Reflections on Rereading Epanggong Fu (I)
Du Mu was an outstanding poet and essayist in the late Tang Dynasty. His literary proposition is "all writing is based on meaning, supplemented by qi, and defended by words and sentences", which correctly understands the relationship between content and form of works. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of poetry, and the most famous poets were "Da Du Li", namely Li Bai and Du Fu. Famous poets are "Little Du Li", namely Li Shangyin and Du Mu. This shows Du Mu's poetic title and its position in Tang poetry. Du Mu is good at seven-character quatrains. His poems have beautiful pictures, beautiful language, long feelings, melodious style and unique art. Spring flowers, autumn moon, spring rain and autumn leaves are the poets' favorite images, and Du Mu left two eternal songs. One is about spring, slightly sad: "It rains in succession during the Qingming Festival, and pedestrians on the road want to break their souls." Excuse me, where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village. The other is a description of autumn, which outlines a touching autumn color map of mountain forests: "The stone path in Hanshan Mountain is oblique, and there are people in Bai Yunsheng. Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February. " Du Mu's prose is also very famous, and his masterpiece is Epang Palace Fu. This article uses the ancient to satirize the present. By describing the construction and destruction of Epang Palace, it vividly summarizes the historical experience of the arrogant subjugation of the Qin Dynasty and warns the rulers of the late Tang Dynasty, which not only embodies the author's outstanding political talent, but also expresses his feelings of worrying about the country and the people and saving the world.
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Epanggong Fu is a classic literary work with perfect unity of content and form, both in terms of allegorical features and writing skills. Later generations commented that "ancient fu was the first", and some people gave it the reputation of "poet's fu". Yang Xiong, a master of Ci and Fu in Han Dynasty, said: "Poets should be endowed with beauty, and poets should be endowed with beauty and lewdness." It means that the fu written by the poet is not only beautiful in words, but also solemn in meaning; The fu written by the poet is just a gorgeous appearance. Obviously, the thought and art of Epanggong Fu are excellent, and the full text is 5 13 words, which is divided into four natural paragraphs. The first two paragraphs describe the magnificence of Epang Palace, and the last two paragraphs discuss the lessons of the demise of the Qin Dynasty. They are an organic whole, exaggerated but not extravagant, discussing but not exhausted. The first paragraph describes the momentum of Epang Palace, especially the first four sentences, describing the origin of Epang Palace: "Six kings finish, the four seas are one, Shushan stands upright, and Epang is full of stuff", which is really vigorous, meaningful, compact and touching. The first two sentences are only six words, which describe the history of the six countries' successive demise and the unification of the whole country by Qin Shihuang. The last two sentences are about the great momentum of building Epang Palace. The contrast between "Wu" and "Chu" is very obvious, suggesting that Epang Palace was built after all the trees in Qin Long and Sichuan were cut down. What a huge project this is! The second paragraph focuses on the beauty and treasures of the ladies-in-waiting in Epang Palace, pointing out that these ladies-in-waiting and treasures came from six countries, exposing the luxury and consumption of the Qin Dynasty. Writing about maids not only exaggerates their beauty and delicate makeup, but also describes the tragic fate of these maids. Among them, "36 years were spent in hiding", that is, some ladies-in-waiting had never seen Qin Shihuang during his thirty-six years in office, not to mention being lucky. Writing treasures means not only that the six countries are precious and hard to collect, but also that the Qin Dynasty spent money like water and didn't know how to cherish it. The third paragraph takes the word "river and lake" as a turning point, and reveals the main idea of the article from the exaggerated description in the first two paragraphs to the positive discussion in the second two paragraphs. During the discussion, the author was full of grief and indignation at the cruelty and luxury of the Qin Dynasty. Full of sympathy for the deep suffering of the working people. The fourth paragraph summarizes the historical lessons of the Six Kingdoms and the Qin Dynasty, pointing out that the Six Kingdoms and the Qin Dynasty perished because of arrogance and extravagance, and the people were unable to make a living, so as to warn the rulers in the late Tang Dynasty.
