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1 [for future reference] Han dialects
Author: Unknown
Among several modern Chinese dialects in China, the northern dialect can be regarded as the development of ancient Chinese in the vast northern region
, while the rest dialects are gradually moved southward by northern residents in history.
in the early Jiangnan area, it was mainly the residence of the Guyue people, who used Guyue language, which was far from ancient Chinese and could not talk. Later, the Han people in the north
went south several times on a large scale, bringing the ancient northern Chinese in different periods and spreading it to various regions in the south of the Yangtze River, thus forming six dialects that are obviously different from each other step by step. There are three reasons for the differences among dialects: first, before the northern Chinese and the southern ancient Vietnamese came into contact with each other, they had their own regional dialects; Second, the time for northern Chinese to go south is different, so natural Chinese itself is different. Third, the southern dialects developed in a certain unique environment.
(1) Northern dialect (that is, Mandarin)
Northern dialect accounts for three quarters of the total population of the Han nationality. It is located in the north-south cultural line (Tongzhou County East-Nantong City East-Yangtze River-Jing
Jiangxian County North-Yangtze River-Zhenjiang City East-Danyang County West-Jintan County West-Liyang County West-Lishui County South-Gaochun County North-Guangde
County-Langxi County-Xuancheng City-Wuhu County North-Fanchang County-Nanling County East-Tongling County.
all Han residential areas in the north of Xiangxian-Changde-Yuanjiang-Huaihua-Jingzhou-Tongdao-Yongzhou-Chenzhou-Guilin East-Hezhou-Liuzhou South-
Hechi South-Baise). Mandarin is generally divided into six regions, namely, Northern Mandarin, Qin Jin Dialect,
Lanyin Mandarin, Central Plains Mandarin (Central Mandarin), Southwest Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin.
Northern Mandarin is divided into Jiaoliao Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Beijing Mandarin and northeastern mandarin. Jiaoliao Mandarin is distributed in Shandong Semi-Island and Liaodong Peninsula. Jilu Mandarin is distributed in Hebei Province, western Shandong Province and Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia. Beijing Mandarin is distributed in Beijing, northern Hebei Province and Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia. Northeastern mandarin is distributed in Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, northern Liaoning Province and ancient northeast Inner Mongolia.
Before the Western Zhou Dynasty enfeoffment of Yan State, Beijing residents spoke Donghu branch of Mongolian group of Altai language family. Later, due to the entry of the Yellow Emperor, Huang
was later divided into Ji (now Guang 'anmen, Xuanwu District, Beijing), and Beijing began to speak the Longzhong dialect (the language of the Yellow Emperor) in Tianshui. Especially
after the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the imperial clan was divided into Yan (now Liulihe, Fangshan District, Beijing), Yan gradually became stronger, and most of Donghu was driven away.
Beijing began to speak Baoji's Guanzhong dialect (Zhou language, similar to Yandi language). Since then, Beijing has also been inhabited by Han < P > ethnic groups and Mongolian ethnic groups (Wuhuan, Xianbei and Qidan), so the brand of Donghu in Beijing Mandarin has gradually emerged, while the color of Guan < P > has gradually faded. In Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, a large number of ethnic minorities took Beijing as their capital and immigrated in the army for four
hundred and thirty years. The Beijing Mandarin, a Chinese language, deepened its contact with Altai language family and strengthened its contact with northeastern mandarin. On the contrary, it was completely separated from the original Mandarin in Chinese
language, and the Beijing Mandarin in an open environment developed rapidly, becoming the Chinese with the smallest differences within dialects, the simplest phonetic structure and the least ancient sounds. After the recovery of Beijing in the Ming Dynasty, more than 1.3 million Han people from all over the country immigrated to the ruined Beijing. Due to the different origins of Han people at that time, Han immigrants all used Yuan Dadu dialect, which was used by the Han indigenous people in Beijing, as a common language. Yuan Dadu dialect is basically no different from the current Beijing Mandarin. Since then, with the political and economic concentration of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of ancient Chinese literary works have been produced and spread. By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Beijing pronunciation has finally replaced the standard Chinese pronunciation of
Central Plains Yayin. "May 4th Movement" combined the spread of vernacular Chinese with the promotion of Beijing pronunciation
, and vernacular Chinese replaced the position of classical Chinese in written language, and a standardized modern Chinese language * * * with
(Beijing pronunciation) was basically formed. In the Republic of China, the same language of Han nationality was called "Mandarin", while that of New China was called "Mandarin". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Beijing Mandarin has spread to Brzin, Fuyun, Fuhai, Habahe and Jimunai in Altay, Xinjiang, Tori and Buxair in Tacheng, Shihezi and Karamay, and bohu county in the northeast of Korla.
