For reading, it is faster to apply these.
Classification of Chinese problem-solving methods
1. Expression methods: narrative, description, lyricism, explanation, discussion
2. Expression techniques: symbolism, contrast, foil, setting up suspense, echoing before and after, expressing desire before restraining, supporting objects to express aspirations, borrowing objects to express emotions, association, imagination, setting off (positive contrast, contrasting contrast)
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3. Rhetorical techniques: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, parallelism, quotation, questioning, rhetorical question, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy, irony
4. Six elements of narrative: Time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things
5. Narrative order: forward narration, flashback, interlude
6. Description angle: frontal description, side description
p>7. Methods of describing characters: language, movement, demeanor, psychology, appearance
8. Angle of describing scenery: vision, hearing, taste, touch
9. , Methods of describing scenery: combination of movement and stillness (using movement to describe stillness), combination of generalization and specificity, from far to near (or from near to far)
10. Description (or lyrical) method: frontal ( Also called direct), negative (also called indirect)
11. Narrative method: summary narrative, detailed description
12. Explanation sequence: temporal sequence, spatial sequence, logical sequence
13. Explanation methods: giving examples, listing numbers, making analogies, making comparisons, defining, classifying, explaining, describing descriptions, quoting
14. Novels The four parts of the plot: beginning, development, climax, and ending
15. The three elements of the novel: characters, storyline, and specific environment
16. The description of the environment is divided into: natural environment , social environment
17. Three elements of argumentative essay: argument, argument, demonstration
18. Argument is classified into: factual argument, rational argument
10 9. Argumentation methods: example (or fact) argumentation, logical argumentation (sometimes also called citation argumentation), contrastive (or positive and negative contrast) argumentation, metaphorical argumentation
20. Argumentation methods: argumentation, refutation (Can refute arguments, arguments, demonstrations)
21. The structure of an argumentative essay: total points, total points, total points; the divided parts often have parallel and progressive forms.
22. The functions of quotation marks: quotation; emphasis; specific title; negation, sarcasm, irony
23. Usage of dashes: prompts, comments, summary, progression, Topic change, interjection.
24. Others:
(1)
The role of a certain sentence in the text:
1. The beginning of the text: The opening chapter points out the topic; exaggerates the atmosphere (narratives, novels), lays the foundation (narratives, novels), sets up suspense (novel), and serves as a foundation for the following; leads the following;
2. In the text: connecting the previous and the following; summarizing Lead the following; summarize the above;
3. End of the article: point out the center (narrative, novel); deepen the theme (narrative, novel); echo the beginning (argumentative essay, narrative, novel)
< p> (2)The functions of rhetorical devices: (1) its own function; (2) combined with the context of the sentence.
1. Metaphor, personification: vivid and vivid;
Answer format: Write + object + characteristics vividly.
2. Parallelism: imposing, strengthening the tone, cohesive, etc.;
Answer format: emphasizing + object + characteristics
3; asking questions: arousing readers Pay attention and think;
Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about +object+characteristics
Rhetorical questions: emphasize, strengthen tone, etc.;
4. Comparison : Emphasized... Highlighted...
5. Repeat: Emphasized... Strengthened the tone
(3)
Answer to the meaning of the sentence:
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For questions like this, there is often a word or phrase in the sentence that uses metaphor, contrast, metonymy, symbol and other expression methods. When answering questions, reveal the objects they refer to, and then clarify the sentences.
(4)
Replace a word in a sentence with another line? Why?
Verb: No. Because the word is written accurately, vividly and concretely...
Adjective: No. Because the word vividly describes...
Adverbs (such as all, mostly, very only, etc.): No. Because the word accurately describes the situation of... (expressing degree, expressing limitation, expressing time, expressing scope, etc.), after changing it, it becomes..., which is inconsistent with the facts.
(5)
Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?
No. Because (1) it is inconsistent with the rules for people to understand things (from shallow to deep, from surface to interior, from phenomenon to essence) (2) This word has a one-to-one correspondence with the above (3) These words are in a progressive relationship, They are interrelated and cannot be interchanged.
(6)
Summary of the meaning of the paragraph
1. Narrative: answer clearly (at what time and at what place) who did what and who did it
Format: (time + place) + person + thing.
2. Explanatory text: Answer clearly what the object is and what its characteristics are.
Format: Explanation (introduction) + description object + description content (characteristics)
3. Argumentative essay: answer clearly what the issue of discussion is and what the author's point of view is.
Format: What argument method is used to prove (demonstrate) + argument
Practical problem solving for modern text reading Techniques
Answering modern reading questions should be done in three steps:
The first step is to look at the whole text and grasp the main idea
The first is to clarify the ideas of the article . In the final analysis, every paragraph and every sentence of the article serves to clarify the center and leads to the main purpose of the article. Usually, you must learn to mark paragraphs for articles, summarize the meaning of each paragraph, and summarize the central idea. Often it works.