Reading Afanggong Fu, we can't help but admire the beauty of language and art, as well as Du Mu's superb writing skills and ability to control words. First of all, simple and appropriate, just right. The article is complicated, so I don't hesitate to describe the grandeur of Epang Palace with pen and ink, and try my best to spread it. It doesn't feel long to read, but it feels full of ink. Simply put, it is to cherish ink like gold, and only use six words to summarize the history of Qin's destruction of six countries. Not only will you not feel boring, thin and boring, but you can also get an image with rich words and romantic feelings. Secondly, the metaphor is novel, exaggerated and bold. Metaphor and exaggeration have always been important rhetorical devices for literati to describe images and attract people's attention. In this paper, the anthropomorphic technique is used to compare the shapes of pavilions in Epang Palace, that is, "the corridor is folded at the waist and the eaves are high; Waist, teeth, heart and horns are all parts of an animal's body, which are used to describe pavilions and pavilions, which are vivid and interesting. The exaggeration of the article is even bolder and weirder. For example, Epang Palace covers a wide area, so it is said to be "more than 300 miles"; Draw the height of Epang Palace, and the clouds "isolate the sky from the sun". Once again, it is parallel and messy, and rhyme and white. Epanggong Fu is not only a material narrative and lyrical expression, but also attaches importance to rhyme and rhythm and beautiful words. Generally speaking, parallel sentences are the main way to describe and express feelings, while prose sentences are the main way to discuss and express feelings. There is no limit to rhyme, but you can make words at will and rhyme by words. Specifically, the first and second paragraphs use parallelism and prose sentences in an orderly way; The third paragraph is compound sentence inserted in the middle of the prose sentence; The fourth paragraph is full of prose sentences The language style of the full text seems to be mixed, but it is harmonious and harmonious, which makes people feel fresh and durable. Finally, the expression is concise, round and smooth. Epang Palace Fu uses reduplication, disyllabic and rhyming to describe things. Overlapping words, such as "dissolving" and "vegetables", disyllabic words, such as "eaves teeth" and "beehive", and overlapping rhymes, such as "lonely husband" and "keeping feet", are not only catchy and melodious to read, but also can convey feelings with sound. At the same time, pay attention to the collocation of flat tones, such as "each holding the terrain" as a four-tone combination, followed by "intrigue" and turned into "flat tones"; For example, the "platform warm sound" is "even", followed by "spring harmony", which is converted into four flat sounds. The usage of this four-level couplet and four-level couplet is extremely bold. From the effect point of view, the tone becomes cadence and the rhythm is smoother and more lively.
"Epang Palace Fu" directly attacked the arrogance and extravagance of the Qin Dynasty. According to Records of the Historian, in 2 12 BC, "the first emperor thought Xianyang was crowded, but the first king's court was small. I heard that Zhou Wenwang is very rich. Military kings are all pickaxes, and so is the capital of the emperor. Naiying is a palace in Weinan Forest Garden. First, build a front hall and a house, which is 500 steps from east to west and 50 feet from north to south. It can seat 10,000 people on the top and build a flag of 50 feet on the bottom. " Compared with the description in Fu, historical facts are quite different from literary descriptions. One of the differences is that Qin Shihuang built a house in Xianyang because the population of Xianyang is increasing, and the original palace can no longer meet the needs of expansion. But Du Mu attributed building a house to "Qin loves luxury". Secondly, even if it is completed, it is not on the scale of "covering an area of more than 300 miles" as Du Mu said. Later, it was discovered by archaeology that Epang Palace was not built in Qin Dynasty, but the foundation was completed. The third difference is that Qin Shihuang died only two years after he built the Epang Palace, which is quite different from the "thirty-six years" of the ladies-in-waiting mentioned by Du Mu. Pointing out the above differences is not to cover up the arrogance and extravagance of the Qin Dynasty, but to show that Epanggong Fu is a literary work, and imagination and exaggeration are inevitable. We can't research the scale of Epang Palace on this basis, and then linearly comment on the historical merits and demerits of Qin Shihuang. However, Epanggong Fu is of great significance and far-reaching influence in criticizing the drinking and corruption in Qin Dynasty. The article writes that the towering style of Epang Palace is "covering an area of more than 300 miles, isolating the sun