Among several important poets in the early and late Tang Dynasty, He Zhang should be on the list, and people often compare them. Perhaps their creations have gone through the process of being misunderstood and understood. Mr. Cheng wrote Understanding and Misunderstanding of Zhang Chunjiang's Moonlit Night. At present, Moonlit Night on a Spring River has been fully understood by people, but Liu Xiyi's poems need to be further understood. Therefore, Liu Xiyi's value in the history of poetry should be repositioned.
First, the development of poetic realm.
At first, people didn't accept Liu Xiyi's poems. Su's "Tang Dynasty New Tales" contains: "There are few articles, which are good for the palace style, and the words are sad and not important for the times. ..... After Sun Yi wrote Zheng Sheng Ji, Yi Xi's poems were the most concentrated. It is called a little. Zheng Sheng Ji, compiled by Sun Yi, a disciple of Yin, was widely circulated in Kaiyuan. This shows that Liu Xiyi's poems were gradually appreciated by people in the Kaiyuan period. The reasons why Liu Xiyi's works are not appreciated may be "love stories" and "relying more on ancient songs, and his posture is out of date". In the Yuan Dynasty, the newly written Biography of Talented Talents in the Tang Dynasty said: "The poet, the word pavilion, the Yingchuan people ... are bitter poems, especially those who are good at boudoir curtains. Their words are sad and mostly archaic, which is out of date." No matter Song Weitai or Ming Dynasty, these post-Tang poetry critics didn't have a high evaluation of Liu Xiyi's creation and didn't see the true value of Liu Xiyi. Only a few poetry critics praised his personal works. For example, when talking about his poem "Flowers are similar year after year, people are different year after year", A Qing poet Zhao Yi said: "These sentences are in everyone's mind, but they are not treated humanely. Once it is said, it will come out at will, and it is easy to spread, although it is enough to spread to future generations. "
Wen Yiduo really affirmed Liu Xiyi's position. In his article "Redemption of Palace Poetry", Liu Shi's emotional value is analyzed in detail, and it is pointed out that Liu Shiyun contains a kind of "cosmic consciousness" and shows the artistic conception of exquisite images. As a cloud said, "He realized what the metaphysical called" eternity "from the temporary improvement of beauty-the most ethereal, realistic, surprising and frightening existence, and everything became insignificant and gone before him. ..... According to legend, Liu Xiyi was taken aback when he recited the sentence "Flowers bloom and flowers fall this year" ... "When he recited the sentence" Year after year ",he was taken aback ..." ... Liu Xiyi leaked the secret, which should be condemned by God ... The so-called leaking of the secret is the realization of universal consciousness. This interpretation of Liu Xiyi's poems is unprecedented.
Later, the History of China Literature, edited by Zhang Heluo, pointed out that Liu's poems contained "a broader philosophy of life": "His masterpiece is Waiting for the North Pulsatilla: ... On the one hand, youth is fleeting, on the other hand, everything is endless, declining and new. Therefore, in sadness, the yearning for the eternal vitality of nature is revealed. The emotion in poetry is not limited to women's self-pity, but contains a broader philosophy of life. " Liu Xiyi's exploration of poetic realm created a beautiful artistic conception. In the History of China Literature, edited by Yuan Xingpei and Luo Zongqiang, there is a special section with the inscription: "The artistic beauty of poems created by Zhang and their influence on the exquisite beauty of poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty." There is a cloud in the volume: "His masterpiece" A Generation of Sad Pulsatilla "touches the scene ... In a deep sigh, there is a vague awakening of life consciousness. From the repeated understanding of nature and the fleeting understanding of youth, the poet wrote a famous sentence that has been passed down through the ages:' The flowers are similar year after year, and the years are different.' Flowers are similar to different images of people, which hides the poet's short-lived grief. This sentimental feeling with youth runs through the whole article, and it becomes more and more intense through the contrast between the beautiful young man with a beautiful face and the Pulsatilla crane, creating a poetic image with vivid images and endless charm. There is another cloud: "Zhang, the progress made in the creation of poetic artistic conception, such as the integration of real life experience with beautiful images, the combination of poetic sentiment and artistic conception, the rich emotional atmosphere and the ethereal and pure poetic realm, shows that the creation of poetic artistic conception in Tang poetry has entered a stage of perfection, which has made full artistic preparations for the arrival of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Naturally, there have been exquisite poems of the Tang Dynasty. " This paper clearly reveals the relationship between philosophical thinking and artistic conception caused by life sigh, thus highlighting Liu Shi's contribution to creating the style of "Xiang Xing Ling". However, Liu Xiyi's contribution in the history of Tang Dynasty poetry was not limited to the creation of "Xiang Xing Linglong" style.
Second, the styles are diverse.