Second, find and understand the key words and sentences in the article. Especially those words and sentences that embody the author's position and point of view, reflect the deep content of the article, have rich connotations, and are vivid in image. Especially in the opening and closing sentences of an article, sentences in independent paragraphs, metaphorical sentences, continuous questions, transitional sentences, and lyrical argumentative sentences, the main idea of ??the article is often implicit.
①Don’t rush to do the questions. You must read the article twice before entering the questions. The first speed reading is a quick glance, absorbing the general meaning of each paragraph, establishing an overall understanding of the article, and focusing on solving one question - what is the selected article? The second time of intensive reading, read each sentence carefully, figure out and understand some important sentences and paragraphs, and have a certain understanding of the main purpose of the article. ② Draw the words, sentences, and paragraphs that serve as transitions and connections in the structure of the article, and draw the central sentences in each paragraph, paying special attention to the beginning and end of the paragraph. These words and phrases are often the ones that need to be studied when answering questions. Find important words and sentences to further understand the ideas and structural levels of the article. ③Have a sense of style in your mind and find the sentences that make the final point. As a type of philosophical prose that expresses one's ambitions, there are always some argumentative and lyrical sentences in the narrative and description. When reading, you must be good at grasping the argumentative and lyrical sentences to grasp the meaning of the text. Pay special attention to the argumentative and lyrical sentences at the end of the article. They are This is often the main point of the entire text.
Remember: haste makes waste. Be sure to understand the article before answering the questions, and resolutely avoid superficial reading.
The second step is to review the questions carefully and scan directionally.
The key to doing subjective questions in modern reading is to accurately review the questions. If you grasp the key of reviewing the questions, you will find the secret to answering the questions. The review of questions in modern text reading is to carefully analyze the question stem and grasp the question requirements, that is, grasp the various information related to the answer contained in the question stem. This is the first and most critical step in answering the question. The question stem generally consists of two parts, one is the words of the author of the article, and the other is the words of the proposer. The purpose of setting the question stem is mainly to limit the content of the answer; at the same time, in order to prevent the candidates from being confused, the question stem often indicates the location of the answer content in the text, and even limits which paragraph or sentence it is in. . In this way, we can find out the question point of each question according to the prompts in the question stem, and lock the answer range, down to the paragraph, sentence, and word. As long as you identify the relevant areas in the original text, carefully figure out the meaning of the context, accurately grasp the key phrases, and accurately grasp the relevant information of the answer, the answers to most questions can be found in the original text.
Remember: the question stem indicates the scope of the answer, the question stem stipulates the angle of the answer, the question stem provides the answer idea, the question stem implies the answer information, and the question stem reflects the answer pattern.
The third step is to screen combinations and directional expressions
Reading literary works are mostly subjective questions, and the question stems can not only show the area to answer the question, but also the way to answer the question. Answer the question from the perspective of the person asking the question, answer the question as asked, so that the answer is sufficient, in place, accurate and organized. When integrating, make sure the text is clear and the sentences are fluent.
Remember:
1. Understand the attitude or tendency in the question
If the question you encounter is in negative form, use the negative first Answer questions in a positive way to avoid missing key points; if the question you encounter is in the affirmative form, use a positive answer method.
2. Clarify the composition of the question stem language and determine the answer language form.
The structure of the question stem is the external form of the meaning, which hints at the aspects that make up the meaning of the sentence. Analyzing the structure can remind candidates how to organize the language when answering the question.
3. Clarify the author’s words and the proposition person’s words in the question
The author’s statements in the title are generally the objects that students need to understand and analyze, while the proposition person’s words generally play a role in To guide students to clearly answer key points or provide restrictions.
4. Change implicitness into directness, and change theory into generalization.
Most of the modern reading materials in the college entrance examination are prose. The language not only has rich connotations, but also pays attention to artistic skills. Some are subtle and euphemistic, some are vivid and delicate, and some are concrete. Sentences with these characteristics have always been the focus of examination in the college entrance examination. When organizing the answer, you must first integrate the relevant information in the text, find out the most common points in the information conveyed by the relevant paragraphs in the original text, and then use the specific and visual statements in the text that attach the most common points of the information to combine these Convert concrete and figurative language into abstract and general language, which is the answer you need.
5. Screen, refine, and integrate sentences from the original text to answer.
The purpose of the modern text reading test is to grasp and understand the message that the author wants to convey in the text. Therefore, you must understand the work according to the author's ideas and find answers from the original text. But it is not a direct excerpt. Sometimes the answer is based on a slight rewrite of the words or sentences in the article. Sometimes it is required to review the full text and extract relevant information from each paragraph to integrate it. This type of question appears most frequently in college entrance examinations.
In addition, it is necessary to understand the nouns and terms commonly used in the test questions.
