1, Su Shi (1037-11year), Zi Zizhan, Dongpo layman, Meishan, Sichuan. A famous writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty. Poetry is one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Su Shi is famous for his talent and understanding of classics and history. Song Jiayou was a scholar in the second year (1057), and once served as a minister of rites and a bachelor of Hanlin. He had a rough life and was exiled many times. When he was in Song Shenzong, he was highly valued. However, due to the struggle between the old and new parties, he was repeatedly relegated and became a local official in Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. He was also framed and imprisoned for writing a poem that slandered state affairs. After he was released from prison, he was banished to Huangzhou. After several ups and downs, he was exiled to Huizhou and Qiongzhou and moved to Danzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan Province). Since then, he has lived a life of reading and painting. It was not until Fu Yuan's third year (1 100) that Song Huizong was pardoned and returned to the north. In July, Yuan (1 10 1) died in Changzhou. Su Shi is honest, broad-minded, brilliant, poetic and good at painting and calligraphy. He, Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fei are also called "Song Sijia". When talking about the process of his calligraphy creation, he said: "The method of writing is not perfect, but I can't get it all." He added: "I can't make a book with my heart. I'm tired of asking for it." He focused on "meaning" and sent his feelings to the book with "faithful hand". Su Shi's writing seems plain and simple, but it has a mighty air of Wang Yang sea. Like his profound knowledge, dragons are unpredictable. He is good at running script and regular script, and his brushwork is vigorous and natural, giving people the artistic beauty of "the breath of sea breeze" and "the shape of ancient stones". Su Shi's calligraphy is highly praised by future generations. Huang Tingjian said in "Valley Collection": "His calligraphy is very attractive ... It was not until the wine was drunk that he forgot his work and spoke in great detail ... As for the round pen and rhyme, the article is wonderful, loyal to the sun and the moon, and the book is good, so he first promoted (Su)." Dong Qichang in the Ming Dynasty praised him for "completely using the front, which is the Lanting of Pogong". Handed down from ancient times, there are Qianchibi Fu, Huangzhou Cold Food Poem Post, Dongting Spring Fu, Zhongshan Songlao Fu and so on.
2. Huang Tingjian (1045-1 105) was born in Lu Zhi, a Taoist priest in the valley, later called Huanggu, later named Fu Weng, and a native of Fenning, Hongzhou (now Xiushui, Jiangxi). Poet and calligrapher of the Northern Song Dynasty. Yingzong Zhiping for four years (1067), Jinshi. Zong Shenxi Ning for three years (1070), with Wang Anshi as prime minister, the implementation of the new law was fiercely opposed by conservatives headed by Sima Guang. Later, the struggle between the old and new parties intensified until the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. In this struggle, Huang Tingjian sided with the old party. Although he didn't take an active part in this struggle, he was involved in the whirlpool of struggle all his life.
Huang Tingjian came from Su Shi's family, and was called "Four Bachelor of Su Men" with Zhang Lai, Qin Guan and Chao, and later called "Su Huang" with Su Shi. His most important achievement is poetry. Poetics flaunts Du Fu, but emphasizes the theory of reading and verification, taking the old as the new, "no words and no place", "thoroughly remoulding oneself, turning stone into gold". He had a great influence in the Song Dynasty, and initiated Jiangxi Poetry School. He can write, and he is good at writing and cursive.
At the beginning of calligraphy, Zhou Yue was the teacher, and later Yan Zhenqing and Huai Su were the disciples. Influenced by Yang Ningshi, he was particularly good at "following the ancient destiny". His brushwork takes advantage of the situation and his style is strange and stubborn. His brushwork is thin and vigorous, and he has become one of the "Song Sijia". The Biography of Wen Yuan in the History of Song Dynasty said: "The articles learned by Ting Zhang are naturally acquired. Chen Shidao said that his poetics is Du Fu, he is good at cursive writing and his writing style is unique. He, Chao and Qin Guan traveled in Sumen, collectively known as the four bachelors in the world. " He himself said, "I studied cursive script for more than 30 years, and I took Zhou Yue as my teacher at the beginning, so I was full of vulgarity for 20 years." Su Caiweng was too late, and the beautiful book was written by the ancients. Then I got the ink of Zhang Changshi, Huai Su monk and Gao Xian, which was a glimpse of the beauty of brushwork. "His masterpieces include Song Fengge Poetry, Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry Postscript, Flower Fragrance Post, Hong Xian Poetry and so on.
3. Mifei (1051-kloc-0/107),No. Xiangyang Manchu, overseas history of the sea and the moon, and a layman. Originally from Taiyuan, Shanxi, I settled in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu. He is called "Mi Dian" because of his eccentric personality and crazy behavior, and he is called "brother" when he meets a stone. Zhao is a doctor of calligraphy and painting, known as Guan. Mi Fei is good at poetry, calligraphy and painting, and his appraisal is accurate. He is a painter, appraiser and collector. He is one of the "four calligraphers of Song Dynasty" (Su, Mi, Huang and Cai) and is second to none. His writing style is bold and unconstrained, and his statutes are rigorous. "The Biography of Wen Yuan in the History of Song Dynasty" said: "My calligraphy is particularly wonderful and I am deeply impressed by Wang Xianzhi's brushwork."