from the sky." Mount Li is built in the north and folded in the west, leading directly to Xianyang. Erchuan dissolves and flows into the palace wall. " Mount Li is in the southeast of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, and Xianyang refers to the northeast of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province; Weihe River refers to the Weihe River that originated in Gansu Province, and Fan Chuan is a tributary of the Weihe River. This is the general situation of Epang Palace, which describes the situation, scale and charm of Epang Palace in detail, making people imagine the height and vastness of this palace. Writing about the grandeur of Epang Palace is "five steps to the first floor, ten steps to a pavilion; Corridor waist back, eaves high; Each has its own site and intrigues with each other. " Therefore, it can describe pavilions as much as it can, and write the crowds of pavilions, the songs of corridors and the strange eaves and teeth as beautifully as possible. The dreamy feeling of the people who wrote Epang Palace is "endless, endless, honeycomb vortex, I don't know its ten million." "The long bridge lies in the waves. What is a dragon without clouds? After the road is empty, don't blame Eric? I don't know the west and the east. " It means, spiraling up and winding down, the patio is arranged like a honeycomb, and the tile ditch is like a whirlpool, standing on top of each other. I didn't know there were tens of millions of quadrangles. Long Bridge flies, Wan Li is cloudless. Why is there a dragon lying on the water? How can there be a rainbow on the overhead after the rain, instead of clearing up after the rain? In the palace, I only feel that this is high and that is low; It's chaotic, and it doesn't distinguish between southeast and northwest. Writing the song and dance of Epang Palace and the drunken dream of death is "Taiwan warms the spring and peace; Ballroom cold sleeves, wind and rain sad. Within a day, the climate is uneven between one palace and one palace. " It means that the singing on the stage is melodious, the voice is warm and warm as spring; In the temple, the sleeves are stretched, and the wind is blowing slowly, as cool as wind and rain. In a day and a palace, there are actually different climates. Although literary imagination can't replace the real history, it is an indisputable fact that the construction of Epang Palace in Qin Dynasty consumed a lot of manpower and material resources. Or "Historical Records" records: "The hidden palace imprisoned more than 700,000 people, divided into Epang Palace or Mount Li. "At that time, the national population was only 20 million, and it took 700,000 people to build Epang Palace. Such a huge project, so vast and expensive, will inevitably bring heavy economic burden and political pressure to the working people. " "Historical Records" mentioned more than once: "There is a long illness in Qin Dynasty, and this is one end. "
"Epang Palace Fu" indirectly attacked the arrogance and extravagance of the Six Kingdoms and the late Tang Dynasty. Du Mu wrote about the Qin State and the Six Kingdoms in his article, mainly praising the rulers of the Qin Dynasty and the Six Kingdoms. There are many beautiful women in Epang Palace, because these beautiful women were plundered from six countries, "concubines, princes and grandchildren, resigned from the downstairs hall, came to Qin, sang at night, and went out from Qin Gongsuo". It means that the wives, maids and grandchildren of the six emperors bid farewell to the Forbidden City and arrived in Qin by bus. Singing in the morning, playing music at night, becoming a court official of Qin State. So, how do these beauties live in Epang Palace? "The stars shine and the makeup mirror is open; Lv Yun came forward and combed Xiao Huan; Nutrient flow is greasy, and fat water is abandoned; The smoke is foggy and the pepper orchids are also burning. Thunder shocked, the palace car passed; " If you listen from a distance, you don't know what it is. "Afanggong Fu" uses six words "wild" to describe the luxurious life of these beauties, that is, the residual fat and powder dumped by the beauties after washing make the water surface of Weihe River greasy, and the burning pepper orchid spice makes the slope of Lishan Mountain smoky. In fact, this is not only criticizing the extravagance of the Qin Dynasty, but also criticizing the extravagance of the six countries. The luxury of Qin dynasty is just a continuation and extension of the luxury of the six countries. At the same time, the article writes about the richness of Epang Palace's treasures, because these treasures were also plundered from six countries, and the treasures of the six countries were plundered from the people by generations, that is, "the collection of Yan and Zhao, the management of Han and Wei, the elite of Qi and Chu, and several generations plundered their people and relied on mountains to eat." "If you can't have it, you will lose it." After these