Question 2: What was the annual tax revenue of the ancient dynasties in China? The tax system of each dynasty is different.
It is said that in the heyday of the Song Dynasty, the annual tax revenue was over1.600 million yuan, but there was little silver.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large amount of overseas silver flowed in and the amount of silver exchange increased.
The annual tax revenue in Ming Dynasty was 4 million taels of silver, and that in Qing Dynasty was 50 million taels to 70 million taels.
Because in the Song Dynasty, all the expropriation was distributed to local governments, and in the Ming Dynasty, local governments kept the "needed" part and then turned it over to the state treasury. In the end, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, decided to levy a tax of more than 8 million hectares (1.20 million mu) and levy grain of 29.5 million stones, with the aim of "never starting a business".
The commercial tax in the Ming Dynasty was originally 30 1, 3.3%. Later, Ming Chengzu and the cabinet considered reducing the burden on the state to reduce the burden on the people, which fell to 1.5% in Wanli period. Small businesses and vendors with an annual turnover of 40 taels of silver, that is, those with a turnover of less than 26,432 yuan, are exempt from tax.
As a result, in the later period, a country with a cultivated land area of more than one billion mu and a population of nearly 200 million had so little tax revenue that it could not even recruit 200,000 soldiers with real fighting capacity.
In Ming Dynasty, taxes were too low, agricultural taxes were low, and commercial taxes were even lower.
In the Ming Dynasty, the tax revenue did not increase for almost 250 years (in fact, it continued to decrease, the agricultural tax decreased, and the commercial tax decreased even more).
In the late Ming Dynasty, people complained about any tax increase, so that when * * * tried to increase taxes, there was great resistance.
surname
In the thirty-first year of Qin Shihuang (2 16 BC), the decree of "making the first part of the county farm its own land" was promulgated, so that all landowners and farmers with fields could declare the amount of land they occupied, and it was stipulated that each hectare (15 mu) of land should pay 3 stones of forage (about 120 kg, which was different from generation to generation, with little difference) and 2 straws.
Han/Han/Chinese/human
The original taxes were inherited from the Qin system. However, in view of the lessons of the demise of the Qin Dynasty, the tax rate of land tax was reduced to 15 tax, and then reduced to 30 tax. The main taxes in this period were land tax and poll tax, as well as various miscellaneous taxes on industry and commerce and mountain wood products. But the overall tax rate is still relatively low, so there are cultural laws.
Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties
Cao Wei officially issued a decree to implement the tax system of counting mu and households. Four liters of corn per mu, two silks per household (one horse is ten feet 33.33 meters) and two kilograms of cotton.
Emperor Wu of Jin stipulated that Ding Nan (16 ~ 60 years old) should pay 50 mu of land rent and Ding Nv should pay 20 mu of land rent, with 8 liters per mu. Pay three silks and three pounds a year;
In the ninth year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (485), an even field order was issued, which stipulated that/kloc-men over 0/5 years old should be divided into 40 mu of grain, 20 mu of women and 20 mu of mulberry. In the hemp-producing areas, men get 10 mu of hemp land, and women get 5 mu. The following year, the law of rent collection and rent adjustment was promulgated, which stipulated that both husband and wife should pay rent of 20 cents each, with four unmarried men and women above 15, eight handmaiden engaged in farming and weaving, and twenty cows, which was equivalent to rent adjustment for both husband and wife.
During this period, salt and iron were generally monopolized by the state. Wine is generally taxed, and some are officially monopolized. City tax is divided into market entry tax levied on merchants and shop tax levied on sitting merchants.
There are two kinds of taxes on trading activities: taxes on buying and selling handmaiden, cattle, horses and farm houses, which are large and well documented, and taxes on transactions with small value and well documented.
Taxes are levied on wealthy families with a wealth of 500,000 yuan and monks and nuns with a wealth of 200,000 yuan. There are also money and travel expenses.
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Both the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty promulgated the law of land equalization and land rent adjustment. It is stipulated that Dingnan (2 1 year-old) and 18-year-old middle-aged men each get 100 mu of land, of which 20 mu is Yongye field (never returned) and 80 mu is Kubandeng. At the same time, the Tenancy Adjustment Law was promulgated, which stipulated the land rent, tax adjustment and corvee that Tian Dingnan should pay (see Tenancy Adjustment).
After the Anshi Rebellion in the Middle Tang Dynasty (755 ~ 763), due to the exile of registered permanent residence, land annexation and the destruction of the land equalization system, the tenancy adjustment system lost its foundation, so it was changed to two taxes, and "the household has no host and guest, and it is a book to see the house" and "people have no choice, and the rich and the poor are the difference" (see the two tax laws).
