This poem has only five sentences and 28 words. The space is extremely short, but it depicts a wonderful Qiu Jingtu.
Please see: dry vines are wrapped around the old tree with branches, and several crows returning at dusk stand quietly at the top of the old tree; A gurgling water flows under the bridge, and a small house lies alone by the bridge. It just means that there are people here, which adds a little vitality to this dead silence. A grayish yellow country road winds into the distance. The chilly wind in late autumn blew for a while, and a bony old horse, carrying a "heartbroken man", slowly marched on the ancient road. The sun has set, the afterglow is about to disappear, the long night is coming, and the day in front of us has passed. However, this wanderer who lives on the horizon far from home has not found his home.
The ancients attached great importance to poetry and painting. For example, there are paintings in Wang Wei's poems and poems in the paintings, which have far-reaching artistic conception. Ma Zhiyuan is an expert at writing scenery and expressing emotion. This poem describes an autumn tour of a wanderer, with bright colors and sincere feelings, and has made great achievements in art ... Its characteristics are roughly as follows.
First, the scenery supports the scenery, and the feelings reside in the scenery. Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" said: "There are differences between scenery and emotion in past poems. I don't know all the scenery but all the feelings. " When Ma Zhiyuan writes scenes, it is true that there are feelings in the scenes, and there are scenes in the feelings. This is a wonderful combination. Take the first three sentences of this poem as an example. * * * wrote nine things, rattan, tree, crow, bridge, water, home, road, wind and horse. Everything is a scene, and each scene has its own characteristics. The vine is dead, the tree is old, the bridge is small, the road is old, and the horse is thin. On the surface, these scenes seem to be isolated, but in fact they are closely related. * * * together form a complete autumn color picture, which is an indispensable part of this picture. From a dynamic point of view, vines, trees, bridges, homes and roads are all static; Crows, water, wind and horses are moving. They set each other off and became very harmonious. From the picture, the three things in each sentence are a group, * * * three groups, and the three groups of pictures set each other off.
What is even more amazing is that these seemingly simple descriptions of scenery, the so-called scenery words, are actually out-and-out love words. On the one hand, love is in the scenery; On the other hand, it gives emotional color to the scene, making the static scene become a dynamic scene and the dead scene become a living scene. The use of words such as "withered", "old", "light" and "thin" is like a colorful brush, which paints the scenery with a thick layer of autumn colors and contains infinite sadness. This shows that Ma Zhiyuan is really a poet. Wang Fuzhi said that "the scenery in love is particularly difficult to write". Although it was difficult, this poem was also achieved. The heartbroken man is in the end of the world not only shows the miserable wandering mood, but also shows the vivid picture that the heartbroken man is reduced to the end of the world. Isn't this the "love field" that is difficult to write?
As mentioned above, the first three sentences of Xiaoling's description of scenery are characterized by many scenes, bright scenery and pictures filled with sadness in late autumn. But if the last sentence describing the end of the world is not "heartbroken", it is still a meaningless still life sketch, and the emotional color will not be stronger. The genius of the author lies in that he combines the first three sentences with the last sentence to describe people, making the scenery in his works an environment for people's activities and a trigger for people's feelings. Of course, if the first three sentences have no scenery and only the last sentence is about people, then that person's activities will lose the typical environment, and the reason why the "sad person" is sad will lose the objective basis. In short, the last sentence is about people, which makes the first three sentences focus on the scenery and enhance the emotional color; The first three sentences describe the scenery, which provides a typical environment for the writing of the last three sentences, and further sets off the sadness that the heartbroken people have fallen to the end of the world.
Second, extremely simple line drawing technique. Just like a landscape painted by a painter, the author does not splash ink with thick ink, but sketches it with light ink. With a few strokes, a colorful and novel autumn color map jumped out of the paper. In particular, the first three sentences and eighteen words are all nouns and adjectives, without a verb, just like the famous ancient building, the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, which has no beams, but stands tall and exquisite. This wonderful vocabulary was really rare in ancient times. The conciseness of its words has reached the point where it cannot be increased or decreased.
Third, be good at foil. The first is the contrast in tone. "Sunset in the west" and "old vine fainting crow", on the one hand, the afterglow of the sunset is brilliant, on the other hand, the evening scene in late autumn is dim; On the one hand, it is the light gold that the sunset gives to the old rattan crow, on the other hand, it is the old rattan crow that weakens the afterglow of the sunset. In this way, the author unifies the contradictory colors of light and dark in late autumn evening paintings, one bright and one dark, which complement each other, not only enhancing the visual effect of the picture, but also enhancing the emotional color expressed in the picture. The other is the foil of emotion. "Little Bridge Running Water" highlights the sadness that heartbroken people are homeless or unable to return home, hints at the reasons why heartbroken people are heartbroken, and further wants to see their social situation at that time. This not only enhances the tragic atmosphere of the work, but also breaks through the strange circle of personal sadness, which has certain social significance.
Fourth, fresh and elegant, naturally muddy. This poem was highly praised by all those who were forced to talk about it. Wang Wei once listed it as a "masterpiece" in Yuan poetry, and commented: "Tianjingsha is pure, as if it were a quatrain in the Tang Dynasty." The so-called "sounds of nature" originally meant sounds of nature, which was used in poetry creation, meaning fresh and natural, and has not yet been carved. In other words, nature is nature, which is what Li Bai said: "When the water is clear, the hibiscus will naturally be carved" ("Give Jiang Haozai"). This poem, praised by predecessors as "the ancestor of Qiu Si", with just 28 words, vividly depicts a dusk scene in late autumn and truly shows the loneliness and sadness of "heartbroken people in the end of the world". It is indeed the masterpiece of Wang Guowei's "The Thorn on Earth", and it is naturally self-contained.