treasures arrived in the state of Qin, Qin people didn't cherish them. "Tinkering jade, gold nuggets and pebbles are thrown away. Qin people regard it as an iron pot. Jade is like stone, gold is like mud, and pearls are like gravel, which can be seen everywhere. Qin people don't feel sorry when they see this scene. Epang Palace Fu criticized the attitude of Qin people towards treasures, and actually criticized the attitude of the six countries towards treasures. The rulers of the six countries, like the Qin Dynasty, spent money like water and abandoned it like a shoe. It should be pointed out that the main purpose of Du Mu's "A Gong Fang Fu" is to warn the rulers of the late Tang Dynasty. In his own words, it is "Bao Li's grand palace, pretending to be a Gong Fang Fu". "Bao Li was the title of Tang Jingzong Li Zhan, the emperor of Tu Mu at that time, so the article approved the Qin Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty and the late Tang Dynasty in the dark. According to historical records, Li Zhan/Kloc-acceded to the throne at the age of 0/6, in a daze, shameless and arrogant. He not only "played too much, but also had fewer friends", "It's rare for ministers not to see the moon again", but also "managed the palace well and wanted to build another palace", and ordered foreign minister Lu Zhen to "repair the palace and the Middle Road Palace" and Li Zhan died less than a year after he became king. When his successor, Wenzong, was liquidated, he released "3,000 people who did not take charge of the imperial palace" and abolished "1,270 people who took charge of the imperial palace, Hanlin and geisha". This shows that the rulers of the late Tang Dynasty were barren. The behavior of the Tang Dynasty is by no means inferior to that of the Qin Dynasty. When Du Mu was young, he embraced the ambition of "being colorful all his life and willing to mend clothes". Afanggong Fu uses euphemistic words to express the author's views and themes, and hints, exhorts and exhorts the rulers in the late Tang Dynasty in order to wake up and make a comeback. The palaces, beauties and treasures of the Qin Dynasty written in the article are actually the rulers of the late Tang Dynasty. Of course, Du Mu's criticism was not for the demise of the Tang Dynasty, but for the rulers at that time to make Qiang Bing rich and revive the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Historical facts are just the opposite of Du Mu's wishes. A few years after his death, peasant uprisings surged. In another 50 years, the Tang dynasty will collapse in the storm.
"Epang Palace Fu" points out that arrogance and extravagance will inevitably lead to national subjugation. Du Mu tried his best to describe the magnificence of Epang Palace, the luxury of ladies-in-waiting and the prosperity of treasures in the first two natural paragraphs, in fact, it was to create momentum and pave the way for the positive discussion in the third and fourth natural paragraphs, with the aim of explaining the truth that extravagance and extravagance would inevitably lead to national subjugation and sounding an alarm for feudal rulers. In the compilation of "A Fu", Wen Gu Guan Ju commented: "The above picture depicts the magnificent A Fang, not because it envies its extravagance, but because it is arrogant and resentful, so there are people who don't love the six countries. So after a torch, the review has been magnificent, that's all! " The following is a reminder to Sui Guang, Bao Shu and others, especially the treatment of the body. Sui Guang refers to Yang Guang and Yang Di, and Bao Shu refers to Chen Houzhu in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. This is very reasonable and insightful. "Epang Palace Fu" focuses on the inevitable death of the country due to arrogance and extravagance, and comprehensively discusses the process of the demise of the Qin Dynasty. First of all, I criticized the rulers of the Qin Dynasty for not understanding people's hearts and frugality, being stingy when plundering property, and profligate when using property. One person's heart, ten thousand people's heart. Qin loves luxury and people are homesick. "How can you use it as dung?" Secondly, by means of metaphor, it comments on the exorbitant taxes and levies in the Qin Dynasty, which wastes people and money. "Make the columns of negative buildings more than the farmers of nanmu; There are more rafters on the beam than working women on the plane; The phosphorus in onion is more than that in millet. The joints of ceramic tiles are uneven, more than the whole body silk; There are nine battlements with vertical columns and horizontal sills; " The string voice is hoarse, more than the words of the city people. "It means that as a result of the construction of Epang Palace, there are more people supporting the pillars than farmers in the fields; There are more rafters on the beam than women on the loom; Make shiny nails more than the millet in the barn; Make uneven ceramic tile joints more than