after the warring States period, a large number of Chinese people from Yan moved to the northeast, and Wei Man, a Yan man, took Chinese immigrants from the northeast to Korea to build a country
. After Yongjia Rebellion, a large number of Han people in Beijing moved to the northeast, but by the end of the Tang Dynasty, they were all assimilated by other nationalities. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period,
the Khitans plundered a large number of Beijingers, and the Beijing Mandarin spoken by the Han people in Northeast China laid the foundation for the development of northeastern mandarin.
In p>1122, the Nomads captured Beijing and plundered all the people in Beijing to the northeast. These Beijingers and the early arrival of the Liao Dynasty in Beijing
Author: Yun Mengpu 26-3-7 2:28 Reply to this speech
---------------. Because in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Beijing and Northeast China were in the same country and had close ties, and < P > there was not much communication with Central Plains Chinese, so northeastern mandarin was basically equivalent to Beijing Mandarin. After the Qing army occupied the land in the northeast of the Ming Dynasty, it began to speak Chinese northeastern mandarin. In 1644, Manchu and Han Eight Banners took this dialect to the hometown of the Northeast
-Beijing. In 162, there were 3 million Han people in Northeast China. As a result of entering the customs with the Qing army, there were only 15, Han people left in the early Qing Dynasty < P >, but they naturally proliferated to more than 2 million people during the Xianfeng period, all living in the north-central part of Liaoning. After Xianfeng, Han people were allowed to enter the customs < P >, people from Shandong Peninsula crossed the Bohai Sea, some settled in the uninhabited Liaodong Peninsula, forming a new distribution of Jiaoliao Mandarin, and some < P > moved northward and lived in the eastern part of Jilin-Heilongjiang; Hebei people who speak Jilu Mandarin left Shanhaiguan and settled in Jilin-
western Heilongjiang. People from Hebei, a native of Shandong who settled in Jilin-Heilongjiang, used to speak the Northern Mandarin, which was very close to northeastern mandarin. When they immigrated, they had to pass through the central and northern Liaoning where northeastern mandarin was spoken. In addition, officials sent by the Qing government spoke the Beijing Mandarin, and Manchu in Jilin-Heilongjiang
also spoke northeastern mandarin. Therefore, northeastern mandarin, which had already taken root in the Northeast, became the lingua franca of the people who migrated from Hebei, Shandong
.
During the Xia Dynasty, there were Huaxia people in the west of the North China Plain and many Dongyi people in the east. During the Shang dynasty, the Shang dynasty was completely
sinicized, and the degree of sinicization of many eastern foreigners also deepened. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Dongyi people in Qi and Lu countries were sinicized, respectively speaking Qi
dialect-Lu dialect (the fusion of Zhou dialect and Dongyi language), while the Huaxia tribes in the west of North China Plain spoke Zhao dialect-Yanfang
dialect (the language of the Yellow Emperor), but the differences between these dialects were as great as those between Fuzhou dialect-Minnan dialect and Gan dialect-Hakka language. During the Warring States period, the princes were in a scuffle, and the dialects of Qi, Lu, Zhao and Yan were gradually unified under the influence of Henan dialect (Ya Yan), the official dialect of the Central Plains, and < P > dialect of Qin and Jin Dynasties, and Qilu dialect was completely integrated and converged in the Qin Dynasty. The Yellow Scarf Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion caused frequent population movements in the
part of North China, and Qilu dialect, Zhao dialect and Yandong dialect became more and more mixed. Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, is the best in the world. At this time, Qilu, Zhao and the southeast of Yan were all located in the edge of Kyoto, and the geographical situation and economic situation of * * * provided opportunities for the integration of dialects in North China Plain, and the Jilu Mandarin was formed. As for the statement that Beijing Mandarin is independent of Hebei and Shandong officials, it is entirely related to the fact that Beijing has always been a mixed place of Donghu and Han people, and it has been ruled by Liao and Jin dynasties for a long time. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties,
Jilu people migrated to Tianjin, Pinggu County of Beijing, Tangshan and Qinhuangdao, which expanded the distribution area of Jilu Mandarin.