This is an important reform in the history of China's land tax system, changing the poll tax, which has been implemented for a long time in ancient China, into land property tax. Moreover, all kinds of taxes are collected in summer and autumn, which simplifies the collection procedures.
During this period, salt, wine and tea were sometimes taxed, sometimes exempted and sometimes monopolized. In the late Tang dynasty, in addition to the resumption of mining tax and closing tax, housing tax, transaction income and public and private funds tax were also levied.
Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
The land system in Song Dynasty was divided into private land and official land, and the two tax laws were still used. Generally, one bucket per mu (about 10 kg), Jiangnan, etc ...
Question 3: How much was the tax in Song Dynasty? 1 100 million taels of silver.
Question 4: What is the annual tax revenue of the country? There were about 70 million to 80 million taels of silver in the middle of Qing Dynasty, and about 1.2 to1.400 million taels of silver in the late Qing Dynasty. At that time, one or two taels of silver = 1.20 yuan. After the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the average annual fiscal revenue was 60 million yuan, while the fiscal revenue of the upper and lower Southern Song Dynasties remained above 1 100 million yuan all the year round. The highest figure of fiscal revenue in the Song Dynasty was1.200 million yuan, which was also consistently created in the Southern Song Dynasty = 1 10,000 yuan. 600 yuan's tax revenue in Song Dynasty was always equivalent to that in Ming Dynasty, but now it is much less, about 2 million taels. At that time, one tael was equal to 240 yuan. Because the tax revenue of the Ming dynasty could not be collected at that time.
Question 5: What was the annual income of * * * in the Song Dynasty? The highest income in Song Dynasty was 65.438+0.6 billion taels of silver. According to the calculation, one tael of silver equals 20 Jin of cooked beef, and one Jin of cooked beef equals 20 RMB.
The fiscal revenue of the Song Dynasty reached 64 billion yuan, while the tax rate at that time was 3% for businessmen and 2% for businessmen, and the agricultural tax only accounted for 30%.
I don't know that at 3%, GDP has reached 640/3% = 2133.3 billion RMB.
Question 6: What is the annual tax revenue of the Ming Dynasty? At different times, it is generally maintained at three or four million taels of silver. However, the tax rate in the Ming Dynasty was the lowest in history, with 40 tax one, 30 tax one, Qin Dynasty 10 tax 68, and other dynasties were also very high.
Question 7: Did urban residents pay more taxes in Song Dynasty (1) refers to the activities of social material production, circulation and exchange. Such as the rapid development of our agricultural economy.
(2) living expenses; Family background. For example, the economy is rich and the economy is tight.
Economy, people have their own consumption needs, so material resources can be recognized and defined. At the same time, commodities have their own boundaries and scope, and they play a role because of people's needs. Such a temporal purpose based on human needs is endowed with superficial objective value under the cognition of human thinking, which is generally accepted under certain human thinking, thus forming basic thinking common sense.
In this way, we can determine the specifications of the goods, and then the goods can circulate under the mutual recognition of people, and there will be exchanges and transactions between people ... At the same time, people have their own preferences and trade-offs, which determines the materials needed in every aspect ... Perhaps such a reasonable and orderly human activity based on the objective value of goods and people's self-will is for the sake of economy.
In the economy, the principle of fair and free trade is determined by people's will and commodity value. At the same time, all kinds of consciousness, behavior, and transactions appear and occur under the understanding of people. Perhaps, the bearing of such a holistic conscious thinking is the field, which stretches freely with people's wishes.
Question 8: How rich was the Song Dynasty? In the eyes of many people, the Song Dynasty is probably one of the worst dynasties in the history of China. The word "weak Song" seems to be the final conclusion of this dynasty that has ruled more than half of China for more than 300 years. Indeed, according to China's traditional evaluation criteria for dynasties, the Song Dynasty was indeed quite shameful. First of all, it seems that the Song Dynasty can get by with strong centralization. Secondly, isn't it enough to "spread all over the world" in the western regions? The best thing is to bring Moscow to the Song Dynasty, not good. Needless to mention the corner of the Southern Song Dynasty, such as "warm wind makes tourists drunk, and Hangzhou is Bianzhou". It was the Northern Song Dynasty that really pushed the eastern border to the Great Wall instantly, not to mention the northwest; Finally, it is necessary to enhance the national prestige outside the country. "Those who commit crimes against Han will be punished far away!" It is best to seal wolves once a year. What is Tiankhan? If you want the universe to be Khan, it will be even worse in the Song Dynasty. Not to mention driving in Mobei and taking Huanglong. I can't even keep myself. You keep sending money every year, and people who call uncles are always beaten. Two emperors were captured, and they couldn't stay on the mainland twice and went to sea. These are all glorious deeds that have never been seen before.