whole body threads; Make criss-crossing railings more than battlements on the land; Let noisy instruments sound more chaotic than noisy voices in the market. Third, it is pointed out that Qin's brutal rule has caused people to deviate and revealed the sharp contradiction between rulers and working people. " People all over the world are afraid to speak out and get angry, and their hearts are getting more and more arrogant. "Finally, there are three allusions, which summarize the demise of Qin and the destruction of Epang Palace. First, soldiers Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up to launch a peasant uprising and overthrew the Qin Dynasty. Second, Liu Bangling led the troops to attack Hangu Pass first, which led to the demise of the Qin Dynasty. Third, after Xiang Yu led the troops to Xianyang, Chu burned Epang Palace. Around the inevitable demise of the country due to arrogance and extravagance, Epang Palace Fu issued a deep sigh for the demise of the Six Kingdoms and the Qin Dynasty. " Alas! Those who destroy the six countries are also six countries, not Qin. "Qin is the Qin family, not the world." The article further points out that the reason for the demise of the Six Kingdoms and the Qin Dynasty lies in their inability to care for and sympathize with the people, their profligacy and arrogance. Otherwise, the six countries can resist Qin without delay, and Qin can spread all over the world without delay II. "ah! Enough to make the six countries love each other. " Restoring Qin's love for the six countries will be handed over to three generations to be king forever. Who will win, the family will be ruined? "Epang Palace Fu" focuses on the inevitable death of the country due to arrogance and extravagance, expresses feelings and resentment, and warns the rulers of the late Tang Dynasty and later generations that "Qin people can't help but feel sorry for themselves, and later generations regret it; "If future generations mourn it but don't follow it, they will mourn it again!" It means that Qin people have no time to mourn for themselves for the lessons of national subjugation, and future generations can mourn for Qin people; If future generations only mourn and don't learn lessons, they will also let future generations mourn. The last paragraph of Epang Gong Fu is like a branch weeping blood, which is heartbreaking. Who can not be moved by Du Mu's loyalty!
"Looking at the countries and families of sages in the past, they have changed from frugality to luxury. "Throughout the twenty-four feudal dynasties in China, there are countless examples of national subjugation due to arrogance and extravagance. Generally speaking, feudal dynasties experienced a process from prosperity to decline, and its turning point was arrogance and extravagance. The founder can be thrifty and recuperate with the people in a difficult environment; Successors are gifted, easy to spend money at will, and gradually embark on the road of national subjugation. Therefore, "Epang Palace Fu" is full of metaphors and exaggerations in an allegorical way, which encourages the rulers to advocate frugality, oppose extravagance and waste, conform to the people's hearts and cherish the people's strength. Because of arrogance and extravagance, it is inevitable to search for people's money and people's cream. Modern economic theory holds that public power and public institutions do not create wealth, and their income and consumption can only be borne by taxpayers and paid by ordinary people. The more profligate the ruler, the heavier the burden on the people. Once the people are unbearable, they will rise up, the rulers will lose the hearts of the people and the country will be in turmoil. Because arrogance and extravagance will inevitably aggravate the polarization between the rich and the poor. That is, as Montesquieu, a French enlightenment scholar, said: "Luxury and wealth inequality are always in direct proportion. In a country, if wealth is evenly distributed, there will be no luxury. "Arrogance, extravagance and poverty are two sides of the same coin. Some people are arrogant and extravagant, while others are definitely struggling to live without a livelihood. This not only damages social fairness and justice, but also intensifies the rift between different social classes, leading to social unrest and instability. Because arrogance and extravagance will inevitably corrupt the social atmosphere. " Politicians, yes. "Handsome son is upright, who dares to be wrong?" Rulers play a leading and guiding role in social atmosphere. If they are arrogant and extravagant, they will make social materialism cross-flow, weaken people's morality and corrupt social atmosphere. If you are frugal and simple, the social atmosphere will be simple, people's hearts will be peaceful and smooth, and the country will have long-term stability. Long-term stability is what rulers dream of, isn't it? ! Du Mu wrote Gong Fangfu, which the rulers can learn from.
Rereading Epang Palace Fu (Ⅱ)