Zhou Dunyi’s nicknames are: Zhou Yuanhao and Zhou Dunshi. Font size: Mr. Maoshu Lianxi. Era: Song Dynasty. Ethnic group: Han. Birthplace: Tian Bao, Daolou, Daozhou. Date of birth: June 1, 1017. Time of death: July 14, 1073. Main works: "Spring Festival Gala", "Dalin Temple", "Commentary to Chaozhou to inscribe the Dadiantangbi", "Commentary to Chunzhou", "Read Yixiang", etc. Main achievements: Originator of Confucian Neo-Confucianism.
We will introduce you to the detailed content of Zhou Dunyi from the following aspects:
1. Zhou Dunyi’s poems
"The Theory of Love and Lotus", " Dalin Temple", "Going to Chaozhou to inscribe on the wall of Dadian Hall", "Farewell to the Stone Doctor on the River", "Returning to the Old Hermitage", "Late Spring", "Spring Festival Gala", "Shepherd Boy", "Going to Chunzhou" ", "Inscribed on Fengdu Temple·Reading Ying Zhenjun Dan Jue", "Inscribed on Qingfen Pavilion", "Tianchi", "Evening Fishing at Shitang Bridge", "Viewing the Wall at Shuxian Terrace", "Ren Suo's Hometown and Old History", "Sword Gate", "Ye Yu Shu Chuang", "Xi Xi Shu Tang", "Shu Chung Mausoleum Gate", "Recalling the Punishment of He Zhongrong in Jiangxi".
2. Life
In the second year of Tiansheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1031 AD), Yi was 8 years old (nine years old). Three years after his father died of illness, he and his half-father His elder brother Lu Dunwen followed his mother to seek refuge with his uncle Zheng Xiang in Hengyang. In 1037, Zheng Xiang was transferred to Shusuanshan Caohe as the transfer envoy to Zhejiang Province. Zhou Dunyi and his mother moved to Dantu County, Runzhou (now Dantu District, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province) with their mother. Because of his intelligence, benevolence and filial piety, he was deeply loved by Zheng Xiang, who also loved white lotus. Zheng Xiang built a pavilion and planted lotus plants at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain in the West Lake in front of his house (today's No. 2 Middle School of Hengyang City), where Zhou Dunyi studied scriptures and learned Taoism. On a midsummer night, the lotus flowers are in full bloom, and the fragrance is overwhelming and beautiful. The former residence of the Zheng family was later changed to the Lianxi Zhou Clan Ancestral Hall (now the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China). During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1587-1598), Zhou Zi, Li Kuan, Han Yu, Li Shizhen, Zhu Xi, Zhang Li and Huang Qian worshiped together at the Seven Sages Temple of Shigu Academy, which is known as the "Seven Sages of Shigu". (According to "Hengyang Dictionary of Hunan Cultural Celebrities", edited by Gan Jianhua and produced by Erya Culture) He loved reading since he was a child and was quite famous in his hometown of Yingdao, Daozhou. People said that he had "lofty ambitions, erudite knowledge and practical actions, and was like the ancients." wind". Due to his extensive reading, Zhou Dunyi was exposed to many different kinds of ideas. He was involved in various schools of thought from the pre-Qin era to Indian Buddhism, which was introduced to China in the Han Dynasty. This laid the foundation for his subsequent intensive study of the ancient Chinese book "Book of Changes" to create the idea of ??innate cosmology. When he was fifteen years old, he and his mother went to the capital to seek refuge with his uncle Zheng Xiang, who was a bachelor of Longtuge in Song Renzong's court at that time. This uncle cared very much for Zhou Dunyi and his son. When Zhou Dunyi was twenty years old, his uncle reported to the emperor and found him a position as supervisor Bo. Zhou Dunyi worked hard during his tenure and won the hearts of the people. In life, Zhou Dunyi began to study "The Book of Changes" and finally wrote his important work "Tai Chi Tu·Yi Shuo". It proposed a system of cosmogenesis. In the history of Chinese philosophy and thought, Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties occupies an extremely important position. Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties was based on the Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius. It also absorbed the essence of Taoism and Buddhism in many ways, and gradually became the dominant philosophical thought in China's feudal society. Zhou Dunyi was the founder of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty. "Gongan of the Song and Yuan Dynasties" has this discussion about Zhou Dunyi's status: "After Confucius and Mencius, Han Confucianism only had the study of transmitting scriptures. Xingdao has been talked about for a long time. The rise of Yuan Gong, the second Cheng succeeded him, and hengquqing was restored. Great Confucians emerged in large numbers, and the Holy Spirit flourished. "The Yuan Gong here is Zhou Dunyi, and Yuan Gong was originally his posthumous title. This passage clearly affirms Zhou Dunyi's status as the founder of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty. He often traveled with eminent monks and Taoists, played the piano and recited poems. His knowledge and magnanimity have moved many people to study with him. The most famous among them are of course the two brothers Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi. Cheng Yi later recalled that when he was young, he was tired of the imperial examination career because he listened to Zhou Dunyi's sermons. Determined to learn and explore the Confucian way of becoming a sage king. After Zhou Dunyi's death, his reputation gradually grew as Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi inherited and developed his philosophy. During the Southern Song Dynasty, ancestral halls of Zhou Dunyi began to be built in many places. People even praised him to a status comparable to that of Confucius and Mencius, thinking that his "contributions were equal to those of Confucius and Mencius." The emperors also respected him as a model of human ethics. Zhou Dunyi did indeed achieve the style of a great Confucian scholar with his practical actions during his lifetime. His character and thoughts have been admired by people for thousands of years. Representative works: "Collection of Zhou Yuan Gong", "Tai Chi Pictures" and "Tong Shu" Song Dynasty scholar Zhou Dunyi is the ancestor of Zhou Enlai, Zhou Shuren (Lu Xun), Zhou Zuoren and other celebrities.
3. With Hengyang
Zhou Dunyi was born in Loutian Village, Dao County on May 5 (June 1), the first year of Tianxi reign of Zhenzong of Song Dynasty (1017), and died in Shenzong of Song Dynasty. June 10 (July 24) of the sixth year of Xining (1073). Due to poverty and "no porridge," he was unable to return to his hometown and was buried in Lishu Ridge, Lushan Mountain. When he was 20 years old, he was appointed to the post with his uncle because he "cleared his doubts and was looking for someone for you". At the age of 21, his mother died in the system. At the age of 24, he became the head of Fenning County (today's Xiushui County). At the age of 55, he finally served as Guangnan East Road Tidian Prison (in Shaoguan). Due to illness, he became a beggar. After transferring the manager of Nankang to join the army, he resigned. He made clear judgments about official integrity and highlighted politics and learning. In history, he was ranked alongside Bao Gong as a representative of the culture of honest officials. Therefore, the court favored his father. His father, Zhou Fucheng, resigned from his post as magistrate of Guiling County. In the eighth year of Jiayou's reign (1063), Emperor Yingzong of the Song Dynasty gave it to a doctor. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), he gave it to a doctor for admonishment. He also ordered it to be enshrined in the Xiangxian Temple and Qisheng Temple, which is related to Confucius. Parents share the sacrifice.
