The Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest refer to the seven famous people in the Three Kingdoms, namely Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Shan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and Wang Rong.
They often gather under the bamboo forest in Shanyang (now Xiuwu, Henan Province) and enjoy themselves freely, so they are called the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest in the world. Most of them advocate the knowledge of Zhuang zi and Zhuang zi, are informal and open-minded by nature. Politically, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling and Ji Kang were all uncooperative with Sima Group, and Ji Kang was killed. On the contrary, Wang Rong and Shan Tao successively took refuge in Sima's family, served as senior officials and became the confidants of the regime. In article creation, Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are the representatives. For example, Ji Kang's "Breaking Up with Mountain Ju Yuan", he took Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's devotion to nature as the argument, and explained that he was unable to be an official, and publicly showed his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima's family. The article was quite famous; Another example is Ruan Ji's eighty-two poems of "Yong Huai", which implicitly expose the evil deeds of the supreme ruling clique and satirize the hypocritical etiquette people by means of comparison and sustenance. Therefore, through the article creation of the seven sages, we can get a glimpse of their respective aspirations and interests.
Ji Kang
Ji Kang (223 ~ 263) was a writer of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. One of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Word uncle night. Qiaoguo County (now Suxian County, Anhui Province) people. He lost his father in his early years and his family was poor, but he was still inspirational and diligent, and he was well-versed in literature, metaphysics and music. He married Cao Cao's great granddaughter Changle Pavilion. He used to be a doctor in Zhongsan, known as "Jizhongsan" in history. Si Mazhao wanted to win over Ji Kang, but Ji Kang tended to the royal side in the political struggle at that time and took an uncooperative attitude towards Sima Shi, so he was quite jealous. Zhong Hui, Si Mazhao's confidant, wanted to make friends with Ji Kang, but was given a cold shoulder. Since then, he has forged a feud. Ji Kang's friend Lu An was falsely accused of unfilial by his brother. Ji Kang came forward to defend Lu An, and Zhong Hui advised Si Mazhao to take the opportunity to get rid of Lu and Ji. One of the incriminating evidences is "Breaking Up with Shan Ju Yuan". At that time, 3, Tai students asked for pardon of Ji Kang, and they were willing to take Kang as their teacher, but Si Mazhao refused. When he was about to die, Ji Kang looked as cool as a cucumber. Play "Guangling San" and die calmly.
In the philosophy of life, his proposition is: not Tang Wu, but thin rites, and the more famous you are, the more natural you are. Personality is fierce and arrogant, and he is unrestrained.
Interestingly, before Ji Kang's execution, the most reassuring arrangement for his children was to ask them to take refuge in Shan Tao (Mountain Ju Yuan). After Ji Kang's death, Shan Tao took good care of and raised his children. Deduct a story of "gentlemen are harmonious but different".
Ruan Ji-Wei Ni (report part: Ruan Xian)
1. Family background and early ambition
Ruan Ji was a descendant of Chen Liu's family (now in Henan). Born in Jian 'an for 15 years. Father Ruan Yu, a poet and essayist, is "one of the seven sons of Jian 'an". Cao Cao was a personal servant, and at that time, he and Chen Lin were mostly responsible for the writing of military documents. Ruan Ji's father died when he was three years old, but because of the long-term friendship between Cao Shi and his son and Ruan Yu, he deeply sympathized with Ruan Ji and his mother and took care of them. When Ruan Ji was young, he studied hard, following the example of Yan Hui and Min Ziqian, ancient readers who were tireless in learning and did not admire splendor and high morality. Besides, he also practices martial arts. However, Ruan Ji, a teenager, is also tainted with the style of some flashy childe. At that time, there were a group of grandsons who were related to each other, and they were quite flashy. How could Yan, Li Sheng and Luoyang connect with each other to create a sensational atmosphere? Ruan Ji was close to their age and was inevitably influenced by some ethos, but Ruan Ji never gave it away.
