According to the characteristics of the times, Finnish poetry can be divided into two periods: ancient poetry and modern poetry. For many centuries, mainly due to Finland's geographical position, the Finnish people have been on the edge of European civilization. With the emergence of Christianity, this isolation was broken, and new ideology was gradually intertwined with ancient natural myths and tribal the legend of heroes, forming a rich and colorful Finnish culture. These stories originated in the southwest of Finland, and have been spread orally for thousands of years, and gradually spread to the sparsely populated southeast. /kloc-In the 9th century, scholars collected these legends in the southeast of Finland.
About a million lines of these anonymous works have been recorded, which are both epic and lyrical. Elias Lanrott (1802-1844), an expert in the study of Finnish ancient poetry, compiled and published his rich materials in 1835 and 1840. The former was named Ka Laivaara (also translated as Hero Country), and the latter was named Kanter. Ka Laivaara interweaves ancient natural myths, heroic stories and localized Christian legends into a national epic. Each line has eight syllables and four accents (Longfellow wrote Song of Warsaw with this melody). Canteletta is a lyric poem, folk song and legendary story compiled according to historical events. These poems show the simplicity and frankness of the working people. Its situation is fascinating: girls are singing folk songs while waiting for their lovers; The shepherd spoke his mind when he was herding sheep. In these poems, nature seems to be full of aura, sometimes laughing with the singer, sometimes melancholy with the singer.
According to the principle of Luther's Reformation, the New Testament and the Old Testament were translated into Finnish and published in16th century and17th century. Nevertheless, Finnish was only used by the lower classes in a long historical period, while Swedish was used by the upper classes. Swedish enjoys a good reputation and is widely used in * * * and non-governmental organizations. But these Swedish Finnish writers could not establish Finnish national literature. Some famous poets, such as Jacob Freys (1691-1729), Gustav Philip Creitz (1731-1785) and frans. Their works are also attributed to Swedish national cultural traditions. The Napoleonic Wars ended the rule of Sweden (1 155— 1809), Finland was merged into Russia, and its long-term dependence on foreign countries changed fundamentally. The separation from Sweden and the influence of romantic movement in European literature at that time made Finnish cultural leaders turn their attention to ordinary people and Finnish folk culture, and realized that in the struggle to save the motherland and safeguard national independence and integrity, they should draw potential strength from their own culture as the main source.
The subsequent cultural renaissance was the result of the joint efforts of Finnish writers and Swedish Finnish writers. The slogan of the National Games was put forward by pioneer A I Arvidson (1791-1858): "We are not Swedes and will never be Russians, so we must be Finns." An important event in this period was the establishment of the Finnish Literature Society in 183 1 (which still exists today). The activities that had the deepest influence on Finnish poetry were the collection and publication of La Laivaara and Canteletta by Lambert, which showed people how rich their poetic heritage was. However, two Swedish writers, Johann Ludwig Ruenberg (1804- 1877) and zacarias Topulius (18 18- 1898), first absorbed and promoted the national spirit. Runeberg's important role in the development of Finnish poetry lies in two aspects. First of all, according to the development program of Finnish national romanticism, he created a series of heroic epic Stories of Stoll (1848- 1860), which laid the foundation for Finnish national literature. These poems express strong patriotic thoughts based on the memories of the Russian war. Secondly, his superb skills made him a mentor to Finnish writers. 19 When the poets in the 1960s explored the treasure of the motherland's language, their efforts were to establish rhythms and stanzas in Finnish poetry according to the forms created by Runeberg when he wrote in Swedish. Topulius is famous for writing fluent pastoral poems, but his position in the poetic world is not as good as that of Runberg.
Poems written in Finnish appear between 1860- 1880. However, with the exception of Aleksi Kivi (1834- 1872), although poets showed the ability to use poetic forms, they lacked creative spirit. Aahlkvist (1826-1889) published Spark (1860- 1868) under the pseudonym Oksanen, with the main purpose of explaining how to write different forms of poetry in Finnish. Spark made him the maker of Finnish poetry norms. It was johanna Henrik elko (1849- 1906) and Carol Cramsu (1855- 1895) who introduced the poetic format written by Jouneberg and Topulius in Swedish into Finnish poetry. Elko also studied the spirits of his predecessors and created some fresh pastoral poems. Wiki is mainly engaged in novel and drama creation, but he is more original in poetry. The rhythm of his poems is changeable, so there is no need to rhyme, expressing heartfelt affection.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9 century, the literary revival in Finland achieved fruitful results in the field of poetry. A large number of young people trained in Finnish schools have stepped onto the historical stage. They are determined to devote themselves to the great cause of creating national art. They call themselves "the younger generation in Finland", and their members include activists in various artistic fields, such as composer Sibelli Uus. Enoch Renault (1878- 1926), Otto Manninen (1872- 1950) and V A Koskenniemi (1885-65438+). Reno is the most talented poet among the three. His creative career began with Song of Progress (1896), and his works are famous for their eclecticism and vitality. He is good at writing narrative poems and lyric poems. Being familiar with Scandinavian poetry and having a deep understanding of Finnish ancient cultural heritage, Finnish poetry got rid of its dependence on Runeberg and Topelius in form and created a new style. He used finnish mythology to write, not out of the spirit of national romanticism, but as a means to express personal experience and universal truth. His poems are beautiful in melody and clear in writing, such as his ballad "Huma". This poem describes a superman who breaks through all worldly habits:
Ilemi Hilpert Ixanta
Ajoi temppelin ovesta，
Lausui kirkon laivan alta:
Miss Taman Sukun,
Kadu ei tehtya tekoa，
I agree. "
The proud knight Hume,
Rushed into the temple on the mountain,
Standing under the arch and singing loudly:
"That's my temper,
Never regret what you have done,
Nothing can change my behavior. "
Manning published poems (1905, 19 10) and Quiet River (1925). His poems are refined in form, exquisite in symbolism and profound in meaning, which is perfect. He also translated the works of Homer, Moliere, Ibsen and Juneberg into beautiful Finnish characters. Koskenniemi was the first philosophical poet in Finland. He loves European classical literature, especially French traditional literature, and shows noble sentiment and pure artistic style in his poems. He and Manninen have surpassed their predecessors in the accuracy of language use.