After Zhou Dunyi's death, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty was granted the title of Doctor Xuanfeng in the sixth year of Zhenghe (1116), and was given the posthumous title of Yuan in the thirteenth year of Jiading (1220), so he was called Yuan Gong (his student Er Cheng was also given the posthumous posthumous title of Chun Zheng). In the first year of Chunyou of Emperor Lizong of the Southern Song Dynasty (1241), he was granted the title of Runan Bo. In the sixth year of Renzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1319), he was granted the title of Duke of Dao. He was enshrined in the Confucius Temple in all dynasties. In the seventh year of Zong Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty (1456), his twelfth generation descendant, Zhou Mian, was granted the title of hereditary Doctor of the Five Classics. It was extended to the end of the Qing Dynasty for more than 400 years. Thirteen Doctors of the Five Classics were granted this title since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism and established the title of Doctor of the Five Classics. , the family with the most Ph.D.s in the Five Classics and the longest history. Zhou Fucheng died of illness on August 20, the first year of Qianxing in the Northern Song Dynasty (1024), when Zhou Dunyi was 8 years old. Because of his poverty, the family of four came to Hengyang with his mother to seek refuge with his uncle Zheng Xiang, a direct bachelor of Longtuge. He was intelligent, benevolent and filial, and was deeply loved by Duke Zheng. , Zheng Gong regarded his nephew as his son, and named him according to Zheng Jiadun's generation. Because he loved white lotus, Zheng Xiang built a pavilion and planted lotus at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain in the West Lake in front of his house (now the No. 2 Middle School of Hengyang City is commonly known as Qiyang White). It was not until Zheng Xiang was appointed as the transfer envoy between Zhejiang and Zhejiang to Shushan Caohe that he moved with his mother to Dantu County, Runzhou (today's Danyang City, Jiangsu Province). Hengyang people have passed down from generation to generation that the allusion of the eight scenic spots in Hengzhou, "white lotuses blooming at night on the West Lake" and the legend of "the white lotus fairy playing on the West Lake" come from the story of his uncle and nephew's deep love and enlightenment. Zhou Zi died young at the age of fifty-seven due to his hard work and illness. The most important period of growth in his life was in Hengyang for more than ten years. Later, he was appointed as the magistrate of Chen County and Guiyang County (today's Rucheng County) at the age of thirty-one, the Prime Minister of Dali Temple at the age of thirty-eight, the Tongjian of Yongzhou at the age of forty-nine, the transfer magistrate of Guangnan East Road and the magistrate of Guangnan East Road at the age of fifty-three. During his seven years in Chenyi, when he returned to his hometown to worship his ancestors, he stopped at Zhou Dunyi to rest, give lectures, visit old friends, and visit friends. Therefore, compared with the county where he was born, Hengyang is the place where he returns to Jiujiang. It is the place where he lived the longest, and it was also the most difficult time in his life. His uncle, Zheng Xiangji, a sage from Hengyang, helped him cultivate and educate him when he was an orphan. As an official, Zheng Gong was known as his uncle in the Zhou family in Lianxi. Zhouzi repaid his kindness, and his wife, Lu, stayed with her aunt for nineteen years before she had a son with her husband. She became ill due to overwork and died at the age of thirty-seven. This is the origin of the Hengyang plot that the descendants are full of gratitude and spreads deeply. Hengyang is the place where Lianxi Gong grew up and the foundation of Lianxi culture. Because of this, the descendants of Zhou Dunyi's two families in Hengbei'an and Zheli "look up to the relics of their great-grandfather Lianxi Gong in Heng and cannot bear to leave." He came here to inherit the ancestral legacy left by Zheng Gong to the Zhou family and continue to thrive to this day. Although the descendants from this area live at home and abroad, they often go home to visit. In recent years, an increasing number of descendants have come here to pay homage to their ancestors. Any cultural inheritance of celebrities exists and continues in the form of materialization. There are originally five relics of Zhou Dunyi's life in Hengyang: one is the ancestral home of his maternal grandfather, Zuo Shijin Zheng Can, who lives next to Shigu Academy, which is now Siqian Street. The second is the original Zhengjiazhuang house in the north of Zhengshuiqiao, which is the Zhou family's ancestral house on the north bank of Lianxi River. It was inherited by the descendants of the eldest son Zhou Shou and the second son Yu Zhong. They now live in Chejiang Iron City, Hengnan County, Jinlan Temple, Hengyang County, Chongqing, Hongjiang, etc. The surname Zhou is derived from this branch. The third is the Ailian Hall in Zheli Village, Hi-tech Zone. Xingji, the second son of Ji Zhong, the fifth son of Zhou Shou, came here to inherit the ancestral property. The