However, if we change our own perspective and try to look at history with another standard, we will not only look at the achievements of princes, but also look at the social and economic development and people's lives. Maybe things will be very different.
There is an amazing number. The highest fiscal revenue in the Song Dynasty reached1.60 billion, with an average annual income of 80-90 million in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. Even in the Southern Song Dynasty, which lost half of its territory, the fiscal revenue was as high as1100,000. What kind of concept is this? Let's compare it with other figures. In the five years of Qin Long in the Ming Dynasty (157 1), the state revenue was 2.5 million taels of silver. Twenty-eight years after Zhang's political reform (1600), his revenue was 4 million taels (although Zhang died, the financial reform suffered relatively little, and it was only ten years before Zhang's death, so it is estimated that his revenue is not less than when Zhang was in office). There was chaos in the late Ming Dynasty. Under the attack of the late Jin Dynasty and the peasant uprising, the Ming Dynasty successively increased the levy, suppression and training of Liao, which is the famous "three salaries plus factions". As a result, people's grievances are boiling and smoke is everywhere. So how much income has this "drinking poison to quench thirst" brought to the country? A year is about10.2 million. In other words, the total fiscal revenue of the Ming Dynasty was about150,000 taels of silver. If we think that the general exchange rate of money is 1 two silvers = 1 copper coins, then the fiscal revenue of the Ming Dynasty is less than110 in the Northern Song Dynasty and less than 1/6 in the Southern Song Dynasty, although this is more than 300 years after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, although the territory of the Ming Dynasty is far greater than that of the Song Dynasty. The financial situation of the Qing Dynasty was better than that of the Ming Dynasty, and the initial income in the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650)14.85 million yuan. Xianfeng years (1850 or so) revenue is about 30-40 million Liang. The population is still far less than that of the Song Dynasty 600 years ago. At that time, the population of China had exceeded 300 million, which was estimated to be more than 2-3 times that of the Song Dynasty. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the national fiscal revenue reached the level of the Song Dynasty. The income of the Song Dynasty may be overestimated because of the exchange rate and color conversion rate, but even so, it is an indisputable fact that the income of the Song Dynasty is much higher than that of any other feudal dynasty. )
The financial revenue of the Song Dynasty is so huge, does it mean that the burden of the people is also extremely huge? Of course, it must be so in terms of per capita fiscal revenue. However, we should know that the Song Dynasty was one of the only two great dynasties in the history of China where there was no nationwide peasant uprising. Only a few large-scale uprisings, such as Wang Xiaobo Uprising, Sung River Uprising, Fang La Uprising and Yao Uprising, have never exceeded the scope of a province. Another dynasty with such a good record was the Western Jin Dynasty, and one of the reasons why the Western Jin Dynasty was able to do so was that its life span was too short to erupt an uprising.
It can be seen that the life of ordinary people in Song Dynasty is not bad. I'm afraid the reason why we think that the people in the Song Dynasty are miserable is largely influenced by The Water Margin. Let's not mention the fictional ingredients in it. In fact, from the perspective of Water Margin, the main reason why those heroes were driven to Liangshan was persecution, or crime, or ... >>
Question 9: How rich was China in Song Dynasty? Just look at this sentence in the history books: at that time, Liao, Jin, North Korea and Japan all stopped using their own currencies and switched to Song money.
Song dynasty economy
When New China was founded, Song Taizu established the system of private property rights of land, with freedom of buying and selling, and adopted the policy of not restricting mergers, so tenancy management became an important form of land management. After the lease contract expires, the tenant can freely decide to terminate or renew it [15]. Population mobility increases and urban commodity economy develops. Some scholars believe that capitalism sprouted in the Song Dynasty [16]. The Song Dynasty witnessed unprecedented economic prosperity, with great progress in agriculture, printing, paper making, silk weaving and porcelain making. The navigation and shipbuilding industries have made outstanding achievements, and their overseas trade is developed, with trade with 58 countries in the South Pacific, the Middle East, Africa and Europe. The large-scale comprehensive and in-depth development of South China in the early Southern Song Dynasty promoted Jiangnan to become the national economic and cultural center, completely replacing the economic and cultural center of North China.