Ruan Ji despises people who are polite. The so-called polite people are mainly some people who take refuge in Sima's father and son. Most of them are literati. They are ill-conceived, inherit the will of Ma's father and son, advocate that "only the law is to repair, only the ceremony is to overcome", and use etiquette and teaching as tools to consolidate the usurped rights, and at the same time bind the hands and feet of political opponents. This kind of etiquette is a political means to crack down on dissidents by Sima Group in line with its bloody massacre policy. Ruan Ji is most famous for his blue eyes when dealing with these etiquette people.
Pei Kai hangs it, giving it away, looking straight at it drunk ... Ji Xi hangs it, making it a white eye, and retreating with joy; I am glad that my brother Kang heard of it, but it was the wine that lent me the piano, and I was very happy, but I saw it.
It is said that Ji Kang's brother Ji Xi came to pay his respects after his mother died, but because Ji Xi was an official in the DPRK, that is, a man of etiquette in Ruan Ji's eyes, he gave Ji Xi a black eye regardless of the etiquette he should have during the mourning period. Later, Ji Kang came with wine and a harp, and he was overjoyed, and immediately turned from white eyes to blue eyes. From this story, we can not only find Ruan Ji's contempt for people with manners and laws, but also clearly see that he is not restricted by manners and customs, and so is Ji Kang. He won't hide his emotions just because of the mourning, but let others know clearly what he doesn't like. I think this is also a special phenomenon of that era. Ruan Ji's hatred of people with etiquette is not only manifested in his blue eyes, but also in his fu.
second, medicine and wine
Ruan Ji seems not to take medicine, and this matter is rarely mentioned in his works. Only in the 7th poem of Yong Huai, he wrote: "There is no reversal in picking medicine, which is inconsistent with the immortal's will." It's confusing to force this, which makes me hesitate for a long time. "From here, he even sometimes wavered in his belief in immortals, which made him feel confused and hesitant, and he was less convinced and enthusiastic about taking medicine than Ji Kang. Ruan Ji doesn't take medicine, but he quite means "I don't know the rest for wine." He is binge drinking, binge drinking and binge drinking. No matter where he is, he will get drunk when he has wine. Ruan Ji is addicted to alcohol, and his starting point is the same as Ji Kang's taking medicine, hoping to get rid of reality and resolve contradictions by this way. Ruan Ji has escaped from Sima Group several times under the cover of drunkenness. In terms of personality, taking medicine is a very troublesome thing. It is necessary to collect medicines first, formulate prescriptions, and there are many rules. The steps should not be slightly disordered, otherwise it may be poisoned or even killed. People who are not careful and patient should not take it casually. Ruan Ji's personality is simple and unrestrained, and he can't adapt to this fine and dangerous advanced enjoyment. He would rather engage in much simpler drinking. Politically speaking, Ruan Ji's attitude is relatively weak. He saw that the general trend of Cao Wei's royal family had gone, and Sima's ruling had become an unchangeable reality. He knew that it was too slim to take medicine, and he had to spend his days under the rule of R. He didn't want to go along with it, and he lacked the courage to challenge Sima Group politically or draw a clear line, so for Ruan Ji, drunkenness was the best way to get rid of political difficulties.
here are some short stories about Ruan Ji's drinking.
Ruan Ji was buried as a mother, steaming a fat crust, drinking two cups, and then coming to the trick, he bluntly said, "Poor! "Have a number one, because of vomiting blood, waste meal for a long time.
From this story, we can see Ruan Ji's behavior against etiquette. After his mother died, he not only insisted on playing chess, but also ate meat and drank wine. Although he did this on purpose, I felt that he was also very painful. To suppress the pain of losing his mother in his heart to show that he was not bound by etiquette, as far as I am concerned, he could burst into tears and be happy after crying, because Ruan Ji admired Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi very much. After his wife died, Zhuangzi was not only sad, but also freed his wife from the world. Therefore, I think he can follow Zhuangzi's example and improve it. In this way, he will not only achieve what he wants, but also need not suppress the pain in his heart.
Ruan Gong's young woman next door is beautiful, so she can be used as a wine drinker. Ruan and Wang Anfeng often drink from their wives, and when Ruan gets drunk, they sleep on their wives' side. At first, they are suspicious, but they have no intention of waiting for him.