In the description of the history of Tang poetry, people are used to calling the overall style of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty as the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Based on this, we can see how the previous poems went to the prosperous Tang Dynasty step by step and how the later poems developed and changed relative to the prosperous Tang Dynasty. From Chen Ziang and Wang Wei to Li Bai and Du Fu, the characteristics of their poems are vigorous, delicate, romantic, elegant and natural. These characteristics accumulated in the early Tang Dynasty, fully formed in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and changed in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Liu Xiyi is the only poet with these characteristics in the early Tang Dynasty. He appeared as a summary of poetry creation in the early Tang Dynasty, so the value of Liu Xiyi's poetry is also reflected here.
Character is the goal pursued by many poets in the early Tang Dynasty. Going to Chen Ziang to mention the word "good luck" turned the idea of expressing character into an operable method, which made the poets in the early Tang Dynasty take the last step in their pursuit of character. Before the Tang Dynasty, the style of "exquisite to the stars" appeared, and Tao Yuanming had many works of "exquisite to the stars". Later, many poets occasionally wrote such works, but they were not as good as Tao's poems. Since entering the Tang Dynasty, the situation has not changed significantly. This exquisite image revival style mainly benefits from the poet's social revival idea. Romantic and elegant style is rare in the early Tang Dynasty. Only Wang Ji deliberately studied Tao Yuanming's poems and wrote some works with this characteristic. In the early Tang Dynasty, although more poets occasionally showed natural and unrestrained desires, they could not really transcend the secular world because of their low spiritual level, so there were few romantic and elegant sentences in their poems, and only one or two works of a few people showed this expression. Poems about immortals are the best embodiment of this style, but there are few poems about immortals in the early Tang Dynasty. Natural and simple styles have existed throughout the ages, and there are also many such works in the Book of Songs, Chuci and Chinese poems. Tao Yuanming's poetic style is famous for its plainness, and plain language is the necessary condition for the formation of this style. Poets outside the court, such as Wang Ji, are very interested in learning pottery, and many of their works are simple and natural. Chen Ziang's poems are not as beautiful as those in the Southern Dynasties, but he didn't write more natural and plain works because his poetic skills were not perfect.
Generally speaking, no one had these characteristics before Liu Xiyi. Most of Liu Xiyi's poems are Yuefu. His Yuefu poems with frontier fortress theme are vivid, magnificent, vigorous and extremely natural. For example, "Joining the Army" wrote about the ambition of serving the country from the army and issued "I have a sword all my life, and I am generous." ..... The husband made a heroic oath of "Who can clean a room". For example, "Spring Day in the Boudoir": "Flowers and birds cherish Fangfei, birds are singing and flowers are fragrant. People are accompanied by flowers and birds today, and they can't return at sunset. The red moon pities the song fan, and the mountain cloud loves the dance clothes. There are many kinds of rituals and willows, and it is not inconsistent to join hands. "These poems not only have the style of Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties, but also add delicate brushwork, romantic style and simple and natural language. His landscape poems are also very successful. For example, Song Yue Wensheng embodies two characteristics: exquisite imagery and romantic elegance:
The moon rises in Shandong, and the moon is bright and the mountains are empty. Mountain people love the clear scenery and radiate autumn wind. How can it be clear when the wind stops at night? Immortal invisible, blowing sheng in recent months. Crimson lips absorb aura, and jade fingers adjust their true voices. What is a real sound? Three mountains are full of love for cranes. The past has become dust, I want to listen to this song. I'm lying in Songcen today. I'm glad to hear your voice. Immortals reward me and sing my heart.
Writing poems with the feeling of sounding sheng on a moonlit night in Songshan Mountain, the pictures are ethereal and clear, and the music is beautiful, which seems to make people step into fairyland and bring elegance and romance. This kind of artistic conception is rare in previous poems.
His poetic language adopts different rhetorical methods, which also prepares his poems for the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Such as "A Generation of Sad Pulsatilla": "There are peaches and plums in the east of Luoyang, flying around. Luoyang woman looks beautiful, sitting alone in the courtyard, looking at the scattered plum blossoms, sighing long. The color of flowers has changed this year. Who will be there next year? ..... The ancients have never recovered since Luocheng East, but today people are still out of the wind. Flowers are similar every year, and people are different every year. " Not only use repeated sentence patterns, but also repeat the same image to strengthen the theme of youth and fleeting time. Another example is Gong Zi Xing, in which rhetorical skills such as pulley body, thimble lattice, reduplication or repetition in sentences are all applied to the extreme. These artistic features can not only meet the singer's needs of singing and memorizing, but also meet the readers' psychological expectations.
In a word, Liu Xiyi's poems are full of vigor and vitality, delicate images, romantic elegance and natural simplicity. Liu Xiyi is a little-known poet, but he has become a summary of the development of early Tang poetry. He drew a perfect ending for the development of poetry in the early Tang Dynasty, and predicted the arrival of a new poetic climax with his own actual creation.