Two "Goat Tongguan Nostalgia": The peaks are like gathering, the waves are like anger, and the mountains and rivers are inside and outside Tongguan Road. Looking at Xijing from afar, I can't bear it, and I am sad in Qin and Han Dynasties. All palaces and palaces are made of mud. Xing, the people suffer; Death, people suffer!
"Goat Tongguan Nostalgia" is a masterpiece of Zhang in his later years, and it is also a rare work with high ideological and artistic quality in Sanqu of Yuan Dynasty.
From the beginning, the author used vivid metaphors of "gathering" and "anger" to describe the grandeur, tragic feelings and heroic style of mountains and rivers. Isn't that continuous mountain a witness of history? Isn't that roaring and rushing river just the cry of people's pain and the roar of resistance? The towering peaks and rolling waves should unite the author's resentment and arouse people's association with history and reality!
The phrase "inside and outside the mountains and rivers" describes the terrain of Tongguan. Tongguan, surrounded by mountains and rivers, has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. Tongguan Road, this is a road of historical rise and fall: on this road, how many victories and defeats have passed, how many dynasties have risen and fallen! Tongguan Road, which is a road soaked with blood and tears: how many people's suffering footprints are left on this road, and how many foot soldiers' bones are lying; How many historical figures are reduced to ashes here! How should the author feel on this road?
The sentence "looking west" describes the author's infinite feelings about looking west to Chang 'an. Chang 'an, the capital of the famous Han and Tang empires in history, has been governed by many emperors. There have been many heartless bad kings in history who abused their powers, killed people and became sinners here. Chang 'an, in this specific historical stage, staged many magnificent and tragic dramas; How many poets and writers have written about Chang 'an. Especially the common people, how much blood and sweat Chang 'an has shed! This is the reason and content of the author's "hesitation"!
The phrase "Sad Qin and Han Dynasties" describes the Qin and Han Dynasties, and both dynasties have become historical relics. Qin Huang and Wu Han have worked so hard to build countless palaces, pavilions and thousands of waterside courtyards, and now they are all gone and reduced to ashes. Qin and Han dynasties, which once flourished, all perished in the roar of the people, just like "all palaces turned to dust". How much emotion the author has placed between the lines!
The phrase "the country is rich and the people are trapped" points out that the prosperity, hope and suffering of a dynasty belong to the common people. The theme extracted by the author from the summary of history is extremely vivid and profound, and the questions raised are very important and sharp. It expresses the author's deep sympathy for the people and great indignation against the feudal rulers. This ending is really a profound summary of the whole song, with a sharp tone and full of warning.
It is worth noting that although this poem is nostalgic, it is actually written for today. Contrast between the past and the present is a common method that many insightful ancient writers can't express themselves directly. The historical fact of the people's suffering summarized by the author standing on this long Tongguan road is actually a portrayal of the social reality of the Yuan Dynasty. The author's deep affection in the face of historical facts is actually his indignation at the darkness of the social reality in the Yuan Dynasty and his sympathy for the sufferings of the people in the Yuan Dynasty. In the language full of blood and tears, the author reveals that in feudal society, people are always in the tragic fate of oppression and exploitation, which is not only a severe condemnation of feudal rulers in previous dynasties, but also an incentive for people in Yuan Dynasty to rise up and resist. There is no mention of the social reality of the Yuan Dynasty in the Song Dynasty, but Dan You's sentence contains the social reality of the Yuan Dynasty. This is the ingenuity of the author's intention and the practical significance of this song.
This poem is full of laughter and great capacity. Structurally, the whole song can be divided into three layers. The first three sentences are the first floor, writing Tongguan terrain; The middle four sentences are on the second floor, writing Tongguan nostalgia; The last two sentences are the third level, writing the conclusion drawn by Tongguan nostalgia. Three meanings are like three links in a chain, which are closely connected. From the writing point of view, the whole song is described, lyrical and argumentative. The three are closely combined, with the discussion of history as the center, vivid, lyrical and profound. The author writes about the homesickness of Tongguan, starting from the scene of Tongguan, but ending with homesickness and the historical conclusion drawn from homesickness. The author wrote about mountains, rivers, customs, roads, Xijing, Qin Gong Han Que, and finally pointed out that "prosperity, people suffer; Death, people suffer ". This is an in-depth description method at different levels and points at the end of the article. The advantage of this description method is that its theme is not external and overhead, but naturally derived from the lyric description of the scenery, which is true and credible. The previous description provides a solid foundation for the following theme, which is an inevitable conclusion drawn from the previous description.
In a word, the whole song begins with the poem "The peaks are like clusters, the waves are like anger", and the feelings are like thousands of feet Waterfall, flowing down and merging into a torrent. Following this torrent of feelings, the author set off wave after wave, wave after wave, and finally ended with an impassioned epigram. Although the emotional waves have passed, the remaining waves are still in people's hearts for a long time. From beginning to end, I felt deep and strong, holding it to see, making people cry and feeling infinite.