Ailian Hall was originally the ancestral house of the Zheng family (approximately 1,200 years ago). The Zheng family genealogy It is recorded that "there is a huge lake called West Lake in Xiguan of Hengzhou", and "Xiang Gong lived in the West Lake outside Heng County City". Zheng Xiang's five ancestors and grandsons are five Jinshi. Their fine clothes and poems have been passed down from generation to generation, and their family property is quite rich. During the Song Dynasty, most of the land around the mountains, forests and fields was the ancestral property of the Zheng family. Later, according to regulations, the Lianxi public sacrificial land was 400 acres (300 acres in Zhengyi Township and 100 acres in Changping Township). The land rental income and the annual official silver allocation of 28 were used. The Spring and Autumn Festival was held at the Zhou Ancestral Hall in Lianxi. The terrain here is low-lying, close to the steaming water, and the north and south river winds meet. Zhou Dunyi came here to study in the summer. The foundation of the current house is 1.5 meters high and is built with strips of stone, which is evidence that the foundation was moisture-proof in the Song Dynasty. On October 19th, the fourth year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1211), the fifth grandson of Zhou Dunyi, the right minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, jumped into the sea and drowned himself to accompany his lonely soul. Later, the left prime minister Lu Xiufu followed suit, and the right prime minister Wen Tianxiang wrote an epitaph for him. , a generation of martyr Zhou Hong was born here. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the sacrificial land was occupied by Ke Shijun, an installed household. After more than 30 years of litigation, the sacrificial property was recovered. The clan members funded and built the Ailian Hall as a special temple in memory of Zhou Zi with the approval of the Qing government. Six of the descendants entered the righteous school and were offered sacrifices of twenty-eight taels of silver every year. All the benefits were the same as those at the sacrifice temple in Daoxian County, where they were born, and Jiujiang, where they were destined to return. Today, the Dao County and Jiujiang sacrificial temples have been destroyed, and this is the only surviving imperial sacrificial temple.
4. With Rucheng
Zhou Dunyi (1017-1073), whose courtesy name was Maoshu, was originally named Shi, but was renamed to avoid the old taboo of the Yingzong. A native of Yingdao, Daozhou (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province) in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was known as Mr. Lianxi in the world. A famous thinker in the Song Dynasty and the founder of Neo-Confucianism. It has a historical position in the history of Chinese Confucianism as a link between the past and the future. Huang Baijia once commented: "After Confucius and Mencius, Han Confucianism only had the study of passing on the classics, and it has been a long time since the Xingdao was discussed. The rise of Yuan Gong, the second Cheng succeeded him, and the restoration of Hengqu Great Confucians emerged in large numbers, and holy learning prospered. Therefore, there are rules for stability and organization, but it can only be said that the first step is to explain the subtleties of the mind and its principles. Study Case"). This review is very fair. According to historical records, there are "dozens" of his philosophical works, and only two of them, "Tai Chi Tu Shuo" and "Tong Shu", have been handed down. From 1041 to 1044 AD, "the Guiyang Order that moved Chen made outstanding achievements". Throughout his life, he was honest, fair and diligent as an official, rigorous and meticulous in his studies, and had self-discipline to "come out of the mud without being stained, wash the lotus without being evil". As the founder of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties, Zhou Dunyi inherited Confucius and Mencius and then started from Cheng Zhu.
It absorbs the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism to form its own Neo-Confucian system, and promotes its cosmology of "Wuji and Taiji" and its outlook on life that advocates tranquility, rationality, sincerity and non-desire. When Zhou Dunyi was the county magistrate in Rucheng, the county's politics were clear and clear, all industries were prosperous, the people were simple, and the government was harmonious and harmonious. During this period, he wrote the eternal famous poems "Love of Lotus" and "Zhuo Fu". When his disciples Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi came to Rucheng to visit their teacher, they were impressed by the beautiful scenery of Rucheng and wrote "Poetry of Thousands of Family". "The first chapter "Spring Comes Occasionally". In memory of him, the people of Rucheng built Lianxi Academy in the western suburbs of the county and carried out ten renovations. It has a history of nearly a thousand years. Zhou Dunyi was an honest and upright man with an indifferent mind and loved lotus flowers all his life. Although the "Shuo Ailian" written by him is only 119 words long, each word is exquisite and has always been passed down by people.