agriculture
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, land was reclaimed on a large scale, and the scale of farmland was expanded without annexation. In order to improve farming efficiency, pay attention to building water conservancy projects and improve farm tools and varieties, agriculture has developed rapidly. Many new types of fields appeared in the Song Dynasty, such as terraced fields (appearing in mountainous areas), silt fields (silt washed by river water), Shatian (sand silt by the sea) and farmland building (making rafts on the lake and spreading mud on them). This greatly increased the area of cultivated land in the Song Dynasty. In the second year of Daodao (996), Song Ting owned more than 3125,200 hectares of cultivated land. In the fifth year of Tianxi (102 1), it increased to more than 5,247,500 hectares. During the Yuanfeng period in Song Shenzong (1078- 1085), the cultivated land area reached the peak of 700 million mu. In the Song Dynasty, various new farm tools appeared, such as the new waterwheel keel overturned, trucks and so on. Horses for transplanting rice instead of Niu Geng pedal plough. The emergence of new tools has also greatly increased crop yield. Generally, one to one and a half stones can be harvested per mu of farmland every year, and two to three stones can be harvested every year in Jianghuai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan-Shaanxi and Beijing-Shanghai areas. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Zhenzong introduced drought-tolerant and early-maturing rice seeds from Zhancheng, which were distributed in Jianghuai and Zhejiang provinces, becoming early rice in the south, also known as Zhancheng rice and yellow indica rice [17]. During the Song Dynasty, the rice yield in Taihu Lake was the highest in China, especially in Pingjiangfu (now Suzhou), which was known as "Suzhou Huzhou cooked" or "Suzhou Changshu full of rice" (Changzhou, Suzhou). Agriculture in the Yangtze River Basin and the Pearl River Basin has developed rapidly. Some northern crops such as millet, wheat, millet and beans came to the south. The planting area of agricultural cash crops expanded in Song Dynasty. Cotton is widely planted in Fujian and Guangxi. Tea is distributed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan. The planting area of mulberry, silkworm and hemp is also increasing. Sugarcane is spread all over Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces [18], and sugar has become a widely used food. The first monograph on sugar production in the world appeared: Wang Zhuo's "Sugar Frost Spectrum" [19].
manufacture
Ge Kiln in Song Dynasty-Beige Glazed Ear Bottle The main minerals in Northern Song Dynasty are gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, tin and coal. During the reign of Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty, there were more than 270 metal mines, more than in the prosperous Tang Dynasty 100. During the reign of Renzong, he collected more than 15,000 taels of gold, 219,000 taels of silver, 500 kilograms of copper, 7.24 million kilograms of iron, 90,000 kilograms of lead and 30,000 kilograms of tin every year. Silk, hemp and wool textile industries were very developed in Song Dynasty. Wool spinning is popular in northwest China, and linen spinning is very developed in Sichuan, Shanxi, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan and Henan. By the Southern Song Dynasty, Guangdong Leizhou Peninsula and Guangnan West Road had become the centers of cotton textile industry. Silk industry is the most developed in Zhejiang, Sichuan and Sichuan provinces. The Song Dynasty also set up brocade yards in the most developed areas of silk weaving industry, that is, official silk weaving workshops. The related printing and dyeing industry has also developed. In Song Dynasty, official kilns and folk kilns spread all over the country. At that time, there were seven famous porcelain kilns, including Ding Yao in Quyang, Hebei Province, Jun Kiln in Ruzhou, Henan Province, Jun Kiln in Yuxian County, Guan Kiln in Kaifeng, Gedi Kiln in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, Jingdezhen in Jingdezhen, Jianyang in Fujian Province, and many large and small porcelain kilns distributed all over the country. Porcelain produced in the Song Dynasty is exported overseas through the Maritime Silk Road, such as Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and West Asia. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the main papermaking materials were silk, bamboo, rattan, hemp and straw. Sichuan, Anhui and Zhejiang are the main paper producing areas. Sichuan's cloth stationery, cold gold stationery, hemp paper and bamboo paper, Anhui's covered sandpaper, sincere paper and millet paper, and Zhejiang's rattan paper are all world-famous. There are even paper quilts, clothes, nails and so on. The mass production of paper and movable type printing provided the foundation for the prosperity of printing industry. The printing industry in Song Dynasty was divided into three systems. The books carved by imperial academy in the official engraving system are called supervised engraving books, while those carved by folk bookstores are called supervised engraving books. & gt
Question 10: Which region did the financial revenue of the Song Dynasty mainly depend on? The taxes in the Song Dynasty are mainly two taxes inherited from the two tax laws of the Tang Dynasty and other exorbitant taxes that inherited the disadvantages of the Five Dynasties. The second kind of tax is to collect local taxes from land property owners, and its tax targets include both landlords, yeomen and semi-yeomen. Other exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees are only for property owners, such as moving, collecting and changing; There are also landlords, yeomen and semi-yeomen, including tenant farmers, who are divided according to the top of each country, such as Ding and Ding Si. Theoretically speaking, in the state of private property rights, no matter what kind of tax collection method, it all comes from the redistribution of land income rights. Therefore, the tax revenue in Song Dynasty was redistributed on the basis of land rent, which was centralized land rent.
The shift of the economic center of gravity to the south in the Song Dynasty was basically completed, and the real completion was in the Southern Song Dynasty. The tax revenue mainly comes from the southern Jiangnan area.