fiction and other artistic techniques to clarify and deepen the theme of the poem.
This is a poem that satirizes the heavy taxation in the late Tang Dynasty. Amid the rising and falling tides of the Bohai Sea, a sand bank formed along the beach. Seagulls only found out after the government found out. If there was a road leading to Penglai Wonderland, then officials would go there every year to collect the Zizhi tax. The poet uses a high degree of exaggeration, biting satire, and an almost joking humor to reveal the reality that the tentacles of official plunder are everywhere.
Farewell Poems (2001 National Volume)
(Autumn 2001) Read the following Tang poem and complete questions 17--18.
Fu De Mu Yu sent Li Zhou as a gift
Wei Yingwu
In the light rain on the Chu River, it was the dusk of Jianye.
Momo's sail comes with heavy weight, and the dark bird leaves late.
The sea gate is deep and invisible, and the Pu tree is far away.
The love you send to each other is infinite, and a piece of clothing is better than a piece of silk*.
*The ancients had a poem about "Dense rain is like loose threads".
17. In the appreciation of this poem, one inappropriate item is
A. The two sentences in the first couplet describe the poet standing by the drizzling river at dusk. This not only points out the "sweet potato rain" in the poem's title, but also echoes the word "send" in the poem's title.
Couplets B, 2, and 3 describe that the sails became heavy due to being wet by the drizzle, the black wings were unable to fly lightly due to the rain, and the sky was hazy and it was difficult to see the place leading to the sea and the river in the distance. The trees on the side looked very moist.
C. In the last couplet, the tears of farewell on the lapel and the dense rain like loose silk are blended together, which expresses the poet's farewell feeling very implicitly, and the emotion and scene are cleverly combined.
D. The first sentence of the whole poem directly points out "light rain", and the following mainly uses the description of sails, bird feathers, sky and big trees to set off the drizzle, which enhances the The imagery and expressive power of poetry.
18. This is a poem about farewell, but the main space is about describing scenes, embodying the feeling of parting in these scenes. Among the following Tang poems about farewell, the one written in the same way is
A. Farewell to Yandan here, the strong man is proud of his crown. The people were gone in those days, but the water is still cold today.
B. In Cangcang Bamboo Forest Temple, the bells of Xingxing ring late. The lotus hat carries the setting sun, and the green mountains alone return to the distance.
C. I heard that outside Hengyang, it’s because geese don’t fly. When I send you off from now on, the letters will be sparse.
D. Manchuan persuades the servants to follow the horse's hooves. Be careful with your luggage in the spring breeze, and don't carry white copper (leather material).
Answer: 17C 18B
Frontier Fortress Poetry (Jiangsu, 2004)
Read the following frontier fortress poem from the Tang Dynasty, and then answer the questions. (6 points)
Zheng Renren Liu Zhongyong
Every year the golden river returns to the Jade Pass, and the horses and swords are ringed.
The white snow returns to the green tombs in the third spring, and the thousands of miles of Yellow River circles the Black Mountains.
(1) Why is this a frontier poem? Explain in detail based on the poem.
Answer:
(2) The title of the poem is "Recruiting People's Resentment". Although there is no word "resentment" in the whole poem, there is "resentment" in every sentence. Please give a brief appreciation. .
Answer:
Answer: 16. ① The poem contains the names of frontier places such as Jinhe, Yuguan, Qingzhong, Yellow River, and Black Mountain, which describe the life of the soldiers on the border. ② Complained about frequent mobilizations year after year, complained about training troops to prepare for war all the time, complained about the cold weather, and complained about the monotonous scenery.
Ode to the Epic (1996 National Volume)
Read the following Yuan Dynasty song and complete questions 5-6.
Ask who is the hero in this world? There is wine near the river, and Cao Gong is crossing the river. Purple cover and yellow flag, many should be borrowed, red cliff east wind. He even surprised Nanyang Wolong and became famous in the Eight Formations. The tripod is divided into three parts, one part is Xishu, and the other part is Jiangdong.
5. One of the errors in the explanation of the verses of this Yuan song is
A. "The wine is on the river, and Cao Cao is crossing the river", which means that Cao Cao is crossing the boat. head, spilling wine in the river to express condolences.
B. "Many should be borrowed, and the east wind of Chibi" refers to Sun Quan's victory in the battle of Chibi with the help of the east wind.
C. "He became famous in the Eight Formations Picture" is a paraphrase of Du Fu's poem "He became famous in the Eight Formations Picture" to explain Zhuge Liang's achievements.
D. The last sentence identifies the heroes of the Three Kingdoms: Liu Bei, Sun Quan and Cao Cao.
6. Regarding this Yuan song, one of the inappropriate analyzes is
A. The author opens the book with questions, narrates the heroic deeds of the characters in the Three Kingdoms in layers, and finally ends with Summarize and conclude, the whole article has parts and summaries, and the beginning and end correspond to each other.
B. The author uses the word "jingqi" to vividly and vividly describe Zhuge Liang's transformation from living in seclusion in Nanyang to serving Liu Bei and becoming an official.
C. Through the description and comparison of the heroes of the Three Kingdoms, the author expresses his great ambition to pursue the ancient sages and make contributions.
D. The style of this Yuan song is vigorous and high-spirited. It has the legacy of Su Shi's "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgia", but it does not have the sad exclamation that "life is like a dream".
Answer: 5, D 6, C
16. (1) Cao Cao, Zhou Yu, Zhuge Liang (1 point for one answer, 2 points for two or three answers)
(2) The author did not mention Cao Wei here, but mentioned "one point" "Divide Western Shu, divide Jiangdong", obviously consciously praising Liu Bei and Sun Quan, praising their spirit of not being afraid of powerful enemies and daring to fight.
(3 points)