Yang Wanli (1 127— 1206) was born in Jishui, Jizhou (now Jishui, Jiangxi). In the twenty-fourth year of Shaoxing (1 154), he ascended the throne in the same year as Fan Chengda, a poet friend, and was first awarded the governor of Ganzhou, and then transferred to Lingling, Yongzhou (now Lingling District, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province). In Yongzhou, he met Zhang Jun, a representative of the hawk faction who lived here in exile. Zhang Jun encouraged him to be "sincere", which is the origin of his own name "Chengzhai". In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), he set himself on fire and wrote less than a thousand poems. The manuscript is a collection of rivers and lakes, and the poetic style has changed. Since then, he has been an official in Beijing, learned about Zhangzhou and Changzhou, and raised tea and salt in Changping, Guangdong; Re-enter the DPRK as the secretary supervisor and go to Jiangdong to transfer the agreement; Change your knowledge of Ganzhou, don't go, go back and ask for a temple. He compiled his poems in various places into an episode, one for each official, and each episode will change. He is honest and frank. He criticized state affairs many times and offended Han Biaozhou, a powerful minister. Therefore, he was dismissed from office for fifteen years and eventually died of grief and indignation.
Yang Wanli said in the preface of his first book of poems: "I wrote more than a thousand poems, all of which were burned in Shaoxing in the afternoon and July, probably in Jiangxi." The people who save the Jianghu collections today are also people who learn from Houshan, Banshan and Tang people. "He burned all the Jiangxi-style poems he wrote 32 years ago in Shaoxing (1 162) in order to correct the habit of learning as poetry in Jiangxi and get rid of the poetry pattern of Jiangxi School. His "Chengzhaiti" poems are lively, natural and humorous, which is the best proof that he has surpassed Jiangxi style, such as:
Plums taste very sour, and after eating, the residual acid is still between the teeth; The banana is growing, and the green is against the screen. Spring goes to summer, and the days are long and tired. After a nap, I feel depressed and watch the children play with catkins in the air. ("Taking a nap in early summer")
The silence of spring is because I don't want a long stream of water, and the shadow reflected on the water is like sunny days and breezes. The delicate lotus flower bud shows a sharp corner from the water, and a naughty little dragonfly stands on its head. ("Little Pool")
Occasionally I see negative flies through the window, and my feet are fine. The shadow of the sun will come first when it wants to move, and suddenly it will fly down from the window. (frozen fly)
Be excited about things, look at everything around you with novel eyes, capture fleeting scenes and concrete scenes full of small interests in life, and enlarge them. This kind of "into a house" poem has the characteristics of popular and lively language and vivid style, which changes the thin and rigid old style of Song poetry and creates a new poetic style.
Yang Wanli's "Chengzhai style" poetry creation draws lessons from Wang Anshi's semi-mountain style and the late Tang style of Tang people. Generally speaking, allusions are rarely used in late Tang poetry, and quatrains are the most inappropriate and ethereal genre in five-character poems. Yang Wanli obviously wants to use the ethereal and light quatrains in late Tang poetry as a good medicine to save Jiangxi school. He changed the Song people's habit of writing poems with humanistic images as the mainstay, and turned to natural images as the mainstay, thus restoring the naive and natural state of the poet's senses. Natural landscape flowers and trees have natural spirituality and modality in his eyes, not purely inanimate. For example:
Poplar meets apricot leaves, and fresh water exposes sand. After crossing the river, I looked back and saw a good family across the river. (one of the three poems of xiaodu Taihe river on February 1)
Yoshida wants to know before dawn that there are always considerable peaks everywhere. However, a mountain suddenly grows, and you know it is a real mountain. ("Wang Xiaoxing Yunshan")
After all, in mid-June, the scenery of the West Lake is different from that at four o'clock: the lotus leaves are infinitely blue the next day, and the lotus flowers are infinitely red the next day. ("Chu Xiao Jingci Temple sends Lin Zifang")
Don't say that there is no difficulty coming down from the mountain, which makes the climbers happy in vain. Just entering Wanshan Circle, one mountain releases another. ("Passing Song Yuanchen's Paint Shop")
These poems are not concerned with the external landscape and natural pictures of nature, but with the natural spirituality and vivid interest contained in the landscape. Zhang Zi's poem "Boarding the Ship of Yang Mi's Poems" says: "The spirit of nature is infinite, and you can catch up with it immediately. Today, people know how many words and sentences, and it is rare to have a living poem. " Yang Wanli is good at drawing poetic thoughts directly from nature and constructing poetic nature with life spirituality and emotional affection, so his poems are full of curiosity and agility and are recognized as real "living" poems.