Later, a group of talented young poets emerged in Finland and participated in various activities of modern culture and academic schools. At the forefront are a group of poets who participated in the Torch Club (1924-1930). Their styles are characterized by archaism and surrealism, and their works are mainly in the form of free poems. The most talented poet is Uno Kailas (1901-1933). He is a bear hardships and stand hard work poet, who expresses his feelings in the form of high school poems. There is also a female poet, Katerina Vara (1901-1944), whose poems are similar to those of Edith Sodergeland full of fanatical feelings. /kloc-in the 1930s, a left-wing literary organization "Kira Society" (meaning "Wedge") was established in Finland, and its leaders were arvo Tertian (born in 1904) and the poetess Ervi Sinevo (born in 19 12). Most of their poems were written in prisons before and during World War II. The poet Yunejo Jurha (1903-1956) used Manning's concise and lively style to record important events and people's feelings during World War II with his poems. After 1945, two old poets, P mustapa (Martti Haavio, born in 1899) and Arrow Holakovsky (1893- 1952), who were closely related to the Torch Club in the 1920s, revived Finnish lyric poetry. Lakovski is a scientist, educator and painter, full of emotion and profound knowledge; His poems reflect his enthusiasm and various experiences, and have the characteristics of harmonious form, moving rhythm and strong symbolism. In the 1950s, the mature poets of the younger generation included Laxi Heikkila (born in 1925), Laxi Numi (born in 1928) and Paavo Haavik (born in 193 1). Their lyric poems not only avoid the subjectivism of ultra-modernism.
After 65438+ 1960, Finnish poetry flourished, while Finnish Swedish poetry went from bad to worse and lost its vitality. In Swedish poetry, the last achievement was J·J· Wechsel's poetic drama Daniel Hiorth (1838- 1907), which could still be staged at that time. 19 In the 1980s, Karl Auguste Tabaste Jener (1860- 1898) introduced a more realistic emotion into the lyric poems that had been monopolized by Topekarius' pastoral poems. /kloc-In the 1990s of 0/9, lyric poetry became free and fluent again, which showed the pessimism naturally expressed by these minority poets who used Swedish, and foresaw the prospect of their gradual separation from Finnish national life. The dominant theme of these poems is alienation and loneliness, and sometimes they rely on localism, exoticism, aristocratic idealism or internationalism to get some spiritual compensation. At that time, the political situation of permanent separation between the two countries often cast a colder color on Swedish Finnish poetry than typical Swedish poetry; This is particularly evident in the works of Micael Lubeck (1864- 1925) and Bert Griffinberg (1878- 1947). Griffinberg is famous for writing unrestrained erotic poems in spell style, and he adopted the form of sonnets in his later years. He praised Finnish heroism during and after the Finnish civil war and showed a proud aristocratic posture. Griffin's position in the poetry circle is similar to that of Arbid Melna (1876-1946). At first he pursued localism, and later he used poetry as a weapon to fight for the status of Swedish minority in Finland. Other famous Swedish poets include the philosophical satirist Hjalmar Procope (1868—1927). Emile Zilliacus (1878-1961), an erudite classical poet and extreme romantic, Al Hemel (1893-1949).
19 16, Edith sodegrain (1892- 1923) published poems and songs, which opened the curtain of the Swedish-Finnish modernism movement. This movement originated from Swedish poetry in the 20th century, and it was the response of poetry circles to the sense of crisis and enlightenment brought by the Russian revolution and the Finnish civil war. However, the source of inspiration for poets is quite different. Sodeglan's poems and Elmer Dicktonius's (1896- 196 1) are both prophetic, but the former focuses on universal ideals and the latter on social revolution. Gunnar Bjorin (1887— 1960) and Rabbi Enckell (born in 1903) were inspired by aesthetics. But Bjorin's poetry is surreal, while Enckell's poetry belongs to classicism. The style of Henry Parland (1908-1930) is closely related to Mayakovski's futurism. What connects these poets is their new and deeper social views on poetry. Among the more recent modernist poets, it is worth mentioning Ralph Pallan (born in 19 14), Zolfe von Schulz (born in 1907) and Bu Kaplan (born in 1926).
The success of Finnish modernism, which used Swedish in the early days, was mainly due to the international trend and isolated social status at that time. However, in recent years, some poets who hold regionalism and insist on using traditional writing forms have also begun to adopt modernist writing techniques. For example, Anders Crever (born in 1937) wrote poems about his hometown Helsinki with surreal images and free poems, and regarded his hometown as a mythical shrine.