It can be divided into two categories: ancient style poetry and modern style poetry. Ancient style poetry and modern style poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, and are divided from the perspective of the rhythm of poetry.
⑴Ancient poetry: including ancient poetry (poetry before the Tang Dynasty), Chu Ci, and Yuefu poetry. Poems in ancient poetry genres such as "ge", "gexing", "yin", "qu" and "li" also belong to ancient poetry. Ancient poetry does not focus on antithesis and rhymes more freely. The development trajectory of ancient poetry: "The Book of Songs" → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasty folk songs → Jian'an poetry → Tao Shi and other literati five-character poems → the ancient style and new Yuefu of the Tang Dynasty.
①Chu Ci style: It is a poetry form created by Qu Yuan of Chu State during the Warring States Period. It is characterized by the use of Chu dialect and rhyme, and has a strong Chu flavor. The "Chu Ci" edited by Liu Xiang of the Eastern Han Dynasty has seventeen chapters, mainly the works of Qu Yuan, and Qu Yuan's works include "Li Sao" as his representative work. Therefore, later generations also called "Chu Ci style" and "Sao style".
②Yuefu: Originally the name of the official office in charge of music during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it later became the name of the poetic style. The music and songs collected and composed by the Yuefu official office in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are referred to as Yuefu for short. Although the poems written by poets in the Wei, Jin, Tang and later dynasties were not included in Yuefu, they also became Yuefu and pseudo-Yuefu. Such as "Chile Song", "Mulan Poetry" and "Dan Ge Xing" (Cao Cao). Generally speaking, some titles of Yuefu poems include "ge", "line", "yin", "qu", "yin", etc.
③Ge Xing style: It is a variation of Yuefu poetry. There are many Yuefu poems after the Han and Wei Dynasties titled "ge" and "xing". Although the two have different names, there is actually no strict difference. They both mean "song". Their syllables and rhythms are generally relatively free and the form is relatively free. It adopts the ancient style of five-character, seven-character, and miscellaneous words, which is full of changes. Later, there was the "Ge Xing" style. In the Tang Dynasty, poets in the early Tang Dynasty wrote Yuefu poems. In addition to using the old Yuefu titles of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets also created new titles. Although the title was Yuefu, it was not limited to the rhythm, so it was called New Yuefu. This type of poetry developed greatly by Li Bai and Du Fu. For example, Du Fu's "Sorrowful Chen Tao", "Ai Jiangtou", "War Chariots" and "Beautiful Women", as well as many of Bai Juyi's works, adopt the Yuefu song style, and most of them use three or seven words in a mixed manner.
⑵ Modern poetry: Modern poetry, which is opposite to ancient poetry, is also called modern poetry. It is a kind of metrical poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. It is divided into two types. Its number of words, number of sentences, level, rhyme, etc. Strict regulations.
① One kind of poem is called "quatrains", each with four sentences. The five-character poem is abbreviated as "Wujue", and the seven-character poem is abbreviated as "Qijue".
② One type is called "Lvshi", each poem has eight lines, the five-character poem is referred to as "Wulu", the seven-character poem is referred to as "Qilu", and those with more than eight sentences are called "Pailu" (or "Long poem"). law").
The rhythm of verse poetry is very strict. The chapters have definite sentences (except for the rhythm), the sentences have definite characters, the rhymes have positioning (the rhyme positions are fixed), and the words have fixed tones (the flat and oblique tones of each word in the poem are fixed ), the couplets have definite pairs (the two couplets in the middle of the verse must be in opposition). For example, rhythmic poetry originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. Each four-part couplet has eight sentences. Each sentence must have the same number of words. It can be four- or five-rhyme. The two middle couplets must be in opposition. The second, fourth, sixth, and eighth lines rhyme. The sentence can be pledged or not. If the verses are laid out and extended to more than ten sentences based on the fixed patterns of the verses, it is called rhythm arrangement. Except for the first and last couplets, the upper and lower sentences need to be in opposition, and there are also opposite sentences in every other sentence, which is called "fan pair". For another example, quatrains are only four sentences and two couplets, also known as quatrains, truncated sentences, and broken sentences. They all have certain requirements for level, rhyme, and antithesis.