In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, there was Dongyi in Shandong Peninsula, and the language was a fusion of Tungusic and Baiyue languages, which was similar to the existing Korean, but totally different from the Qi dialect of Chinese at that time. Although the State of Qi later annexed Shandong Peninsula,
Huaxia people in the State of Qi still had no chance to communicate with these Dongyi people. In the Yellow Scarf Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion, Shandong Peninsula began to have a considerable flow with the Qi people, so Dongyi people began to be in an open environment and gradually formed by the sinicization and Jiaoliaoguan dialect. The dividing line between Jiaoliao Mandarin and Jilu Mandarin is: Laizhou Bay-Weifang West-Linqu Northwest-Yiyuan East-Yishui South
-Wulian South-Rizhao Northeast. The dividing line with northeastern mandarin is: Huanren North-Kuandian West-Fengcheng South-Xiuyan North-Haicheng South-Dawa South.
Qin Jin dialect is distributed in Shanxi, northwestern Shaanxi, Hetao, Inner Mongolia, northwest Zhangjiakou and west of Anyang, Xinxiang, Henan.
In the distribution area of Qin and Jin dialects, the traffic is blocked, and there are different sounds in ten miles, so the reservation of ancient sounds is relatively stubborn, such as the entering tone. Since
has been a place where Han and Altai nationalities live together in the history of this dialect area, some traces of minority
nationalities have also been left in Qin Jin dialect. During the Warring States Period, this dialect occupied the western area north of the Yellow River in Henan Province, and in 1722 it occupied the Hetao area in Inner Mongolia.
Lanyin Mandarin is subdivided into 8 pieces: Yinchuan, Shizuishan-Pingluo-Tao Le-Helan-Yongning-Qingtongxia-Lingwu-Wuzhong
City-Zhongning-Tongxin-Zhongwei, Yanchi County, Ningxia, Lanzhou-Yuzhong-Minqin, Yongdeng-Gaolan, Gulang-Tianzhu,.
Central Plains Mandarin is distributed in the traditional residential area of ancient Huaxia nationality, which is now north and south of Longhai Line. Wanping Town, Wujiang County, Suzhou City, some villages east of Xuancheng City, Guangde County, southern Anhui Province, and Changxing County, Zhejiang Province belong to the isolated islands of Central Plains Mandarin. Zhongyuan Mandarin is further subdivided into Henan dialect < P >, Guanzhong dialect Dongfu dialect, Guanzhong dialect Xifu dialect, Qinlong dialect, Longzhong dialect and southern Xinjiang dialect.
Henan dialect includes 98 cities and counties in Henan province, 2 cities and counties in southern Hebei province and 31 cities and counties in southwestern Shandong province.