Mi Fei studied hard all his life and made the greatest achievement in calligraphy. Mi Fei claimed that his works were "collections of ancient Chinese characters", and he had a deep understanding of the brushwork, composition and charm of ancient masters, which also showed to some extent that Mi Fei had made great efforts in the tradition of learning books. Miffy was not involved in the political whirlpool and her life was relatively stable. Later, he became a doctor of painting and calligraphy, enjoyed the collection of books in the palace and familiarized himself with the Millennium stories. The gains and losses of the ancients are countless. When he was young, he studied hard Yan, Liu, Ou and Chu, and laid a solid foundation. When Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou, he visited for advice, and Dongpo advised him to study gold. From the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), Mi Fei devoted himself to the study of Wei and Jin Dynasties, searched many calligraphy posts of Jin people, and even named his study "Baojinzhai". Today, Wang Xianzhi's ink-and-wash autumn post is said to have been copied by him, which is both beautiful in form and spirit. Mi Fei turned to many teachers all his life, and in his later years, he also said in the book "readme": "I am a beginner, so I should learn to write the wall first. I was seven or eight years old. The words are as big as a picture, so it is impossible to write simply. I saw Liu and admired his tight knot, so I learned Liu's Diamond Sutra. For a long time, knowing that it comes from Europe means learning from Europe. For a long time, such as printing plate arrangement, it is the longest time to learn from Chu, and the season of Mo Duan turns fat into beauty, and all sides are perfect. Over time, Jue Duan Quanze exhibited Lanting, so he joined the Jin and Wei Dynasties and abandoned Zhong Fang to study in Yigong. " The same is true of Liu Kuanbei. The seal characters love Chuchu and Shi Guwen. I also realized that bamboo slips are painted with bamboo, which is wonderful and ancient. "
Mifei is famous for his calligraphy, and his achievements come entirely from hard training the day after tomorrow. Miffy comes to the pool every day. Historical records record: "If you don't write for a day, you will feel sleepy, thinking that the ancients never wasted books for half a time." "Zhi Yong inkstone into mortar, can reach the right army (Wang Xizhi). If you start with Zhong (Yao) and Suo (Jing), he can always encourage you. " His son Mi Youren said that he didn't even forget to write on New Year's Day. (According to Sun Zubai's Friends of Mi Fermi). Mi Fei wrote a book seriously and said to herself, "She wrote Hai Dai Shi Hua three or four times, but it's hard to believe the words in the book" ("Mingming Fan Taiwan Notes Mi Fei Yang"). A poem has been written three or four times, and only one or two sentences satisfy him. Among them, the bitterness is beyond the reach of an expert, which also shows his rigorous creative attitude.
Mi Fei's calligraphy is in Song Sijia, after Su Dongpo and Huang Tingjian, and before Cai Xiang. However, regardless of Su Dongpo's position as a scholar or Huang Tingjian's influence as a leader of Jiangxi Poetry School, Mi Fei's traditional skill is the deepest in terms of calligraphy, especially his running script, which shows the correctness of both. Dong Qichang's Essay on Painting Zen Rooms in Ming Dynasty said: "I tasted the word rice and thought that the Song Dynasty was the first. After all, it was based on Dongpo. In other words, Mi Dian's books are more self-sufficient. When he changed in his later years, it was strange that ice was colder than water. " When the emperor asked about calligraphy, Mi Fei claimed to be a "brush character". He was modest and down-to-earth, and "brush character" showed that he was quick and energetic with his pen and tried his best. His calligraphy works, from poems to bamboo slips and inscriptions, are full of vitality and freshness. Judging from the existing nearly 60 Mi Fei's handwriting, the word "brush" vividly shows the spirit of the word "rice". No wonder Su Dongpo said, "Mi Fei gets carried away." He also said: "Haiyue has been a seal character, an official, a true character, a line and a cursive script all his life. When you are parallel to Zhong Wang, dive and be happy. Not only worth it. " Mi Fei's calligraphy had a far-reaching influence, especially in the late Ming Dynasty. Many scholars, such as Wen Zhiming, Zhu Yunming, Chen Chun, Xu Wei, Wang Juesi, Fu Shan, etc., have taken a Heart Sutra from Mi Zi, and this influence has continued to this day.
Mi Fei's calligraphy has reached a high level, and his calligraphy theory is quite a lot. He is the author of History of Books, Famous sayings of Hai Yue, Visiting Bao Lu, Copyright Review and so on. It shows his outstanding courage and refined taste, and often scoffs at his predecessors. However, he never followed the old saying and was valued by calligraphers of all ages. However, he also talked too much, belittled Ada and Xu Su, and was harsh and critical. Mi Fei's ink handed down from generation to generation mainly includes Tiaoxi Poetry Collection, Shu Sutie, Fiona Fang Anji and Ma Tiancai, among which there are many Korean essays.