Yang Wanli's "living method" poems not only have the characteristics of novelty, agility, humor and beautiful circulation, but also deliberately pursue the shallowness and colloquialism of poetic language. Where simple and elegant language can be used, we deliberately use spoken language, turn abstruse into simple, turn novel into popular, and even adopt dialect slang into poetry. Such as "over a hundred, over four quatrains":
The flowers in the garden are all white and red. Mo Wen's early travels were amazing, and wild incense came from all directions. (2)
It's sunny and rainy, the roads are wet and dry, and the mountains are half light and half thick. In the distant grass, you can see the back of the cow, and there are people behind the new seedlings. (4)
Leng Xiuxuan of Shuiyue Temple:
The deep gate of the ancient temple is inclined all the way, and it is always cloudy around. The low eaves become low trees, and small pots are filled with small flowers. Looking at Buddhist paintings in the middle of Tibetan temples, people are outside the bamboo forest. The monk laughed and knew that Nong was thirsty. In fact, he was welcoming guests with tea.
"Chengzhai style" poetry is straightforward, lively and popular, close to folk songs and smacks of vernacular poetry. As the key to the change of poetic style in the Southern Song Dynasty, the success of Yang Wanli's "living method" poetry comes from his departure from Jiangxi's poetic style and his grasp of the natural taste of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty. In the first of two poems with Li Tianlin, he said: "Learning poetry should be thorough and detached, and you should be confident and detached." Clothes are eternal, and hills are just a hair. "The' living method' is attributed to the detachment of the mind, and everything is empty in a unique intuitive experience way, so as to get inspiration from ingenuity and pursue a free and lively poetic style. Because of the emphasis on natural interest in poetry creation, the depth has become shallow, the interest in rationality has decreased, the feeling has become keen, and the interest in life has increased a little, just like "there is a mouth in the pen and an eye in the sentence".
Fan Chengda (1126—1193), a serviceman from Pingjiang (now Suzhou, Jiangsu), was born in Shihu. Due to the unfortunate death of his parents when he was a teenager, he drifted around from home and broadened his horizons. When he was young, he wrote some poems that exposed the cruel exploitation of the people by the rulers, such as Rent Cutting and After Rent Cutting. In the 24th year of Shaoxing (1 154), he was admitted to the Jinshi examination. The following year, he was sent to Huizhou as a secretary to join the army and started his career. Avenue for six years (1 170) was appointed as the envoy of the state of Jin. In addition to recording Jin's diary, he also wrote a volume of poems, which made Jin's chronicle consist of 72 quatrains. After returning from the gold-making mission, he served as ambassador to Guangxi and Sichuan. In the fifth year of Xichun (1 178), he was promoted to participate in politics and served as minister of slaughter. Due to overwork, he wrote to resign many times and retired to his hometown in Suzhou in the tenth year (1 183). In his later years, Fan Chengda resigned and lived at home for ten years. He wrote some peasant poems and preface poems about local customs and festivals, the most famous of which are sixty poems about the four seasons and rural scenery. Therefore, he is known as a famous poet who is good at writing about rural life and rural scenery.
China's ancient poems describing farmers' life can be roughly divided into two categories: one is pastoral, such as Tao Yuanming's and Wang Wei's pastoral poems, which show the desolate and natural scenery and life prospect in rural areas; The other is the new Yuefu style "Tian Jia Ci" and "Peasant Poems" which emerged in the Tang Dynasty, such as the works of Wang Jian and Nie, which specifically reflect the hardships of farmers' lives and the pain of being exploited and oppressed. Fan Chengda's "Four Seasons Pastoral Miscellanies" can synthesize the contents of the above two kinds of poems, such as:
Newly-built fields are mud and flat, and every family cooks, and first frost is clear. Laughter thundered and flail rang all night.
Plum golden apricot fat, wheat white, cauliflower thin. No one has ever crossed the fence, but dragonflies and butterflies can fly
At noon in Liuhua Deep Lane, chickens crow and mulberry leaves are not green. It's okay to sit and sleep, and you can see silkworms on sunny days.
Farming during the day, good performance at night, the children in the village mind their own business. Although the children don't plow and weave, they also learn a kind of melon in the shade of mulberry trees.
It's hard to hang down, but also to avoid wind and rain, it's colder. Note 5. The Tiangong holiday plundered profits, half of which was paid off privately, and the other half was lost.
Diamonds are hard to pick, waste plows and hoes, blood is flowing, and ghosts are doing it. I can't afford to grow water in the field, and the lake has recently collected rent.
Sixty poems were originally divided into five groups: spring, late spring, summer, autumn and winter. Each group of twelve songs reflects all aspects of rural life, like a long scroll painting of farmers' farming in Jiangnan water town, which not only vividly describes the busy farming, rural scenery and rural life, but also opens up the government and taxes. This kind of pastoral poetry is somewhat similar to the catalogue of rural customs, but it has a fresh look and feel. In addition to the ingenious, fresh and beautiful description of the scenery, it pays more attention to the hardships of farming, which makes pastoral poetry have the fragrance of soil and the smell of sweat, and endows pastoral poetry with deeper and wider content characterized by plain leisure, which can be called the masterpiece of ancient pastoral poetry.