Author: Yun Mengpu replied to this speech at 2: 28 on March 7, 26
---------------. Han dialects
28 cities and counties in Fenhe Valley in the southwest of Shanxi Province, 22 counties and cities in the north of Huaihe River in Anhui Province and Fengyang County-Bengbu City-Huoqiu County-Jinzhai County in the south of Huaihe River, Xuzhou City-Suqian City in Jiangsu Province-Ganyu County in Donghai County of Lianyungang City, and Baihe County in Ankang City of Shaanxi Province. ① Huangdi defeated Yandi, and they jointly defeated Dongyi. The descendants of Yan Huang in the west of North China Plain and Fenhe Weihe Plain gradually merged into Huaxia, and Xia and Ji were two branches of Huaxia. Xia Dynasty ruled the western part of Central Plains (Henan Province, south of Shanxi Province < P >), and its language was the primitive Huaxia language with the fusion of Yan and Huang. Thistle ruled Beijing, and its language was the primitive Huaxia
language of the Yellow Emperor. (2) The Shang language was originally a Dongyi language with a deep Chinese culture, which was popular in the eastern part of the Central Plains (now southwestern Shandong-southern Hebei-northern Henan-
northern Anhui-Xuzhou). After the Shang dynasty ruled the Central Plains for hundreds of years, it gradually melted with the Xia language of the Central Plains into the embryonic
form of the Central Plains Mandarin today-Huaxia language. (3) The Huaxia language with Luoyang as the standard pronunciation later became the elegant language used in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The language in The Book of Songs is elegant language, and Confucius used elegant language instead of Lu dialect in his lectures, and Confucius became a pioneer in promoting the national language. During the Qin Dynasty, cultural policies such as "writing in the same language" were carried out, which ensured the spread of national languages in the same language politically. Ya Yan
in Han Dynasty evolved into "universal language, universal language", and Dialect compiled by Yang Xiong in Western Han Dynasty used "universal language" to explain dialects in various places.
This is the first dialect book in China. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the "general language" based on Luoyang pronunciation spread from the Central Plains to the north < P > and Jiangzuo area. "Biography of Wang Xi in Xianyang, Wei Shu" records that Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty ordered him to "break Hu Yu" and use proper pronunciation (Luoyang dialect
). In the Southern Song Dynasty, the capital of Qi, Liang and Chen was established in Jinling (now Nanjing), and the Jinling dialect at that time was the continuation of Luoyang dialect. (4)
Emperor Yangdi Yang Guang moved tens of thousands of wealthy businessmen dajia from all over the country to Luoyang with Luoyang as the capital, and promoted the pronunciation and orthography represented by Luoyang. In the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang dialect was still regarded as the basis of the same language of the Han nationality. For example, Kong Yingda's biography and annotation of Confucian Classics, Han Yu's and Liu Zongyuan's literary creation activities, etc., have promoted the widespread spread of * * * homonyms in Chinese written forms. During the imperial examination in Tang dynasty, the composition of fu poetry also put forward phonetic requirements, that is, it should conform to the norms of Qieyun, which was handed down from Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and took Luoyang pronunciation as the standard pronunciation. The capital of Bianliang (now Kaifeng) in the Northern Song Dynasty, Luoyang dialect and Bianjing dialect are very close, and the pronunciation circulating in the two places is called "Elegant Sounds in the Central Plains". Hangzhou was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Central Plains Yayin also expanded its influence in Hangzhou, so that today's Hangzhou dialect has many similarities with the Central Plains Mandarin. But at that time, Luoyang dialect was still in the position of standard pronunciation < P >, "Luoyang is the only one in the Central Plains, and its pronunciation is the most correct" (Lu You's Notes on Laoxuean, Volume 6).
the voice of the central plains in the northern song dynasty was basically stereotyped, which is almost exactly the same as today's Henan dialect. The reason why the northern Mandarin is similar to Henan dialect today is that the northern Mandarin area has long standardized its vocabulary and grammar system with Henan dialect as the standard in history. ⑤ After the Jin people moved to Beijing, the influence of Henan dialect extended to most areas ruled by the Jin people. In the Yuan Dynasty, the voice of the Central Plains (Henan dialect) was widely spread, and the situation of "four seas with the same voice" appeared. The phonology of the Central Plains written by Zhou Deqing, a Yuan Dynasty poet, is based on
the Central Plains, and its surface is homophony. The Han nationality in Yuan Dynasty still took the Voice of the Central Plains as its theme.