Methods of expression. Commonly used expressions include narrative, description, discussion, lyricism, explanation, etc.
Candidates must be clear about writing techniques. In the narrow sense, writing techniques are "expression". In the broad sense, they refer to all techniques for writing articles, such as expressions, rhetorical techniques, restraint first and then emphasis, symbolism, straight to the point, To support things and express aspirations, etc.
Rhetorical techniques commonly used include metaphor, personification, repetition, exaggeration, parallelism, antithesis, contrast, question, rhetorical question, etc.
Language characteristics generally refer to the ease of understanding of spoken language, the rigor and elegance of written language, and the distinctive, vivid, image-rich and emotional characteristics of literary language. When analyzing, it is generally analyzed rhetorically.
Perception mostly refers to inner feelings, understanding, realization, etc.
Types of expository essays: expository essays on things and events (from a content perspective); plain and vivid expository essays (from a language expression perspective).
Explanation methods generally include giving examples, classifying, listing data, making comparisons, defining, explaining, making analogies, drawing charts, describing situations, etc. (usually three words).
Describe the order, time order (program order), spatial order, and logical order. When answering questions, candidates can be more specific, such as: spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, etc.), logical order (first result, then cause, layer by layer, etc.).
The description object refers to the main person or thing described in the article (generally, it is not necessary to answer the characteristics of the person or thing).
Argumentation methods: reasonable argumentation, factual argumentation, comparative argumentation, metaphorical argumentation, and reductio ad absurdum, which are required to be mastered in middle schools.
Argument methods, establishing and refuting arguments.
Theoretical arguments, including famous quotes, proverbs, formulas and laws, etc.
Factual arguments, all facts, historical facts, data, etc.
Concise, the statements are concise and clear, and there is usually a word limit.
Decent, civilized and humane.
What is the role? The role or benefit of a certain content in the answer can be considered from three aspects. One is the content, such as deepening the theme, emphasizing feelings, etc.; the other is the structure, such as transition, echo, etc.; the third is language, such as fascinating, lively, etc.
Ideological content basically refers to the central idea or theme of the article.
Thoughts and emotions, the ideological tendencies shown by the author or the characters in the work, such as good and evil, likes and dislikes, praise and criticism, etc.
The above "commonly used terms" secretly test the students' Chinese language foundation, and are also the points for assigning points to the questions. If candidates understand them clearly, they can effectively eliminate the problem of "answering questions that are not what they are asked".
Five-step method for poetry appreciation
The first step
First look at what type of poetry it is (divided into realism and romanticism according to expression techniques: press The content is divided into pastoral poems, frontier poems, etc.)
Old poems generally choose Tang poems and Song lyrics, mostly lyric poems. Lyric poems can be divided into describing scenes and expressing emotions, borrowing ancient feelings and expressing aspirations. Lyrical poems about scenery mainly grasp the relationship between scenery and emotion; poems about expressing feelings through the past generally need to grasp the relationship between the past and the present, and can use the past to describe the present, or they can also be used to satirize the present; poems about ambitions based on objects mainly understand the relationship between objects and ambitions, and borrow What things show, what aspirations they have, this is the first step.
The second step
Go to the second half of the poem to find the center of the poem (the author’s feelings and aspirations).
Step 3
Look at the first half of the poem and think about what images are written, what pictures these images constitute, what characteristics these pictures have, and what they have to do with the center of the poem. Function (this is actually the blending of scenes and situations, that is, grasping the artistic conception).
The fourth step
Do the five must-reads:
①Must-read title (the title is often the eye of the poem, or the central event, which helps to understand the poem content);
②Must-read the author (to know people and the world, and understand the author’s style);
③Must-read notes (you can use this to understand the emotional tone of the poem and difficult-to-understand knowledge) Allusions, sometimes the answers are also included);
④Must-read famous lines (the central sentence and the eye of poetry are often here. Appreciation of poetry is often an appreciation of famous lines);
⑤Must-read Question stem (the question stem is very directional, you must see the requirements clearly, and answer the question based on the content of the original poem and the question stem, and you cannot simply explain the concept. The answer must be targeted and directional, and you must know what to ask, what to answer, and what to ask. What to give, this is very important, it can be said to be the top priority).
Step 5
Look at what techniques are used in the poems, so that it will be easy to appreciate ancient poems. When organizing a poem, the following expressions can generally be used: what type of poem is this, what kind of scenery the poet has taken in to form what kind of picture (or what kind of image description is used to depict it), and what kind of thoughts and emotions the poet embodies. In terms of artistic features, what expression techniques are mainly used and what expression effect is achieved.
Or put it this way: This poem uses (expression, rhetorical techniques, expression techniques) techniques to write out the (such-and-such) characteristics of (image), express (highlight) (such-and-such) thoughts and feelings, and play a role The function of (someone) can’t be found in Baidu, stupid