I think it was rare in the society at that time. Lying down beside a young woman when she is drunk, in the previous society, under the bondage of the concept of giving and receiving, such a situation is also unacceptable to the world. (4) Military women were talented and died unmarried, but they didn't know their fathers and brothers, so they went to cry and returned with all their grief. If such a thing happens in modern times, I'm afraid it's still hard to accept! A person who doesn't know the deceased came to mourn and cried very sadly. We will definitely think that he is crazy, otherwise he will make trouble. It is really rare for Ruan Ji to do what he thinks is worthwhile, regardless of other people's eyes. However, it makes me wonder why I have to pretend to be so strong when my mother died, but I feel very sad about the death of a girl I don't know. I think this is not only against etiquette, but also against humanity.
Third, literary achievements
Zhengshi literature appeared in the late Three Kingdoms period, and people used to use it to represent the literature of the whole period in the late Wei Dynasty. The most important writers of Zhengshi literature are Ruan Ji and Ji Kang. Ruan Ji is not only a poet, but also an essayist and a fu writer. His poetic achievements are mainly eighty-two poems chanting for the bosom. As far as the content is concerned, "worrying about life" and "aiming at ridicule" occupy a great weight in poems about nostalgia. In addition to these two contents, there are descriptions of self-reported life, ambition, missing friends, seclusion and immortals. There are two remarkable characteristics in the art of poetry chanting for the bosom: implicit implication and natural elegance. Implication is directly related to the concealment of many words. In order to avoid serious practical consequences, Ruan Ji wrote his poems vaguely and evasively. This kind of implication is completely consistent with his style of "speaking in a mysterious way" and "not hiding people from his mouth" in life. Therefore, the implication of poems chanting for the bosom is a product of the reality of the times and a reflection of Ruan Ji's own ideological style and attitude. From the perspective of artistic creation, implication is a style, and its advantage is that it can avoid being dull and straightforward, increase the depth of the poem and give readers room for association and aftertaste. In the history of poetry, chanting poems occupies a very important position. Ruan Ji's poems chanting for the bosom are not as good as Jian 'an's poems in reflecting the great social reality, but they have surpassed their predecessors in the depth of personal lyricism, the description of inner twists and turns, and the use of figurative techniques. It is one of the representative excellent five-character poems in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. There are ten pieces of Ruan Ji's prose that are relatively complete today. His most important prose works should be "Biography of Mr. Adult", which is close to Fu in writing and developed in a dialogue way. Although it is famous, it is actually not a true biography. Generally speaking, Ruan Ji is an important poet and essayist in the history of Chinese literature. He made outstanding contributions to the development of five-character poems in particular.
IV. Conclusion
After preparing Ruan Ji, I feel that under the circumstances at that time, many people like Ruan Ji had contradictions between their hearts and real life. Maybe Ruan Ji wanted to cry when he heard that his mother had passed away, but because of the contradictory character created by the circumstances at that time, he expressed his inner sorrow by vomiting blood. I think, since he is so brave to express his feelings, why not just burst into tears? But then again, I also admire Ruan Ji's courage to challenge the times, the government and society. Even with such an open social atmosphere, I don't think there will be many people like Ruan Ji and Ji Kang! I think after the preparation of the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, my impression of them is no longer that they are naked and degenerate, but there are more and deeper levels, all of which are understood in this report. Although I don't have the courage to challenge the society like them, I am moved by their unique sexiness!
Wang Rong-Ziling
1. Life
1. Born in Wang Rong, The Rich House
, the word Jun Chong was born in Linxi, Langya, Shandong Province. Wang's clan is a prestigious clan in Linxi. From his kin, Wang Yan, Wang Cheng, Wang Dao, Wang Dun and other figures have emerged, who hold the political arena of the eastern and western Jin governments and are known as the "eight kings", which is also called the "eight Fei" of Fei's clan in Shanxi. The royal family also had close relations with Fei's family, and Wang Rong's daughter married Fei Li. Wang Rong's grandfather was an envoy of Liangzhou in Wei Dynasty, and he lived in a comfortable family environment since he was a child. Therefore, under such influence, we can learn more or less about his personality when he grows up.