⑶Ci: Also known as poems, long and short sentences, tunes, tunes, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tune has a definite pattern, the sentences have a definite number, and the words have a definite tone. Depending on the number of words, it can be divided into long tune (more than 91 words), middle tune (59~90 words), and small tune (within 58 words). Words can be divided into monotonic and bimodal. Bimodal is divided into two paragraphs. The two paragraphs are equal or roughly equal in number of words. Monotonal only has one paragraph. A section of a word is called a block or a piece, the first section is called the front block, the upper block, and the upper piece, and the second section is called the back block, the lower block, and the lower piece.
⑷Qu: Also known as Ciyu and Yuefu. Yuan opera includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu originated in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style is similar to the lyrics. Features: You can add lining words to the fixed number of words, and mostly use spoken language. Sanqu includes two types: Xiaoling and Taoshu (set of songs). A set is a continuous set of tunes, at least two tunes, and as many as dozens of tunes. Each set uses the tune of the first song as the name of the complete set, and the whole set must be of the same tune. It has no guest introduction and is only for a cappella singing. It can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems, farewell poems, frontier poems, landscape poems, nostalgic poems (epic poems), poems about objects, mourning poems, and allegorical poems.
⑴ Nostalgic poetry.
Usually it is to commemorate ancient people and deeds. Poems about chanting history and remembering ancient times often combine historical facts and reality, either lamenting personal experiences or criticizing social reality. For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgia" laments his personal experiences and the contradiction between ideals and reality. He was over fifty years old and had no achievements. Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Le·Nostalgia for the Past in Beigu Pavilion, Jingkou" expresses dissatisfaction with the imperial court's meager existence and criticizes social reality. There are also some poems that praise history and remember ancient times. They are just calm rational thinking and evaluation of history, or they are just objective narratives. The poet's own experiences are not included in it, and the poet's emotions are just voice off-screen. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Woyi Lane" expresses the poet's sense of historical vicissitudes by comparing the past and present.
⑵ Poems about things.
The characteristics of poems about objects: in terms of content, a certain object is used as the description object, and some of its characteristics are grasped and described deliberately. In thought, it is often based on things to express one's ambitions. From things to people, from reality to virtuality, the spiritual character is written.
Commonly used expression techniques such as metaphor, symbolism, personification, and contrast.
⑶ Landscape idyll.
Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasty pioneered landscape poetry, and Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty pioneered pastoral poetry. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a landscape pastoral poetry school, represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Landscape and pastoral poetry is famous for describing natural scenery, rural scenery and comfortable and tranquil seclusion life. The poetic environment is meaningful and beautiful, the style is quiet and elegant, and the language is clear and concise.
⑷War poetry.
Poems with themes of frontier fortresses and wars have appeared since the pre-Qin Dynasty and developed into the Tang Dynasty. As wars were still frequent and the rulers valued military affairs over literature, it was much easier for scholars to gain fame by seeking merit in the imperial examinations than through the imperial examination. In addition, the atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty was one of active use of the world and high-spirited advancement. Therefore, the strange and magnificent frontier fortress Poetry developed greatly and formed a new poetry school. Its representatives are Gao Shi, Cen Shen and Wang Changling.
⑸ Travel poems and poems about friendship.
The ancients may have been away from home for a long time, or wandered for a long time, or guarded the border for a long time, which will always arouse a strong feeling of homesickness and nostalgia for others, so there are many such poems. They may write about the thoughts of traveling. , or write about missing relatives and friends, or writing about missing someone's hometown, or writing about cherishing someone in the boudoir. In writing, one may be moved by touching a scene, or be moved by the current situation, or convey one's feelings through an object, or express one's feelings through a dream, or express one's feelings through a wonderful metaphor.
⑹ Farewell poem.
Due to the inconvenient transportation and underdeveloped communication in ancient times, it was often difficult for relatives and friends to see each other for several years, so the ancients paid special attention to separation. On the occasion of parting, people often bid farewell with wine, break willows to see each other off, and sometimes recite poems to say goodbye. Therefore, the emotion of parting has become an eternal theme for ancient literati. Because everyone's circumstances are different, the specific content and ideological tendencies of farewell poems often vary. Some directly express the feelings of parting, some use it to express the resentment in the chest or express one's aspirations, some focus on writing about separation and sorrow, some focus on exhortation, encouragement, comfort, and some are both.
To summarize, it is mainly divided into 9 types: 1 Satire 2 Love 3 Philosophy 4 Farewell 5 Landscape 6 Ambition 7 Imagination 8 Story 9 Thought