Mi Fei is good at ink and wash landscapes, and is called "the Yunshan of Mi Fei", but Mi Fei's paintings do not exist in the world. But at present, the only thing that can be seen is hardly a real "rice painting"-"The Picture of Coral Pen Holder", in which there is a coral pen holder inlaid with the word "golden sitting" by Zuo Shu. Then add rice dots and inscriptions, and Mi Jiashan water will pop up. It's quite interesting for Miffy to use painting as a ghostwriter.
4. Cai Xiang (10 12- 1067) was born in Xinghua, Mo Jun (now Xianyou, Fujian). Tiansheng was a scholar in the eighth year (1030), and successively served as a collator of Guan Ge, a remonstrator, a history museum, a patent for intellectuals, a bachelor of Longtuge, a bachelor of Privy Council, a bachelor of Hanlin, a third secretary, and a bachelor of Central Duanming Hall in Song Dynasty. I also worked as a transshipment ambassador on Fujian Road (now Fuzhou, Fujian) and learned about Quanzhou, Fuzhou and Fujian. The pawn gave "loyalty" to the assistant minister of does. Cai Xiang is honest, trustworthy and knowledgeable. In the history of calligraphy, four great calligraphers, Su, Huang, Mi and Cai, are typical representatives of the calligraphy style in Song Dynasty. Among the "Song Sijia", the top three are Su Shi (Dongpo), Huang Tingjian (Fu Weng) and Mi Fei (Xiangyang Manshi). In China, Cai Xiang should be older than Su, Huang and Mi. Judging from the style of calligraphy, Su Wu has ups and downs; Huang tingjian rose vertically and horizontally; Miffy is handsome and bold, and their writing style is unique. Su, Huang and Mi are all good at cursive and running script, but Cai Xiang likes to write regular script. Cai Xiang's calligraphy is vigorous and dignified, simple and graceful, and is unique. When I exhibited Cai Xiang's calligraphy, I suddenly felt a spring breeze on my face, full of gorgeous Wen Ya breath.
Cai Xiang's calligraphy was highly respected by his contemporaries and enjoyed a high reputation. Su Dongpo and Ouyang Xiu were the first people to appreciate his calligraphy. Su Dongpo pointed out in Dongpo's inscription: "Cai is the first in this dynasty because of his high intelligence, profound knowledge, corresponding heart and hand, and endless transformation." However, the running script is the best, the short script is the second, and the cursive script is the second ... I have also tasted the meaning of flying white, saying that there is a trend of flying dragons and dancing phoenix, and not many people know it. Ouyang Xiu's evaluation of Cai Xiang's calligraphy is really hard to find: Ouyang Xiu said, "Since Su Zimei's death, I think the brushwork is absolutely unique. In recent years, Mo Jun has been a loner in the world, but he refused to advocate an alliance. Huang Tingjian also said: He Cai is a hero of calligraphy. Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, commented on Cai Xiang's cursive script in Meng Qian Bitan: "Taking prose as cursive script, it is called scattered grass or flying grass, and its methods are all from Bai Fei, forming its own family. The ancient rhyme of Huai Su in Zhang Xu is changeable, melodious and full of ancient meaning. "
"The Biography of Cai Xiang in Song Dynasty" said: "The word is the best in the world, and Renzong loves it." Xu Jiang's Biography of Cai Xiang said, "I feel sorry for myself and have to use calligraphy and painting. Its broken chapters and manuscripts are well known, and it has been treasured so far, and Renzong especially likes to call it. " Zhu Xushu: Cai Xiang's books are very self-respecting, and he doesn't pay much attention to them. With others, everyone hides them as treasures. Injong loves his works deeply ... and he wrote the article "Wencheng Queen" written by the bachelor. Mo Jun refused to write the book, saying, "This work has yet to be completed." . Confucian works, so it's just a solo tour. Is serving a skill?
From the above three paragraphs, we can know that Cai Xiang's calligraphy was cherished by emperors and ordinary people. Because of self-pity, he didn't do anything to write a book, so there are few works handed down from generation to generation. In addition, it can be seen that the atmosphere of the book circle at that time had completely turned to poetry, while the book tablet was regarded as a matter of technical service, which was disdained by literati and even the emperor's life could not be controlled. This is fundamentally different from the situation before the Tang Dynasty.
Cai Xiang is not a master of this school. On the whole, his calligraphy still abides by the laws of Jin and Tang dynasties, and his sense of innovation is slightly inferior. But he is an indispensable figure in the development of calligraphy in Song Dynasty. With his complete calligraphy achievements, he built a technical bridge between the laws of Jin and Tang Dynasties and the tastes of Song people. There are many kinds of ink handed down from ancient times in Cai Xiang, such as Shu, Xie Ci, Shen Tao, Jiao Burning and Meng Hui. Inscriptions include regular script of Wan 'anqiao, Jinjitang and Gushan Guyuan Cave, such as Forgetting Stone and Passing Rock.