2. Child prodigy-Wang Rong
Wang Rong, seven years old, tried to swim with all the children. When he saw a plum tree with many branches on the roadside, the children raced to take it, but he did not move. When people asked him, he replied, "The tree is on the roadside with many children, which is bound to be bitter for plum. "Take it, believe it. Elegance. 4
Since then, Wang Rong has been called a "child prodigy". Another thing happened when Wang Rong was seven years old. According to the world, Newspeak Wei Mingdi broke the tiger's pawns on the Xuanwu field, and the people watched it. Wang Rong was seven years old, and he also looked at it. The tiger climbed the bar and roared, and its sound shocked the audience. All of them were easy to overturn the servant, and Zhan Ran did not move, and there was no fear. From these two articles, from the description of Wang Rong, we can know that Wang Rong is indeed a clever boy, although it may be said that the effect is a bit exaggerated, but we can also know that Wang Rong was really a clever child since childhood, which can be described as brilliant. In the book biography of Jin Dynasty, it was recorded that Wang Rong's eyes were so intense that he could not dazzle his eyes. When Fei Kai saw them, he was greatly amazed and said, "His eyes are rotten like rocks and summer electricity." That means his eyes are radiant.
Wang junchong and Pei Shu, two of them, had a general view of Shi Ji. After a short time, the guest asked Zhong, "What about the second boy?" Zhong said, "Pei Kai is clear-cut, and Wang Rong is brief. In the next 2 years, these two sages will be ministers of the official department, and there will be no delay in Ji Er's time. 6
What is recorded in this article is that Wang Rong and Fei Kaiguo, as expected, became important figures in the political arena of the Western Jin Dynasty at that time, and it can also be seen that their childhood achievements were extraordinary.
Second, among the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest
1. Joining the Seven Sages
Among the Seven Sages, Wang Rong is the youngest. He is twenty-nine years younger than Shan Tao, twenty-four years younger than Ruan Ji and eleven years younger than Ji Kang.
Wang Rongyun: "I have lived with Ji Kang for twenty years, and I have never seen his joy. "Virtue. 16
It can be known that when Ji Kang was tortured and died, Wang Rong was twenty-nine years old, while Wang Rong knew Ji Kang when he was nine years old, and at the same time he was very close. Wang Rong knew Ruan Ji when he was fifteen years old. His father, Wang Hun, was an official. He and Ruan Ji were colleagues and close friends. Wang Rong also lived in Shang Shulang's official residence with his father. Every time Ruan Ji visited Wang Hun, he went to Wang Rong's room after a few words. It was a long time to talk about this. Ruan Ji said to Wang Hun, "Jun Chong and Qing Jun are incomparable, and you can't match them. It's much more interesting to talk to Ah Rong than to talk to you. "Even so, Wang Rong is very different from Ruan Ji and Ji Kang in temperament and ambition.
2. Vulgarity among the Seven Sages.
Ji, Ruan, Shan and Liu were drinking in the bamboo forest, and Wang Rong retreated. The infantry said, "The vulgar things have come back to disappoint! "Wang Xiao said:" If you care, can you recover and defeat evil? "Paidiao. 4
In this article, we can know that Wang Rong, compared with these predecessors, Wang Rong lacks the temperament and demeanor of their thinkers and writers, but on the contrary, he is full of secular bureaucratic aspirations, so Ruan Ji ridiculed him as a vulgar thing. But Wang Rong also retorted that people like you, who else can spoil your fun? We can know Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, etc. It doesn't matter to these people no matter what they do. Maybe we can know that Wang Rong may not be such a person in his character. In the background of Wang Rong's growth, he is a rich man with ideal ambitions. He wants to be promoted to his official career, and we can know how many family backgrounds have influenced Wang Rong.
3. Joining the WTO and becoming an official
1. Being an official, he has experienced ups and downs
Born in a noble family with a deep family background, he was regarded as a child prodigy since childhood, and he had the ambition to be an official, so he naturally entered the officialdom. In the second year of Wei Ganlu (AD 257), when Wang Rong was twenty-four, he was contended by Si Mazhao as the prime minister's official, and it was the former red man Zhong Hui who elected him.